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22:[["$","$L31",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L32",["$","$L33",null,{"href":"/gcse/biology/aqa/viral-diseases/flashcards","label":"3.1.2 Viral diseases","subjectCode":"gcse_biology__aqa","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L34",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L35",null,{"decks":[{"id":"a071af62-3d03-4eab-a7cc-f2c457872334","title":"3.1.2 Viral diseases Flashcards","topicId":"89792795-2b63-55ce-9a04-29d3767d9c13","topicSlug":"viral-diseases","cards":[{"id":"3cf76c19-78d0-4ba6-8280-fbe0a9d56187","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What must a virus reproduce inside?","back":"A living cell.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A living cell.","correct":true,"explanation":"Viruses can only reproduce inside living cells because they use the host cell’s machinery to make new virus particles."},{"text":"A dead cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dead cells no longer carry out the processes viruses need for reproduction. Viruses must reproduce inside a living cell using its machinery."},{"text":"A red blood cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"Red blood cells are not required specifically, and mature human red blood cells lack a nucleus. Viruses reproduce inside living cells rather than one specialised cell type."},{"text":"A protein molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"A protein molecule cannot provide the cellular machinery needed to make new viruses. Viral reproduction requires a living cell as the host."}]},{"id":"692ea355-891a-4fed-8a40-c63c59c16c36","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to a cell when a virus reproduces inside it?","back":"The virus damages or destroys the cell.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The virus damages or destroys the cell.","correct":true,"explanation":"As viruses reproduce, they use the cell’s resources and produce new virus particles. This can damage or destroy the host cell."},{"text":"The virus repairs and strengthens the cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"Viral reproduction does not benefit the host cell; it diverts the cell’s machinery and resources. The virus damages or destroys the cell."},{"text":"The virus changes the cell into a red blood cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"Viruses do not normally transform infected cells into red blood cells. Reproduction inside the host cell causes damage or destruction instead."},{"text":"The virus leaves the cell unchanged.","correct":false,"explanation":"Producing many new viruses disrupts the host cell and may cause it to burst or stop functioning. It is damaged or destroyed."}]},{"id":"af102267-e91d-45ed-9dfb-d6f7fe51165a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are viral diseases difficult to treat with medicines?","back":"Viruses reproduce inside host cells, which makes them difficult to target without damaging the cells.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Viruses reproduce inside host cells, which makes them difficult to target without damaging the cells.","correct":true,"explanation":"Medicines that attack viruses inside host cells may also harm the cells themselves. This makes viral diseases harder to treat selectively."},{"text":"Viruses reproduce outside cells, which makes them difficult to target without damaging the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Viruses do not reproduce outside cells; they use host-cell machinery. Their intracellular reproduction makes treatment difficult because targeting them may damage host cells."},{"text":"Viruses are made of antibiotic-resistant cells, which makes them difficult to target without damaging the cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Viruses are not cells, so antibiotic resistance in bacteria does not explain this difficulty. They reproduce inside host cells, where treatment may cause cell damage."},{"text":"Viruses reproduce inside antibodies, which makes them difficult to target without damaging the cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are immune proteins, not the usual host location for viral reproduction. Viruses reproduce inside host cells, making selective treatment difficult."}]},{"id":"d2c57b58-e41f-4c3b-a19e-04b13cd5c208","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which three viral diseases are listed in the notes?","back":"

Measles
HIV
Tobacco mosaic virus

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Measles
HIV
Tobacco mosaic virus

","correct":true,"explanation":"The three viral diseases listed in the notes are measles, HIV and tobacco mosaic virus, which affects tobacco and other plant species."},{"text":"

Measles
Malaria
Tobacco mosaic virus

","correct":false,"explanation":"Malaria is caused by a protist transmitted by mosquitoes, not a virus. The listed human viral disease is HIV, alongside measles and tobacco mosaic virus."},{"text":"

Influenza
HIV
Ringworm

","correct":false,"explanation":"Influenza is viral, but it is not one of the three diseases listed in these notes. Ringworm is caused by a fungus, while measles and tobacco mosaic virus are required."},{"text":"

