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supports routine cash needs after trading has begun, rather than the initial tools or van deposit. The correct answer is Start-up finance."},{"text":"Expansion finance","correct":false,"explanation":"Expansion finance is used to grow an established business, such as opening another site. The initial tools or van deposit require Start-up finance."},{"text":"Emergency finance","correct":false,"explanation":"Emergency finance responds to unexpected problems during trading, not the costs of getting ready to trade. The correct answer is Start-up finance."}]},{"id":"d3620f87-cb57-4ef2-b3ed-9a36886f5474","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Day-to-day costs such as rent, wages, suppliers and bills are part of [ ].","back":"Day-to-day costs such as rent, wages, suppliers and bills are part of running the business.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"running the business","correct":true,"explanation":"The phrase describes the regular operating costs involved in keeping a business functioning, including rent, wages, supplier payments and bills."},{"text":"starting the business","correct":false,"explanation":"Starting the business refers to initial set-up costs, not continuing rent, wages, supplier payments and bills. The correct fill is running the business."},{"text":"growing the business","correct":false,"explanation":"Growing the business involves expansion and increased capacity, whereas these are routine operating costs. The correct fill is running the business."},{"text":"financing the business","correct":false,"explanation":"Financing the business describes obtaining money, not spending it on routine costs such as rent, wages, suppliers and bills. The correct fill is running the business."}]},{"id":"9747a6f1-a344-4ef2-8292-6ea7fe4e30ed","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which finance need covers job adverts, interviews and training new staff?","back":"Recruitment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Recruitment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Recruitment finance covers the costs of attracting, selecting and preparing new employees, including adverts, interviews and training."},{"text":"Marketing","correct":false,"explanation":"Marketing promotes products or services to customers, but adverts, interviews and training for employees are recruitment costs. The correct answer is Recruitment."},{"text":"Production","correct":false,"explanation":"Production concerns making goods or delivering services, not employing and training staff. The correct finance need for these costs is Recruitment."},{"text":"Research and development","correct":false,"explanation":"Research and development creates or improves products, whereas staff adverts, interviews and training relate to hiring workers. The correct answer is Recruitment."}]},{"id":"88423472-ee24-4393-96e7-fcb55a1286e9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which finance need covers social media adverts, promotions and market research?","back":"Marketing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Marketing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Marketing finance pays for activities that promote the business and understand its customers, including social media adverts, promotions and market research."},{"text":"Recruitment","correct":false,"explanation":"Recruitment finance is spent on attracting and preparing employees, not attracting customers or researching markets. Social media adverts and promotions require Marketing finance."},{"text":"Production","correct":false,"explanation":"Production finance supports making goods or delivering services, whereas adverts, promotions and market research promote and inform the business. The correct answer is Marketing."},{"text":"Start-up finance","correct":false,"explanation":"Start-up finance covers initial set-up purchases before trading, not promotional activity carried out to reach customers. The correct answer is Marketing."}]},{"id":"a4bed189-fbf1-4624-8657-788f7edb283e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Cash flow is the movement of money [ ] and [ ] a business.","back":"Cash flow is the movement of money into and out of a business.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cash flow is the movement of money into and out of a business.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cash flow records money entering and leaving a business, such as receipts from customers and payments to suppliers, staff or landlords."},{"text":"Cash flow is the movement of money out of and into a business.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two directions are reversed here: money flows into a business as receipts and out as payments. The correct wording is into and out of a business."},{"text":"Cash flow is the movement of money within and around a business.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cash flow concerns money entering and leaving, not money moving only within a business. The correct wording is into and out of a business."},{"text":"Cash flow is the movement of money from and towards a business.","correct":false,"explanation":"Profit compares revenue with costs, while cash flow tracks money entering and leaving. The correct wording is into and out of a business."}]},{"id":"c32d0f96-fe28-4248-a60a-0ed4cceee8a7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Short-term finance is often over [ ]; long-term finance is often over [ ].","back":"Short-term finance is often over weeks or months; long-term finance is often over years.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Short-term finance is often over weeks or months; long-term finance is often over years.","correct":true,"explanation":"Short-term finance is normally needed for weeks or months, while long-term finance supports needs lasting years, such as major equipment or premises."},{"text":"Short-term finance is often over years; long-term finance is often over weeks or months.","correct":false,"explanation":"The periods are reversed here. Finance lasting weeks or months is short-term, while finance lasting years is long-term."