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colour."},{"text":"Similarities in the characteristics of individuals of the same species.","correct":false,"explanation":"Similarity is tempting because members of one species share many features, but variation specifically means their differences in characteristics, not their shared characteristics."},{"text":"Differences in the habitats of individuals of the same species.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different habitats can cause environmental variation, but variation itself describes differences in individuals' characteristics. The correct answer concerns characteristics of the same species."},{"text":"Differences in the characteristics of individuals of different species.","correct":false,"explanation":"Comparing different species describes differences between species. Variation is the range of characteristics among individuals within one species."}]},{"id":"ba99ed61-b968-4973-9a58-6d850cee4f1d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What two factors interact to produce an organism's phenotype?","back":"Genome and environment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Genome and environment.","correct":true,"explanation":"An organism's genome provides inherited genetic information, while environmental conditions affect how characteristics develop. Their interaction produces the phenotype."},{"text":"Phenotype and environment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phenotype is the result of genetic and environmental influences, rather than one of the two causes. The genome and environment interact to produce it."},{"text":"Genome and species.","correct":false,"explanation":"Species identifies a group able to reproduce together, but it is not the second direct influence on phenotype. Environmental conditions interact with the genome."},{"text":"Alleles and natural selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alleles are parts of the genome and natural selection changes populations over generations. An individual's phenotype develops through its genome interacting with its environment."}]},{"id":"b4dffdef-b3d9-4941-9c31-fb42483c7900","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does extensive genetic variation mean for individuals in a population?","back":"Usually, no two individuals are exactly alike, except identical twins.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Usually, no two individuals are exactly alike, except identical twins.","correct":true,"explanation":"Extensive genetic variation means individuals usually inherit different combinations of alleles. Identical twins are the exception because they originate from the same zygote."},{"text":"Usually, no two individuals are exactly alike, except non-identical twins.","correct":false,"explanation":"Non-identical twins develop from separate eggs and usually have different allele combinations. Identical twins originate from one zygote and are genetically alike."},{"text":"Usually, all individuals are exactly alike, except identical twins.","correct":false,"explanation":"Extensive genetic variation produces differences between most individuals. Identical twins are unusual because they have the same genetic information, not because they alone differ."},{"text":"Usually, no two individuals are exactly alike, except siblings.","correct":false,"explanation":"Siblings share parents but receive different combinations of alleles through sexual reproduction. Only identical twins normally have the same genome."}]},{"id":"e1963b4f-330c-4e54-806c-d10db12134fe","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What are the three possible influences on a characteristic?","back":"

Genes
Environment
Genes and environment together

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Genes
Environment
Genes and environment together

","correct":true,"explanation":"A characteristic may be determined by genes, caused by environmental conditions, or result from both influences interacting during development."},{"text":"

Genes
Natural selection
Genes and natural selection together

","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural selection changes allele frequencies in populations across generations; it is not a direct influence on an individual's characteristic. The direct influences are genes and environment."},{"text":"

Environment
Mutation
Environment and mutation together

","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutations create new alleles, but a characteristic is directly influenced by genes, the environment, or both together. Mutation is not the standard third category."},{"text":"