Measles
Salmonella
HIV

","correct":false,"explanation":"Salmonella is a bacterial pathogen, not a virus, and tobacco mosaic virus is missing. The notes list measles, HIV and tobacco mosaic virus."}]},{"id":"10a1b96d-dfc2-42bc-a5e5-5c68181f8096","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Measles causes a fever and a [ ].","back":"Measles causes a fever and a red skin rash.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"red skin rash","correct":true,"explanation":"Measles commonly causes a fever followed by a red skin rash, which is a characteristic symptom of the disease."},{"text":"thick skin scale","correct":false,"explanation":"A thick skin scale is not the characteristic measles symptom described here. The expected symptom is a red skin rash following the fever."},{"text":"blue skin bruise","correct":false,"explanation":"Bruising is not the typical rash associated with measles. Measles causes a red skin rash together with a fever."},{"text":"yellow eye discharge","correct":false,"explanation":"Eye discharge can occur in some infections but is not the symptom completing this measles description. The correct term is red skin rash."}]},{"id":"dea74df2-0537-4eb0-bb29-74ba3cad9415","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How is measles spread?","back":"By inhaling droplets from coughs and sneezes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"By inhaling droplets from coughs and sneezes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Measles spreads through airborne droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes, which another person can inhale."},{"text":"By inhaling dust particles from contaminated soil.","correct":false,"explanation":"Soil is not the usual route of measles transmission. Measles spreads when people inhale droplets released by coughs and sneezes."},{"text":"By swallowing contaminated food from infected people.","correct":false,"explanation":"Foodborne transmission is associated with some pathogens, but not the stated route for measles. Measles is spread by inhaling droplets from coughs and sneezes."},{"text":"By receiving mosquito bites from infected insects.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mosquitoes transmit diseases such as malaria, not measles. Measles spreads through droplets from coughs and sneezes."}]},{"id":"3a5eef7d-7bbe-48ad-93db-a900f9e93321","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why can measles be fatal?","back":"It can be fatal if complications arise.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can be fatal if complications arise.","correct":true,"explanation":"Measles can lead to serious complications, and these complications rather than the initial mild symptoms can make the infection fatal."},{"text":"It can be fatal if the rash disappears.","correct":false,"explanation":"The disappearance of a rash is not what makes measles fatal. The serious risk comes when complications arise after infection."},{"text":"It can be fatal if the patient drinks water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Drinking water does not cause fatal measles. Measles becomes dangerous when complications arise, such as severe effects on the body."},{"text":"It can be fatal if the fever lasts one hour.","correct":false,"explanation":"A one-hour fever is not the reason measles can be fatal. The disease poses a serious risk when complications develop."}]},{"id":"90a6be74-2523-4bae-ad6c-c2607333e2c1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How is measles prevented?","back":"Most young children are vaccinated against it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Most young children are vaccinated against it.","correct":true,"explanation":"Vaccination prepares the immune system to recognise measles and helps protect most young children from developing the disease."},{"text":"Most young children are given antibiotics against it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibiotics target bacteria and do not prevent measles, which is viral. Measles is prevented mainly by vaccinating young children."},{"text":"Most young children are kept away from sunlight against it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoiding sunlight does not produce immunity to measles or prevent its transmission. Vaccination is the relevant preventive measure."},{"text":"Most young children are treated with antiretroviral drugs against it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antiretroviral drugs are used to control HIV, not to prevent measles. Most young children are protected from measles through vaccination."}]},{"id":"33abb6a4-5cc7-4018-af7a-cf228671aeb5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is measles now rare in the UK?","back":"Most children are vaccinated against measles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Most children are vaccinated against measles.","correct":true,"explanation":"High vaccination coverage reduces the number of susceptible children and limits transmission, so measles has become rare in the UK."},{"text":"Most children are treated with antibiotics against measles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibiotics do not treat or prevent this viral disease. Measles is now rare mainly because most children are vaccinated."},{"text":"Most children are naturally infected without symptoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural infection would expose children to the disease and its complications, rather than explain its rarity. Vaccination provides the key protection."},{"text":"Most children are isolated permanently from other people.","correct":false,"explanation":"Children are not permanently isolated to prevent measles. Widespread vaccination reduces susceptibility and transmission in the population."}]},{"id":"5a6e7da9-bee7-4bec-9e05-81480f09bd9d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What should happen to someone infected with measles, and why?","back":"They should be isolated because there is no treatment and this limits spread.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They should be isolated because there is no treatment and this limits spread.","correct":true,"explanation":"There is no specific treatment for measles, so isolating an infected person helps prevent infectious droplets spreading to other people."},{"text":"They should be given antibiotics because this cures the virus and limits spread.