},{"text":"Short-term finance is often over days; long-term finance is often over decades.","correct":false,"explanation":"Days usually describe very immediate finance and do not match the usual short-term period in this comparison. The correct periods are weeks or months and years."},{"text":"Short-term finance is often over months; long-term finance is often over decades.","correct":false,"explanation":"Months can be short-term, but decades are not the standard contrasting description here. Long-term finance is commonly described as lasting years."}]},{"id":"2a2f8076-93c8-4c59-81b4-0d519738be8d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A business needs stock now before customers pay. Which time period of finance fits?","back":"Short-term finance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Short-term finance.","correct":true,"explanation":"Stock is a current operating need, so finance required before customers pay usually needs to be repaid or used over a short period."},{"text":"Long-term finance","correct":false,"explanation":"Long-term finance is intended for assets or needs lasting years, not stock that is bought and sold during normal operations. The correct answer is Short-term finance."},{"text":"Start-up finance","correct":false,"explanation":"Start-up finance pays initial set-up costs before trading begins, whereas stock is a recurring working-capital need. The correct answer is Short-term finance."},{"text":"Permanent finance","correct":false,"explanation":"Permanent finance is not the usual choice for stock, which is regularly replenished and sold. The suitable time period is Short-term finance."}]},{"id":"3754ff89-337b-4c4d-b22a-2e72f1dfc1ea","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A business wants expensive equipment or new premises. Which time period of finance fits?","back":"Long-term finance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Long-term finance.","correct":true,"explanation":"Expensive equipment and new premises provide benefits over several years, so finance for them is normally arranged over a long period."},{"text":"Short-term finance","correct":false,"explanation":"Short-term finance is suited to temporary working-capital needs such as stock, not assets used for years. The correct answer is Long-term finance."},{"text":"Start-up finance","correct":false,"explanation":"Start-up finance covers initial set-up needs, but the key issue here is that equipment and premises are long-lasting assets. The correct answer is Long-term finance."},{"text":"Working-capital finance","correct":false,"explanation":"Working-capital finance supports day-to-day operations, whereas major equipment and premises require funding over their useful lives. The correct answer is Long-term finance."}]},{"id":"4f5146a5-435e-4db7-8d7b-d982965fb200","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A useful order for choosing finance is [ ] → time period → [ ].","back":"A useful order for choosing finance is purpose → time period → source.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A useful order for choosing finance is purpose → time period → source.","correct":true,"explanation":"The business should first decide what the finance is needed for, then how long it is required, and finally select the most suitable source."},{"text":"A useful order for choosing finance is cash-flow needs → time period → amount.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cash-flow needs and amount may matter, but the standard order begins with the finance’s purpose and ends by selecting the source after considering the time period."},{"text":"A useful order for choosing finance is time period → time period → purpose.","correct":false,"explanation":"This repeats the time period and puts the factors in the wrong sequence. Businesses should identify the purpose first, consider the time period, then choose the source."},{"text":"A useful order for choosing finance is source → time period → purpose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Choosing a source before identifying the purpose can lead to unsuitable finance. The correct sequence is purpose, then time period, then source."}]},{"id":"37eaaa37-a208-4795-979e-39724273a1a6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Internal finance comes from [ ]; external finance comes from [ ].","back":"Internal finance comes from within the business or owners; external finance comes from outside the business.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Internal finance comes from within the business or owners; external finance comes from outside the business.","correct":true,"explanation":"Internal finance is generated by the business or provided by its owners. External finance comes from organisations or individuals outside the business."},{"text":"Internal finance comes from customers; external finance comes from lenders.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lenders are an external source, but customers are not the definition of internal finance. Internal finance comes from within the business or its owners."},{"text":"Internal finance comes from sales revenue; external finance comes from the government.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sales revenue is income rather than necessarily a source of finance, and government support is only one possible external source. The definitions are based on where the money originates."},{"text":"Internal finance comes from shareholders; external finance comes from within the business.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shareholders are outside the business when providing finance, while money from within the business is internal. This option reverses the two categories."}]},{"id":"9ace8d93-f0e0-446d-ab6a-5c3c44bfae84","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which source suits an established profitable business funding growth without interest or control loss?","back":"Retained profit.