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deoxyribonucleic acid, the naturally occurring polymer that stores genetic information in living organisms."},{"text":"Ribonucleic acid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ribonucleic acid is RNA, not DNA. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid because its nucleotides contain the sugar deoxyribose."},{"text":"Deoxyribose nucleic acid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deoxyribose nucleic acid incorrectly treats the sugar’s name as the full first word. The established expansion of DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid."},{"text":"Dinucleic acid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dinucleic acid suggests a substance involving two nucleotides, but DNA consists of long nucleotide chains. Its full name is deoxyribonucleic acid."}]},{"id":"2ea34017-8ccd-4fc7-b355-9d45bbeaa89a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does DNA encode?","back":"DNA stores coded genetic information.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"DNA stores coded genetic information.","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA stores coded genetic information in the sequence of its nucleotides. This information provides instructions for making proteins and controlling characteristics."},{"text":"DNA stores chemical energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA does not primarily store chemical energy; ATP is used for immediate energy transfer. The correct answer is coded genetic information, held in the nucleotide sequence."},{"text":"DNA stores digestive enzymes.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA does not store digestive enzymes as substances. It stores coded genetic information, which can provide instructions for cells to make enzymes."},{"text":"DNA stores cell membranes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cell membranes are structures made mainly from lipids and proteins, not information stored in DNA. DNA stores coded genetic information in its base sequence."}]},{"id":"9b7e8b4b-ba0c-42b3-88c4-36026362b844","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What do DNA's genetic instructions direct?","back":"They direct the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They direct the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses.","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA’s genetic instructions control development and functioning by providing information for producing proteins and regulating processes in living organisms and viruses."},{"text":"They direct the digestion and movement of living organisms and viruses.","correct":false,"explanation":"Digestion and movement are only particular biological processes, not the complete role of genetic instructions. DNA directs development and functioning more broadly."},{"text":"They direct the energy storage and excretion of living organisms and viruses.","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy storage and excretion are specific functions, whereas DNA instructions govern the wider development and functioning of living organisms and viruses."},{"text":"They direct the growth and reproduction of living organisms and viruses.","correct":false,"explanation":"Growth and reproduction are important processes, but this answer is narrower than the full description. The instructions direct development and functioning overall."}]},{"id":"f686d2dd-c8b5-4ed3-8de2-5c7bdc60cf1c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What type of substance is DNA?","back":"DNA is a naturally occurring polymer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"DNA is a naturally occurring polymer.","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA is a naturally occurring polymer because it is a very large molecule made from many repeating nucleotide monomers joined together."},{"text":"DNA is a synthetic polymer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Synthetic polymers are manufactured by humans, such as nylon or poly(ethene). DNA occurs naturally and is therefore a naturally occurring polymer."},{"text":"DNA is a simple molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA is not a simple molecule: it contains many atoms and repeating nucleotide units. Its large linked structure makes it a naturally occurring polymer."},{"text":"DNA is a metallic compound.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA contains non-metal elements in an organic molecular structure, not a metallic lattice. It is classified as a naturally occurring polymer."}]},{"id":"89265639-5c5d-4742-99bf-6dbf648eb032","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What type of monomer forms DNA?","back":"The monomers are called nucleotides.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The monomers are called nucleotides.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nucleotides are the repeating monomers that join together to form DNA chains. Their different bases provide the genetic information."},{"text":"The monomers are called amino acids.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amino acids are the monomers of proteins, not DNA. DNA is formed from nucleotide monomers joined into long chains."