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibiotics kill bacteria, not measles viruses, so they do not cure measles. Isolation is used because it limits spread when there is no treatment."},{"text":"They should be vaccinated immediately because this cures the infection and limits spread.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vaccination helps prevent measles but does not cure an established infection. An infected person should be isolated to reduce transmission."},{"text":"They should be mixed with healthy children because this builds immunity and limits spread.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mixing infected and healthy people would increase exposure to infectious droplets. Isolation limits the spread of measles."}]},{"id":"5ca1b11c-1e66-4eb7-8fc0-b29fb6e3bc91","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"HIV initially causes a mild, [ ].","back":"HIV initially causes a mild, flu-like illness.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"flu-like illness","correct":true,"explanation":"Early HIV infection can cause a mild flu-like illness as the immune system responds to the virus."},{"text":"severe bacterial pneumonia","correct":false,"explanation":"Severe bacterial pneumonia is not the initial mild illness described for HIV. Early infection commonly causes a flu-like illness."},{"text":"permanent skin rash","correct":false,"explanation":"A permanent skin rash is not the standard description of HIV’s initial symptoms. The early illness is typically mild and flu-like."},{"text":"rapid bone fracture","correct":false,"explanation":"Bone fractures are not the characteristic initial symptom of HIV. The early stage can cause a mild flu-like illness."}]},{"id":"17dfcd13-caee-4dc7-a88a-2d16208b7156","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which cells does HIV attack?","back":"The body's immune cells.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The body's immune cells.","correct":true,"explanation":"HIV attacks cells of the immune system, weakening the body’s ability to defend itself against infections and some cancers."},{"text":"The body's red blood cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"HIV does not primarily attack red blood cells, which carry oxygen. Its main target is the body’s immune cells."},{"text":"The body's bone cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bone cells are not HIV’s main target. HIV attacks immune cells, progressively weakening the immune system."},{"text":"The body's muscle cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Muscle cells are not the specific cells attacked by HIV. The virus targets immune cells involved in defending the body."}]},{"id":"6a710a28-49f7-4a89-adc2-0d746cfaa863","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do antiretroviral drugs control HIV?","back":"They stop HIV damaging the immune system.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They stop HIV damaging the immune system.","correct":true,"explanation":"Antiretroviral drugs control HIV by reducing its ability to reproduce, which slows damage to immune cells and helps preserve immune-system function."},{"text":"They stop HIV entering the digestive system.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antiretroviral drugs do not work by blocking the digestive system. They control HIV reproduction and therefore slow damage to the immune system."},{"text":"They stop HIV causing a red skin rash.","correct":false,"explanation":"A rash is not the mechanism these drugs target. Antiretroviral treatment controls HIV so it causes less damage to the immune system."},{"text":"They stop HIV infecting plant cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"HIV is a human virus and plant cells are irrelevant to its treatment. Antiretroviral drugs reduce HIV’s reproduction and its damage to immune cells."}]},{"id":"f299f747-7b1e-4e02-b090-ed20eac4dc01","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"If uncontrolled, HIV develops into late-stage infection called [ ].","back":"If uncontrolled, HIV develops into late-stage infection called AIDS.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"AIDS","correct":true,"explanation":"AIDS is the late-stage condition that can develop when HIV remains uncontrolled and has caused severe damage to the immune system."},{"text":"measles","correct":false,"explanation":"Measles is a separate viral disease spread mainly through droplets. The late-stage infection caused by uncontrolled HIV is called AIDS."},{"text":"influenza","correct":false,"explanation":"Influenza is a different viral infection that causes flu. Uncontrolled HIV develops into the late-stage infection called AIDS."},{"text":"tobacco mosaic disease","correct":false,"explanation":"Tobacco mosaic disease affects plants and is unrelated to the late stage of HIV infection. That late-stage infection is called AIDS."}]},{"id":"6ecaf029-50f7-4de4-ba6b-e235c7b3ecc6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to the immune system in AIDS?","back":"It is so badly damaged that it cannot fight other infections or cancers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is so badly damaged that it cannot fight other infections or cancers.","correct":true,"explanation":"In AIDS, HIV has severely damaged the immune system, leaving it unable to defend the body effectively against other infections and cancers."},{"text":"It is so badly strengthened that it cannot fight other infections or cancers.","correct":false,"explanation":"AIDS results from severe weakening, not strengthening, of the immune system. The immune system is badly damaged and cannot fight infections or cancers."},{"text":"It is so badly replaced that it cannot fight other infections or cancers.","correct":false,"explanation":"HIV does not replace the immune system with another system. In AIDS, the immune system is badly damaged and loses its protective function."},{"text":"It is so badly isolated that it cannot fight other infections or cancers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Isolation describes separating an infected person to limit disease spread, not what happens to the immune system. In AIDS, it is badly damaged."}]},{"id":"0dc99add-09e3-4f7f-bcbe-05078e7fb1a1","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How is HIV transmitted?","back":"Through sexual contact or exchange of body fluids, such as blood.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Through sexual contact or exchange of body fluids, such as blood.","correct":true,"explanation":"HIV can be transmitted through sexual contact or contact with infected body fluids, including blood."