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Retained profit.","correct":true,"explanation":"Retained profit is money kept from previous trading periods. An established profitable business can use it to fund growth without paying interest or giving away control."},{"text":"Bank loan.","correct":false,"explanation":"A bank loan can fund growth, but it creates interest payments. Retained profit is more suitable here because it avoids interest and does not reduce the owners’ control."},{"text":"Share capital.","correct":false,"explanation":"Share capital can raise substantial finance, but issuing shares may dilute existing owners’ control. Retained profit funds growth without interest or loss of control."},{"text":"Trade credit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Trade credit is mainly used to delay payment for purchases and is usually short term. An established profitable business can use retained profit to fund growth directly."}]},{"id":"1a7ebe7f-294c-4bc4-9257-4b157fa9b75c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is retained profit usually unsuitable for a start-up?","back":"It has not built up profit yet.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It has not built up profit yet.","correct":true,"explanation":"Retained profit comes from profits kept in the business rather than distributed. A start-up has little or no trading history, so it has not accumulated this finance."},{"text":"It has not built up sales yet.","correct":false,"explanation":"A start-up may already make sales, even though it has little trading history. Retained profit is unsuitable because the business has not yet built up profit."},{"text":"It has not built up assets yet.","correct":false,"explanation":"A start-up can own assets such as equipment or stock. The key limitation is that it has not generated and accumulated profit to retain."},{"text":"It has not built up customers yet.","correct":false,"explanation":"Finding customers can be difficult, but it is not the definition of retained profit. The business cannot use retained profit because it has not built up profit yet."}]},{"id":"19cb8c87-c7a6-4194-8d3b-b07b885a6f95","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which source involves selling old equipment or vehicles owned by the business?","back":"Sale of assets.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sale of assets.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sale of assets raises finance by selling business-owned items such as old equipment, vehicles, or property that are no longer required."},{"text":"Retained profit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Retained profit is money kept from previous profits, not money raised by disposing of equipment or vehicles. Selling existing business property is sale of assets."},{"text":"Owners’ capital.","correct":false,"explanation":"Owners’ capital is money invested by the owners, such as personal savings. It does not involve disposing of equipment or vehicles already owned by the business."},{"text":"Bank loan.","correct":false,"explanation":"A bank loan provides borrowed money that must usually be repaid with interest. Selling old equipment or vehicles is classified as sale of assets."}]},{"id":"8ff45bd9-7227-40d7-a081-4e2e857a7aa0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the main drawback of selling an asset for finance?","back":"The asset is no longer available to use.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The asset is no longer available to use.","correct":true,"explanation":"Selling an asset provides finance immediately, but the business gives up the equipment, vehicle, or other item and can no longer use it."},{"text":"The asset is no longer profitable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Selling an asset does not necessarily mean it was unprofitable. The main drawback is that the business loses access to the asset for future operations."},{"text":"The business must pay interest on the money.","correct":false,"explanation":"Selling an asset does not create a loan, so interest is not normally charged. The main drawback is losing the asset’s use after it is sold."},{"text":"The asset is no longer needed.","correct":false,"explanation":"An asset may be sold because it is old or surplus, but it could still have useful capacity. The key drawback is that it is unavailable after sale."}]},{"id":"d8eb51bf-91c7-4f61-8025-f27c13bb7c8d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A start-up uses the owner’s personal savings to avoid borrowing. Which source is this?","back":"Owners’ capital.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Owners’ capital.","correct":true,"explanation":"Owners’ capital is money invested by the business owner, including personal savings. It avoids borrowing, so there are no loan interest payments."},{"text":"Bank loan.","correct":false,"explanation":"A bank loan is borrowed external finance, normally involving repayment and interest. Using the owner’s personal savings is owners’ capital, an internal source."},{"text":"Retained profit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Retained profit comes from profits generated and kept by the business. A start-up using the owner’s personal savings is using owners’ capital instead."},{"text":"Sale of assets.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sale of assets raises money by disposing of business-owned equipment, vehicles, or property. Personal savings invested by the owner are classified as owners’ capital."}]},{"id":"ac62667a-99ee-4af2-97e0-03a3b24742cb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What can limit the amount raised through owners’ capital?","back":"The owner may have limited savings.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The owner may have limited savings.","correct":true,"explanation":"Owners’ capital depends on the owner’s personal financial resources. If the owner has limited savings, only a limited amount can be invested in the business."},{"text":"The owner may have limited profits.","correct":false,"explanation":"Profits are relevant to retained profit, not the owner’s personal investment. Owners’ capital may be limited because the owner has only a certain amount of savings."