},{"text":"The monomers are called fatty acids.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fatty acids are components of many lipids rather than the monomers of DNA. DNA chains are made from nucleotides."},{"text":"The monomers are called glucose molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose monomers form polymers such as starch and cellulose. DNA uses nucleotide monomers, which contain a sugar, phosphate group and base."}]},{"id":"6c7c61a6-8691-4e92-8841-634fe1955408","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many polymer chains make up most DNA molecules?","back":"Most DNA molecules contain two polymer chains.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Most DNA molecules contain two polymer chains.","correct":true,"explanation":"Most DNA molecules consist of two long nucleotide chains held together by interactions between complementary bases, producing the characteristic double helix."},{"text":"Most DNA molecules contain one polymer chain.","correct":false,"explanation":"A single chain describes some nucleic acids, such as many RNA molecules. Most DNA molecules contain two polymer chains arranged together."},{"text":"Most DNA molecules contain three polymer chains.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA is not normally made from three chains. Most DNA molecules have two polymer chains, which form the double helix."},{"text":"Most DNA molecules contain four polymer chains.","correct":false,"explanation":"Four refers to the different types of nucleotide used in DNA, not the number of chains. Most DNA molecules contain two polymer chains."}]},{"id":"55a83e60-8e32-4dba-999f-bff4938084fa","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How are the monomers arranged in each DNA chain?","back":"Each chain contains many nucleotides joined in sequence.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each chain contains many nucleotides joined in sequence.","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA is a polymer because many nucleotide monomers are chemically joined in a particular sequence to make each long chain."},{"text":"Each chain contains many amino acids joined in sequence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amino acids join in sequence to form protein chains. DNA chains contain nucleotides joined in sequence, not amino acids."},{"text":"Each chain contains many glucose molecules joined randomly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose forms carbohydrate polymers such as starch and cellulose, and their chains are not DNA. DNA contains nucleotides joined in sequence."},{"text":"Each chain contains many nucleotides held separately.","correct":false,"explanation":"Separate nucleotides would not make a polymer chain. DNA requires nucleotides to be joined in sequence by strong covalent bonds."}]},{"id":"fd145bd1-5dfd-4b45-abc6-7f36d14e31aa","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many different nucleotide monomers does DNA use?","back":"DNA uses four different types of nucleotide monomer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"DNA uses four different types of nucleotide monomer.","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA uses four different nucleotide types, distinguished by their bases. The order of these four types stores coded genetic information."},{"text":"DNA uses two different types of nucleotide monomer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Two is commonly associated with DNA’s two chains or base pairing, but DNA actually uses four different nucleotide types."},{"text":"DNA uses three different types of nucleotide monomer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Three is not the number of DNA nucleotide types. DNA has four types, whose sequence forms the genetic code."},{"text":"DNA uses six different types of nucleotide monomer.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA does not use six nucleotide types. It uses four, although each type can appear many times in different sequences."}]},{"id":"30c3aaa6-e929-48c9-a5d4-b7813c3c5ef6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What shape do the two DNA chains form?","back":"The chains form a double helix.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The chains form a double helix.","correct":true,"explanation":"The two DNA chains twist around each other to form a double helix, a structure resembling a twisted ladder."},{"text":"The chains form a single helix.","correct":false,"explanation":"A single helix would describe one coiled chain, but most DNA has two chains. Together they form a double helix."},{"text":"The chains form a triple helix.","correct":false,"explanation":"A triple helix would contain three coiled chains. Most DNA molecules contain two chains, forming a double helix."},{"text":"The chains form a straight ladder.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA is often compared with a twisted ladder, but its actual shape is a double helix rather than a straight ladder."}]},{"id":"39f0d859-fe8e-4900-b76e-36e9afa7f178","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What do “double” and “helix” mean in double helix?","back":"