},{"text":"Through inhaling droplets from coughs and sneezes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Droplets from coughs and sneezes are a route for diseases such as measles, not HIV. HIV transmission involves sexual contact or exchange of body fluids."},{"text":"Through sharing clean drinking water with an infected person.","correct":false,"explanation":"HIV is not spread through clean drinking water or ordinary casual contact. Transmission requires sexual contact or exchange of infected body fluids."},{"text":"Through mosquito bites from infected insects.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mosquito bites do not transmit HIV. The relevant routes are sexual contact and exchange of infected body fluids such as blood."}]},{"id":"547e5f56-af55-4bee-ad6a-8f386ff21909","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is HIV not spread by everyday contact?","back":"Transmission requires an exchange of body fluids, such as blood.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Transmission requires an exchange of body fluids, such as blood.","correct":true,"explanation":"HIV transmission needs infected body fluids to enter another person, for example through blood, semen, vaginal fluids or breast milk; ordinary contact does not provide this route."},{"text":"Transmission requires breathing in infected air particles, such as droplets.","correct":false,"explanation":"HIV is not an airborne infection, so breathing near an infected person does not spread it. The correct explanation is that transmission requires an exchange of body fluids, such as blood."},{"text":"Transmission occurs after sharing contaminated food, such as meals.","correct":false,"explanation":"HIV is not transmitted through the digestive system by shared food or utensils. The correct explanation is that transmission requires an exchange of body fluids, such as blood."},{"text":"Transmission requires a bite from an infected insect, such as a mosquito.","correct":false,"explanation":"Insects do not transmit HIV between people because the virus does not reproduce inside them. The correct explanation is that transmission requires an exchange of body fluids, such as blood."}]},{"id":"74d89deb-8d90-45ae-8746-ba8be2091d4e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What visible symptom does tobacco mosaic virus cause in plant leaves?","back":"A mosaic pattern of discolouration.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A mosaic pattern of discolouration.","correct":true,"explanation":"Tobacco mosaic virus produces irregular light and dark areas across leaves, creating a characteristic mosaic pattern of discolouration that reduces the leaf’s effectiveness."},{"text":"A uniform layer of black mould.","correct":false,"explanation":"Black mould is associated with fungal growth, not the characteristic effect of tobacco mosaic virus. The correct symptom is a mosaic pattern of discolouration across the leaf."},{"text":"A network of swollen root nodules.","correct":false,"explanation":"Root nodules are linked with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in some plants, rather than this viral disease. Tobacco mosaic virus causes a mosaic pattern of discolouration on leaves."},{"text":"A thick coating of white powder.","correct":false,"explanation":"A white powdery coating suggests a fungal infection such as powdery mildew. Tobacco mosaic virus instead causes a mosaic pattern of discolouration in plant leaves."}]},{"id":"e4f02d0a-eb2e-42b2-a4e3-10cd69b68a8e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Discoloured leaves infected with tobacco mosaic virus carry out less [ ].","back":"Discoloured leaves infected with tobacco mosaic virus carry out less photosynthesis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"photosynthesis","correct":true,"explanation":"Discolouration damages the leaf’s photosynthetic tissue or reduces its chlorophyll, so it absorbs less light and carries out less photosynthesis."},{"text":"respiration","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration releases energy from glucose and is not the process directly reduced by loss of chlorophyll. The correct term is photosynthesis, which uses light to make glucose."},{"text":"transpiration","correct":false,"explanation":"Transpiration is water loss through stomata and does not explain reduced food production from discoloured leaves. The correct term is photosynthesis, which is impaired by reduced chlorophyll."},{"text":"reproduction","correct":false,"explanation":"Reproduction concerns producing offspring, not making glucose in leaf cells. The correct term is photosynthesis because viral discolouration reduces the leaf’s ability to absorb light and manufacture food."}]},{"id":"8dc0cfb2-fe1d-4b89-bf28-fc7da3812f1b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does tobacco mosaic virus make a plant grow less well?","back":"Leaf discolouration reduces photosynthesis, so less food is produced for growth.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Leaf discolouration reduces photosynthesis, so less food is produced for growth.","correct":true,"explanation":"Discolouration usually means less chlorophyll is available to absorb light. Reduced photosynthesis produces less glucose, so the plant has less food and energy for growth."},{"text":"Leaf discolouration increases respiration, so less food is produced for growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration breaks down glucose for energy and does not produce the plant’s food. The correct explanation is that discolouration reduces photosynthesis, so less food is produced for growth."},{"text":"Leaf discolouration prevents water absorption, so less food is produced for growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water is absorbed mainly by roots, so leaf discolouration does not directly stop this process. The correct explanation is reduced photosynthesis and therefore reduced food production for growth."},{"text":"Leaf discolouration increases transpiration, so less food is produced for growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transpiration is the loss of water vapour, not the manufacture of food. The correct explanation is that discolouration reduces photosynthesis, limiting glucose production needed for growth."}]},{"id":"e8dbb23c-7d7b-477c-9012-5c4a7c47a7fe","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How can farmers limit the spread of tobacco mosaic virus?","back":"