Genes
Reproduction
Genes and reproduction together

","correct":false,"explanation":"Reproduction passes alleles between generations but does not directly determine a developed characteristic. Environmental conditions are the other direct influence alongside genes."}]},{"id":"050b91b2-dbfd-4e3a-957e-efee3b3754c1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can inherited alleles cause variation?","back":"Different inherited alleles produce different characteristics, such as ABO blood groups.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Different inherited alleles produce different characteristics, such as ABO blood groups.","correct":true,"explanation":"Alleles are alternative versions of a gene. Inheriting different alleles can produce different characteristics, for example the different ABO blood groups."},{"text":"Different inherited chromosomes produce different characteristics, such as ABO blood groups.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosomes carry many genes, but ABO blood group variation is caused by alternative alleles of a particular gene. Different alleles produce different characteristics."},{"text":"Different inherited proteins produce different characteristics, such as ABO blood groups.","correct":false,"explanation":"Proteins can affect characteristics, but they are produced using genetic instructions. Inherited variation comes from different alleles, such as those determining ABO blood group."},{"text":"Different inherited environmental conditions produce different characteristics, such as ABO blood groups.","correct":false,"explanation":"Environmental conditions are not inherited in the same way as alleles. ABO blood group is an inherited genetic characteristic caused by different alleles."}]},{"id":"179fd2cb-2d52-4497-ad14-ba9f3a16d28d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can environmental conditions cause variation?","back":"Different conditions during development produce differences, such as a scar or a plant grown in shade.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Different conditions during development produce differences, such as a scar or a plant grown in shade.","correct":true,"explanation":"Environmental conditions can alter development without changing genes. A scar results from injury and a plant grown in shade develops differently from one in full light."},{"text":"Different conditions during development produce differences, such as a blood group or a plant grown in shade.","correct":false,"explanation":"A plant's light conditions are environmental, but ABO blood group is determined by inherited alleles. A scar is an appropriate example of environmental variation."},{"text":"Different conditions during development produce differences, such as an identical twin or a plant grown in shade.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical twinning results from one zygote splitting and is not an environmental effect during development. Scars and growth in shade are environmental examples."},{"text":"Different conditions during development produce differences, such as a mutation or a plant grown in shade.","correct":false,"explanation":"A mutation is a change in DNA base sequence, not an environmental characteristic such as a scar. Environmental conditions can alter development without changing DNA."}]},{"id":"82e0a9b1-2b85-4780-8387-6c4fb2c6c54f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are most characteristics affected by both genes and the environment?","back":"Genes set potential, while environmental conditions influence the characteristic actually developed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Genes set potential, while environmental conditions influence the characteristic actually developed.","correct":true,"explanation":"Genes provide an inherited potential for many characteristics, but factors such as diet, disease, and light can influence the final phenotype that develops."},{"text":"Environmental conditions set potential, while genes influence the characteristic actually developed.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship. Genes set the inherited potential, while environmental conditions influence how much of that potential is expressed during development."},{"text":"Genes set the characteristic completely, while environmental conditions have no influence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some characteristics are mainly genetic, but most are influenced by the environment as well. Genes set potential and environmental conditions affect the outcome."},{"text":"Environmental conditions change the genes, while genes influence the characteristic actually developed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Normal environmental variation changes phenotype without changing the genes. Genes set potential, and environmental conditions influence the characteristic developed."}]},{"id":"f97ce059-1852-4f11-92ab-5013ad60ac0f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do genes and the environment together affect height?","back":"Genes set potential height; diet and health during growth determine the height reached.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Genes set potential height; diet and health during growth determine the height reached.","correct":true,"explanation":"Genes influence a person's potential height, while sufficient nutrition and good health during growth help determine how much of that genetic potential is reached."},{"text":"Genes set potential height; blood group and sex during growth determine the height reached.","correct":false,"explanation":"Blood group and sex are inherited characteristics, not environmental growth conditions. Diet and health during growth influence whether potential height is reached."},{"text":"Genes set potential height; mutation and meiosis during growth determine the height reached.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutations and meiosis concern genetic change and gamete formation, not environmental influences during an individual's growth. Diet and health affect height reached."},{"text":"Genes set potential height; light and soil type during growth determine the height reached.","correct":false,"explanation":"Light and soil type are important environmental factors for plants, but human height is particularly influenced by diet and health during growth."}]},{"id":"b89ee0af-9f0f-42c6-99e9-060653919d2b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a mutation?","back":"A change in the base sequence of DNA.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A change in the base sequence of DNA.","correct":true,"explanation":"A mutation is a change to the order of DNA bases. It can create a new allele and may alter the protein coded for."},{"text":"A change in the number of chromosomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"A changed chromosome number is a chromosomal mutation, but the GCSE definition of a gene mutation is a change in the base sequence of DNA."},{"text":"A change in the amino acid sequence of a protein.","correct":false,"explanation":"A DNA mutation may change a protein's amino acid sequence, but it does not always do so. The mutation itself is the change in DNA base sequence."