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Hydrogen at the cathode
Chlorine at the anode
Sodium hydroxide remains in solution

","mcqOptions":null},{"id":"ec5feab0-542a-41ec-9c90-5fa153e99c07","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why must electrolysis experiments producing chlorine be done in a well-ventilated room?","back":"Chlorine is toxic.","mcqOptions":null},{"id":"1bf56edd-84b6-4a8b-a26c-41e76078a68f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the rule for the cathode product when the metal is more reactive than hydrogen?","back":"Hydrogen is released.","mcqOptions":null},{"id":"b956378a-eb01-4662-960e-9bff1c64adf0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the rule for the cathode product when the metal is less reactive than hydrogen?","back":"The metal is deposited.","mcqOptions":null},{"id":"65de5d03-b836-4119-8083-dd5d742206d8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is hydrogen produced instead of sodium when sodium chloride solution is electrolysed?","back":"Sodium ions are more stable in solution than sodium metal.","mcqOptions":null},{"id":"a7a95cf4-a920-44b0-a9e4-b76b6a175d59","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can the reactivity series predict the cathode product?","back":"Compare the metal's reactivity with hydrogen: more reactive metals give hydrogen; less reactive metals are deposited.","mcqOptions":null},{"id":"cf80f8a7-9c59-47ce-8640-39b5cda6be65","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What forms at the anode if a halide ion is present?","back":"The corresponding halogen is released.","mcqOptions":null},{"id":"07d690d9-8860-4af4-8bf8-0220856b7040","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What forms at the anode if no halide ion is present?","back":"Oxygen forms from hydroxide ions.","mcqOptions":null},{"id":"7c4020f4-a3ac-45ef-961f-c04cff8a839a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An aqueous electrolyte contains the compound's ions plus [ ] and hydroxide ions from water.","back":"An aqueous electrolyte contains the compound's ions plus hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions from water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"hydrogen ions","correct":true,"explanation":"Water adds hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to an aqueous electrolyte. The blank therefore requires the plural ionic term hydrogen ions."},{"text":"sodium ions","correct":false,"explanation":"Sodium ions could come from dissolved sodium compounds, but they are not added by water. Water contributes hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions."},{"text":"chloride ions","correct":false,"explanation":"Chloride ions originate from a dissolved chloride compound rather than water. The missing ions added by water are hydrogen ions."},{"text":"oxygen ions","correct":false,"explanation":"Water does not supply oxygen ions in this electrolysis description. The correct term is hydrogen ions, paired with hydroxide ions."}]},{"id":"ae1b27ff-efa1-4e87-8d5f-4ad853ea5959","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An aqueous electrolyte contains the compound's ions plus hydrogen ions and [ ] from water.","back":"An aqueous electrolyte contains the compound's ions plus hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions from water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"hydroxide ions","correct":true,"explanation":"Water adds hydroxide ions as well as hydrogen ions to an aqueous electrolyte. The blank therefore requires the plural term hydroxide ions."},{"text":"carbonate ions","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbonate ions would come from a dissolved carbonate compound, not from water. Water adds hydroxide ions to the solution."},{"text":"nitrate ions","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrate ions originate from a dissolved nitrate compound rather than water. The ion added by water here is hydroxide ions."},{"text":"chlorine ions","correct":false,"explanation":"Chlorine is not present as chlorine ions supplied by water; chloride ions would come from a compound. Water contributes hydroxide ions."}]},{"id":"1b40d4ef-6077-470b-9693-f4d51deb2e59","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A halide ion is a negatively charged ion formed by a [ ].","back":"A halide ion is a negatively charged ion formed by a Group 7 element.","mcqOptions":null},{"id":"e7b88dde-30de-415f-a40a-a9ebf7cfc7f4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Chlorine is identified because it [ ].","back":"Chlorine is identified because it bleaches damp litmus paper.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"bleaches damp litmus paper","correct":true,"explanation":"Chlorine reacts with water on damp litmus paper to form substances that bleach the dye. This bleaching effect distinguishes chlorine from the other common electrolysis gases."},{"text":"relights a glowing splint","correct":false,"explanation":"A glowing splint relights in oxygen, because oxygen supports combustion. Chlorine is identified by its bleaching action on damp litmus paper."},{"text":"produces a squeaky pop","correct":false,"explanation":"A squeaky pop is the test for hydrogen, which burns rapidly when mixed with air. Chlorine instead bleaches damp litmus paper."},{"text":"turns limewater milky","correct":false,"explanation":"Limewater turns milky when carbon dioxide forms insoluble calcium carbonate. Chlorine does not give this test; it is identified because it bleaches damp litmus paper."}]},{"id":"9e2fd5d1-932a-4658-bb3f-7f3243ae8634","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"At the cathode, hydrogen forms when the metal is [ ].","back":"At the cathode, hydrogen forms when the metal is more reactive than hydrogen.","mcqOptions":null},{"id":"0ac0a2f1-d7d1-4abb-8299-aeaa52f868ee","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"If no halide is present at the anode, [ ] is released from hydroxide ions.","back":"If no halide is present at the anode, oxygen is released from hydroxide ions.","mcqOptions":null}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-17","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"4.3.4 Electrolysis of aqueous solutions","title":"4.3.4 Electrolysis of aqueous solutions Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/chemistry/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"bd744c14-5b3e-5d59-b179-638034d35cf3","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]