Grow TMV-resistant strains.
Use good field hygiene.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Grow TMV-resistant strains.
Use good field hygiene.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Resistant strains are less likely to develop the disease, while removing infected material and cleaning equipment reduces opportunities for the virus to move between plants."},{"text":"

Grow TMV-sensitive strains.
Use good field hygiene.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Susceptible strains are more likely to become infected, even when hygiene is good. The correct combination is TMV-resistant strains and good field hygiene to reduce infection and spread."},{"text":"

Grow TMV-resistant strains.
Increase plant crowding.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Crowding increases contact between plants and can make transmission easier. The correct combination is resistant strains together with good field hygiene, which removes routes for spread."},{"text":"

Grow TMV-sensitive strains.
Increase plant crowding.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both choices increase risk: susceptible plants are easier to infect and crowding encourages contact. Farmers should grow TMV-resistant strains and use good field hygiene instead."}]},{"id":"7f4743f1-7139-4435-aeda-3ee6fc6f1bae","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How is tobacco mosaic virus spread between plants?","back":"By contact between plants and by insect vectors.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"By contact between plants and by insect vectors.","correct":true,"explanation":"The virus can pass when infected and healthy plants touch, and insects can carry it between plants while feeding. These are important routes of transmission."},{"text":"By wind-blown spores and by insect vectors.","correct":false,"explanation":"Viruses do not produce fungal spores for wind dispersal. The correct routes are contact between plants and insect vectors, which can transfer virus particles between plants."},{"text":"By contact between plants and through contaminated soil only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Soil alone is not the stated main route for tobacco mosaic virus transmission. The correct answer includes contact between plants and insect vectors, both of which can transfer the virus."},{"text":"By infected seeds and by rainfall splash only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Seeds and rain splash can be relevant for some plant diseases, but this answer omits the key routes tested here. TMV spreads by contact between plants and insect vectors."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"3.1.2 Viral diseases","title":"3.1.2 Viral diseases Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"89792795-2b63-55ce-9a04-29d3767d9c13","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]