},{"text":"The owner may have high interest payments.","correct":false,"explanation":"Personal savings do not normally create interest payments, unlike a loan. The amount of owners’ capital is restricted by how much the owner can personally invest."},{"text":"The owner may have limited assets.","correct":false,"explanation":"The value of business assets does not directly determine how much personal capital an owner can provide. The relevant restriction is limited personal savings."}]},{"id":"914b9489-8cb4-4486-8ec9-93282f072d5e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A loan is money borrowed for a [ ] and repaid with [ ].","back":"A loan is money borrowed for a set period and repaid with interest.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A loan is money borrowed for a set period and repaid with interest.","correct":true,"explanation":"Loans are borrowed for an agreed length of time, then repaid according to the terms with interest charged by the lender."},{"text":"A loan is money borrowed for a flexible period and repaid with fees.","correct":false,"explanation":"A loan normally has a fixed or agreed repayment period and involves interest, rather than only unspecified fees. Confusing loans with flexible overdrafts makes this answer tempting."},{"text":"A loan is money borrowed for a single day and repaid with profit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Loans are not normally restricted to one day, and profit belongs to the business rather than being paid to the lender. The correct terms are a set period and interest."},{"text":"A loan is money borrowed for a permanent period and repaid with dividends.","correct":false,"explanation":"Borrowing must be repaid within an agreed period, while dividends are returns paid to shareholders. The lender instead receives interest alongside repayment of the loan."}]},{"id":"d0f3d87a-1cf6-4f8a-a4e7-f96ba524ef71","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can a loan put pressure on cash flow?","back":"Regular repayments must be made.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Regular repayments must be made.","correct":true,"explanation":"Regular loan repayments create predictable cash outflows, reducing the money available to pay suppliers, wages and other running costs."},{"text":"A single repayment must be made.","correct":false,"explanation":"Most loans require several scheduled repayments rather than only one, so cash flow is pressured repeatedly. The correct answer is that regular repayments must be made."},{"text":"Higher sales must be made.","correct":false,"explanation":"Taking a loan does not guarantee higher sales, and sales are cash inflows rather than the repayment pressure created by borrowing. Regular repayments are the relevant cash outflow."},{"text":"Extra dividends must be made.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividends are payments to shareholders and are not a normal loan requirement. Loan finance puts pressure on cash flow because regular repayments must be made to the lender."}]},{"id":"24ded748-4cfc-477e-8556-31e7a38d7be1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which source lets a business spend beyond its bank balance up to an agreed limit?","back":"An overdraft.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An overdraft.","correct":true,"explanation":"An overdraft allows a business to withdraw more money than is currently in its bank account, up to an agreed limit."},{"text":"A bank loan.","correct":false,"explanation":"A bank loan provides a separate lump sum that is repaid over an agreed period. Spending beyond the bank balance up to a limit is the function of an overdraft."},{"text":"Trade credit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Trade credit allows a business to delay paying suppliers for goods or services. It does not directly permit spending beyond the balance in the bank account."},{"text":"A share issue.","correct":false,"explanation":"A share issue raises finance by selling ownership stakes in a limited company. It does not provide an agreed facility for exceeding the business’s bank balance."}]},{"id":"04bcbb96-ad6f-4b79-b5af-35ddc5f9bbfb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A shop needs stock now and will pay the supplier after selling it. Which source fits?","back":"Trade credit.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Trade credit.","correct":true,"explanation":"Trade credit lets a business receive stock from a supplier and pay later, often after the goods have been sold."},{"text":"An overdraft.","correct":false,"explanation":"An overdraft provides short-term access to money beyond the bank balance, but it is not specifically the arrangement to receive stock now and pay the supplier later."},{"text":"A share issue.","correct":false,"explanation":"A share issue raises money from investors in exchange for ownership. It does not allow a shop to obtain stock immediately and delay payment to its supplier."},{"text":"Hire purchase.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hire purchase spreads payments for an asset, such as equipment, while it is used. Stock bought from a supplier and paid for later is trade credit."}]},{"id":"2915a661-27e4-4cfa-90e7-4ab87f01a8b4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What can late payment on trade credit damage?","back":"Supplier relationships.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Supplier relationships.","correct":true,"explanation":"Late payment can reduce a supplier’s trust, making future trade credit less likely and damaging the business relationship."},{"text":"Customer demand.","correct":false,"explanation":"Late payment mainly affects the business’s relationship with its suppliers, not directly how much customers want to buy. Supplier relationships are the key risk."},{"text":"Production quality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Late payment does not automatically change the quality of goods produced. It can damage supplier relationships, potentially making future supplies or credit harder to obtain."