Double: DNA has two chains.
Helix: the chains are coiled.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Double: DNA has two chains.
Helix: the chains are coiled.

","correct":true,"explanation":"“Double” identifies the two DNA chains, while “helix” describes their coiled or twisted shape around each other."},{"text":"

Double: DNA has two bases.
Helix: the chains are coiled.

","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA has four nucleotide bases, not two. “Helix” correctly describes coiling, but “double” refers to the two chains."},{"text":"

Double: DNA has two chains.
Helix: the chains are straight.

","correct":false,"explanation":"“Double” correctly refers to two chains, but a helix is coiled or twisted. DNA is not shaped as two straight chains."},{"text":"

Double: DNA has two bases.
Helix: the chains are straight.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both definitions are incorrect: DNA uses four types of base, and its two chains are coiled. “Double” means two chains and “helix” means coiled."}]},{"id":"28c56ea9-3da8-4795-9dd4-e85a00f4cf76","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What makes a substance a polymer?","back":"A polymer contains very large molecules with many atoms linked by strong covalent bonds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A polymer contains very large molecules with many atoms linked by strong covalent bonds.","correct":true,"explanation":"Polymers are very large molecules containing many atoms, with their repeating units connected by strong covalent bonds along the chain."},{"text":"A polymer contains very large molecules with many atoms linked by weak intermolecular forces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Weak intermolecular forces act between molecules rather than forming the main chain. The atoms in a polymer chain are linked by strong covalent bonds."},{"text":"A polymer contains very large molecules with many atoms linked by ionic bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ionic bonding involves oppositely charged ions and does not describe the covalent chains of these polymers. Polymer atoms are linked by strong covalent bonds."},{"text":"A polymer contains very large molecules with many atoms linked by metallic bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Metallic bonding occurs within metals, not in organic polymer chains. Polymers contain atoms joined along their chains by strong covalent bonds."}]},{"id":"53c7aafa-1925-4dde-b511-57dba088491b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens when many monomer molecules join together?","back":"A monomer can join with many other monomers to form a polymer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A monomer can join with many other monomers to form a polymer.","correct":true,"explanation":"A monomer is a small molecule that can bond to many similar molecules. Repeated joining produces a long-chain polymer."},{"text":"A monomer can join with many other monomers to form a catalyst.","correct":false,"explanation":"A catalyst speeds up a reaction without being used up; it is not the large molecule made by joining monomers. Many joined monomers form a polymer."},{"text":"A monomer can join with many other monomers to form a mixture.","correct":false,"explanation":"A mixture contains substances physically combined without necessarily bonding. Joining monomers by covalent bonds produces a polymer."},{"text":"A monomer can join with many other monomers to form a salt.","correct":false,"explanation":"Salts are ionic compounds formed from ions, not long chains of repeated monomers. Many monomers joined together form a polymer."}]},{"id":"cea741bd-2bec-4156-b208-f15416631697","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which monomers form proteins?","back":"Proteins are made from amino acid monomers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Proteins are made from amino acid monomers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Proteins are natural polymers formed when amino acid monomers join in long chains. The order of amino acids affects the protein’s structure and function."},{"text":"Proteins are made from nucleotide monomers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nucleotides are the monomers of DNA and other nucleic acids. Proteins are made from amino acid monomers."},{"text":"Proteins are made from glucose monomers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose monomers form carbohydrate polymers such as starch and cellulose. Protein chains are formed from amino acids."},{"text":"Proteins are made from fatty acid monomers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fatty acids are components of lipids, not the monomers that make protein chains. Proteins are polymers of amino acids."}]},{"id":"3ebd5097-1a44-47f0-ae8f-c717be723e6a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which monomers form starch?","back":"Starch is made from sugar (glucose) monomers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Starch is made from sugar (glucose) monomers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Starch is a natural carbohydrate polymer made from many sugar, specifically glucose, monomers joined together."},{"text":"Starch is made from amino acid monomers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. Starch is a carbohydrate polymer formed from sugar, specifically glucose, monomers."},{"text":"Starch is made from nucleotide monomers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nucleotides form DNA chains, not starch. Starch contains many glucose monomers joined into a carbohydrate polymer."},{"text":"Starch is made from fatty acid monomers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fatty acids are associated with lipids rather than starch. Starch is made from sugar, specifically glucose, monomers."}]},{"id":"83ddda5c-592d-4559-9f20-aafa40cbaba5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which monomers form cellulose?","back":"Cellulose is made from sugar (glucose) monomers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cellulose is made from sugar (glucose) monomers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cellulose is a natural carbohydrate polymer made from many glucose monomers joined together, forming the structural material in plant cell walls."},{"text":"Cellulose is made from amino acid monomers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amino acids form proteins, not cellulose. Cellulose is a carbohydrate polymer made from glucose monomers."},{"text":"Cellulose is made from nucleotide monomers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA. Cellulose is formed from many glucose monomers."},{"text":"Cellulose is made from fatty acid monomers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fatty acids are components of lipids and do not form cellulose. Cellulose is made from sugar, specifically glucose, monomers."}]},{"id":"d4234de2-3c0a-4db1-a525-49758713dae6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which natural polymer is built from amino acid monomers?","back":"A natural polymer made from amino acids is a protein.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A natural polymer made from amino acids is a protein.","correct":true,"explanation":"Proteins are natural polymers whose monomers are amino acids. The amino acids join into chains that fold into functional structures."},{"text":"A natural polymer made from amino acids is starch.","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch is a glucose-based carbohydrate polymer, not an amino acid polymer. A natural polymer made from amino acids is a protein."},{"text":"A natural polymer made from amino acids is cellulose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cellulose is made from glucose monomers and forms plant cell walls. Proteins, rather than cellulose, are amino acid polymers."},{"text":"A natural polymer made from amino acids is DNA.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA is made from nucleotide monomers, not amino acids. Proteins are the natural polymers formed from amino acid monomers."}]},{"id":"a6ca5680-2ec4-43d1-b4c5-ca4bc0ec2f57","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which natural polymers are made from sugar monomers?","back":"

Starch
Cellulose

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Starch
Cellulose

","correct":true,"explanation":"Starch and cellulose are natural polymers made from sugar, specifically glucose, monomers. They have different structures and functions despite sharing glucose as their monomer."},{"text":"

Proteins
DNA

","correct":false,"explanation":"Proteins are made from amino acids and DNA is made from nucleotides. The natural polymers made from sugar monomers are starch and cellulose."},{"text":"

DNA
Cellulose

","correct":false,"explanation":"Cellulose is made from glucose, but DNA is made from nucleotides. The two sugar-based natural polymers in this set are starch and cellulose."},{"text":"