},{"text":"Employee motivation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Employees are not the main party affected by late payment on trade credit. The immediate concern is losing suppliers’ trust and damaging supplier relationships."}]},{"id":"be72737f-cd77-4337-9436-e5fb49357c32","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What ownership drawback can a new partner create?","back":"Existing owners must share control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Existing owners must share control.","correct":true,"explanation":"A new partner gains a say in business decisions, so the original owners no longer have all the control and must share it."},{"text":"Existing owners must share profits only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Partners generally share decision-making as well as profits, so the main ownership drawback is shared control. Focusing only on profits misses the loss of authority."},{"text":"Existing owners must share liability only.","correct":false,"explanation":"A partner may share responsibility for business debts, but the key ownership drawback is that existing owners must also share control over decisions."},{"text":"Existing owners must share equipment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equipment may be used by everyone in the business, but this is not the main ownership drawback. A new partner gains decision-making power, reducing exclusive control."}]},{"id":"6307488e-5068-43d0-8df3-e1e19800a0bf","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might a share issue worry existing owners?","back":"Their control may be reduced.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Their control may be reduced.","correct":true,"explanation":"Issuing shares brings in additional shareholders, who may gain voting rights. Existing owners can therefore lose some influence over business decisions."},{"text":"Their profits may be guaranteed.","correct":false,"explanation":"A share issue does not guarantee existing owners higher profits; profits may need to be shared among more shareholders. The concern is reduced control."},{"text":"Their debts may be cancelled.","correct":false,"explanation":"Selling shares raises finance but does not automatically cancel the company’s debts. Existing owners worry because new shareholders can reduce their control."},{"text":"Their customers may be removed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Issuing shares changes the ownership and finance structure, not the company’s customer list. The main concern for existing owners is that their control may be reduced."}]},{"id":"a5758340-74c8-4d16-a432-cba9ac663b73","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why should a sole trader or ordinary partnership not be recommended a share issue?","back":"Share issues are for limited companies.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Share issues are for limited companies.","correct":true,"explanation":"Shares represent ownership in a company, so a share issue is available to limited companies rather than sole traders or ordinary partnerships."},{"text":"Share issues are for sole traders.","correct":false,"explanation":"A sole trader has one owner and cannot sell shares in the business. Share issues are used by limited companies to raise finance from investors."},{"text":"Share issues are for ordinary partnerships.","correct":false,"explanation":"An ordinary partnership is owned by partners rather than shareholders, so it cannot raise finance through a share issue. This source is for limited companies."},{"text":"Share issues are for all business types.","correct":false,"explanation":"Business structure determines which finance sources are available. Sole traders and ordinary partnerships cannot issue shares; share issues are for limited companies."}]},{"id":"169a1688-bf5b-40b9-b1cd-14333ebc9296","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Crowdfunding involves many people contributing [ ], usually online; it may fail if too few people [ ].","back":"Crowdfunding involves many people contributing small amounts, usually online; it may fail if too few people contribute.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Crowdfunding involves many people contributing small amounts, usually online; it may fail if too few people contribute.","correct":true,"explanation":"Crowdfunding collects relatively small contributions from a large number of people, normally through an online platform. The idea depends on enough individuals contributing for the business to reach its funding target."},{"text":"Crowdfunding involves many people contributing large amounts, usually online; it may fail if too few people contribute.","correct":false,"explanation":"Crowdfunding is based on attracting many relatively small contributions, not relying on a few large investors. The funding can fail when insufficient people contribute towards the target amount."},{"text":"Crowdfunding involves many people contributing small amounts, usually online; it may fail if too few people invest.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first part describes crowdfunding accurately, but the missing action is contributing to the funding campaign. ‘Invest’ is a tempting alternative, yet it does not match the wording of the completed definition."},{"text":"Crowdfunding involves many people contributing regular payments, usually online; it may fail if too few people contribute.","correct":false,"explanation":"Crowdfunding contributions are generally described by their small size rather than as scheduled or repeated payments. The campaign depends on enough people contributing, but the amount is the key feature here."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-12","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Sources of finance","title":"Sources of finance Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/business/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"88da8318-967e-525a-86e9-f43cb81bab13","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]