Starch
Proteins

","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch is made from glucose, whereas proteins are made from amino acids. The pair of sugar-based natural polymers is starch and cellulose."}]},{"id":"e3da7751-6f08-468a-b4a0-f0bdd7f14705","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"DNA is a naturally occurring [ ] made from many joined monomers.","back":"DNA is a naturally occurring polymer made from many joined monomers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"polymer","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA is a polymer because it consists of many smaller monomer units joined together in a long chain."},{"text":"monomer","correct":false,"explanation":"A monomer is a single small unit used to build a polymer, whereas DNA is the polymer formed from many joined monomers."},{"text":"molecule","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA is certainly a molecule, but that term does not identify its structure as a long chain of repeating monomer units. The specific answer is polymer."},{"text":"compound","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA contains several elements chemically bonded together, but the question focuses on its repeated-chain structure. A substance made from many joined monomers is a polymer."}]},{"id":"7c4e2d22-9ed9-40a2-a6f2-c6b298a8b7b0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Most DNA molecules contain [ ] that coil around each other.","back":"Most DNA molecules contain two polymer chains that coil around each other.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"two polymer chains","correct":true,"explanation":"Most DNA molecules consist of two long polymer chains arranged together, with the chains coiling around each other."},{"text":"one polymer chain","correct":false,"explanation":"A single chain cannot coil around another DNA chain. Most DNA molecules contain two polymer chains, which twist around each other."},{"text":"two monomers","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA contains very many monomers, not just two. The two structures that coil around each other are polymer chains made from those monomers."},{"text":"four polymer chains","correct":false,"explanation":"The standard DNA molecule has two coiled polymer chains, not four. Confusing the two chains with the four types of base leads to this answer."}]},{"id":"5f27ec5f-5ecb-4b4f-bfc8-346e4f902f76","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The two DNA chains form a [ ].","back":"The two DNA chains form a double helix.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"double helix","correct":true,"explanation":"The two DNA polymer chains twist around each other to form a double helix, the characteristic shape of most DNA molecules."},{"text":"triple helix","correct":false,"explanation":"The prefix refers to the number of chains involved. DNA normally has two chains, so its structure is a double helix rather than a triple helix."},{"text":"single helix","correct":false,"explanation":"A helix made from one chain would not describe the usual DNA structure. Two chains coil together to produce a double helix."},{"text":"double chain","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes the presence of two chains but not their twisted shape. The complete structural term for two coiled chains is double helix."}]},{"id":"2cd2ba4e-7904-4366-9632-27622af772c5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Proteins are natural polymers made from [ ] monomers.","back":"Proteins are natural polymers made from amino acid monomers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"amino acid","correct":true,"explanation":"Proteins are natural polymers whose monomers are amino acids. These monomers join together in chains that fold into specific protein structures."},{"text":"glucose","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose monomers form carbohydrates such as starch and cellulose. Protein polymers are instead built from amino acid monomers."},{"text":"nucleotide","correct":false,"explanation":"Nucleotides are the monomers that make DNA and other nucleic acids. Proteins are formed from amino acid monomers."},{"text":"fatty acid","correct":false,"explanation":"Fatty acids are components of many lipids, not the monomers used to make proteins. Protein chains are made from amino acids."}]},{"id":"27d1d14b-bc5c-425e-8db8-ee298b1113e7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Starch and cellulose are natural polymers made from [ ] monomers.","back":"Starch and cellulose are natural polymers made from sugar (glucose) monomers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"sugar (glucose)","correct":true,"explanation":"Starch and cellulose are carbohydrate polymers made by joining many sugar molecules, specifically glucose monomers, into long chains."},{"text":"amino acid","correct":false,"explanation":"Amino acids join to form protein polymers. Starch and cellulose are carbohydrate polymers made from sugar, specifically glucose, monomers."},{"text":"nucleotide","correct":false,"explanation":"Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA, not starch or cellulose. These two natural polymers are made from glucose monomers."},{"text":"glycerol","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycerol is part of lipid molecules and is not the monomer used for starch or cellulose. Both carbohydrates are built from glucose units."}]},{"id":"56216377-7c06-4fc8-be97-0bb9f3d622ac","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"DNA's genetic instructions direct the [ ] of living organisms and viruses.","back":"DNA's genetic instructions direct the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"development and functioning","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA contains genetic instructions that control how an organism develops and how its cells and processes function, including in viruses."},{"text":"growth and reproduction","correct":false,"explanation":"These are important biological processes, but they are narrower than the role described. DNA instructions direct the development and functioning of organisms and viruses."},{"text":"structure and composition","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA influences structure and composition indirectly through protein production, but the stated overall role is directing development and functioning."},{"text":"digestion and respiration","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA can code for proteins involved in digestion and respiration, but its instructions direct the broader development and functioning of living organisms and viruses."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-17","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"7.3.4 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and other naturally occurring polymers","title":"7.3.4 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and other naturally occurring polymers Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/chemistry/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"e30965d8-aa37-5f42-b47b-fc48b3635e5d","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]