},{"text":"A change in the phenotype of an organism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phenotype can change because of the environment and many mutations have no visible effect. A mutation specifically changes the base sequence of DNA."}]},{"id":"2983879f-817a-429e-b8bd-169fe67526ab","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When do mutations occur?","back":"Mutations occur continuously.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mutations occur continuously.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mutations arise continuously and randomly as DNA is copied or damaged. Most do not affect phenotype, but they provide the source of new genetic variation."},{"text":"Mutations occur only during meiosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meiosis can involve mutations, but mutations can also occur whenever DNA is copied in other cells. They occur continuously, not only during meiosis."},{"text":"Mutations occur only when conditions change.","correct":false,"explanation":"Environmental changes may alter selection pressures, but they do not need to occur for mutations to arise. Mutations occur continuously and randomly."},{"text":"Mutations occur only after fertilisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutations can occur in gametes before fertilisation as well as in body cells afterwards. They occur continuously throughout DNA copying and cell life."}]},{"id":"56075f1d-a522-4698-83d2-1ccec8446579","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What effect do most mutations have on the phenotype?","back":"Most mutations have no effect on the phenotype.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Most mutations have no effect on the phenotype.","correct":true,"explanation":"Most mutations do not alter phenotype, for example because they occur in non-coding DNA or do not change the amino acid sequence of a protein."},{"text":"Most mutations have a harmful effect on the phenotype.","correct":false,"explanation":"Harmful mutations can occur, but they are not the usual outcome. Most mutations have no effect on phenotype because they do not change protein function."},{"text":"Most mutations have a beneficial effect on the phenotype.","correct":false,"explanation":"Beneficial mutations are rare and can be selected for in a changed environment. Most mutations have no effect on phenotype."},{"text":"Most mutations have a visible effect on the phenotype.","correct":false,"explanation":"A mutation need not produce a visible characteristic, since many do not affect the protein produced. Most mutations have no effect on phenotype."}]},{"id":"7b192e6c-2b05-4886-a2bd-6e00da889f71","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can a mutation affect the protein produced?","back":"It may or may not change the protein produced.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It may or may not change the protein produced.","correct":true,"explanation":"A changed DNA base sequence does not always alter the protein, but it can. Whether it does depends on where the mutation occurs and how the genetic code is affected."},{"text":"It always changes the protein produced.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some DNA changes are silent or occur outside coding regions, so they do not alter a protein. A mutation may or may not change the protein produced."},{"text":"It never changes the protein produced.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some mutations alter codons and therefore the amino acid sequence, which can change a protein. A mutation may or may not change the protein produced."},{"text":"It always destroys the protein produced.","correct":false,"explanation":"A mutation can have no effect, make a small change, or occasionally prevent a functional protein forming. It may or may not change the protein produced."}]},{"id":"e8ab90be-db88-42ce-9850-9f2c1f6762c9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What can a mutation produce, and why is this important?","back":"A new allele, which is the ultimate source of all genetic variation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A new allele, which is the ultimate source of all genetic variation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mutations change DNA base sequences and can form new alleles. New alleles are the original source of genetic variation in populations."},{"text":"A new chromosome, which is the ultimate source of all genetic variation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosome changes can create variation, but new alleles arise from mutations in DNA base sequences. These new alleles are the ultimate source of genetic variation."},{"text":"A new phenotype, which is the ultimate source of all genetic variation.","correct":false,"explanation":"A phenotype is the expressed characteristic and can also be affected by environment. Mutations create new alleles, which provide the genetic variation."},{"text":"A new species, which is the ultimate source of all genetic variation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutations do not directly produce a new species. They create new alleles, and those alleles are the ultimate source of genetic variation within populations."}]},{"id":"00a4692f-6dde-43ab-aeb7-15dc4a88155d","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How do most mutations compare with very rare mutations in their effect on phenotype?","back":"

Most have no effect
Some influence the phenotype
Very few determine it alone

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Most have no effect
Some influence the phenotype
Very few determine it alone

","correct":true,"explanation":"Most mutations do not affect phenotype, some alter it alongside other factors, and only very rare mutations determine a characteristic alone."},{"text":"

Most influence the phenotype
Some have no effect
Very few determine it alone

","correct":false,"explanation":"This overstates mutation effects. Most mutations have no effect on phenotype; some influence it, while very few determine a phenotype alone."},{"text":"

Most have no effect
Some determine the phenotype
Very few influence it alone

","correct":false,"explanation":"The categories are reversed for rarer effects. Some mutations influence phenotype, but only very few determine it alone; most have no effect."},{"text":"

Most determine it alone
Some influence the phenotype
Very few have no effect

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the frequency pattern. Most mutations have no effect, some influence phenotype, and very few determine a characteristic alone."}]},{"id":"288a57cd-caee-4779-a508-5f9790874451","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How can a rare beneficial mutation cause rapid change in a species?","back":"

It produces a phenotype suited to the changed environment
Those individuals survive and reproduce more
They pass the allele on, so natural selection spreads it

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

It produces a phenotype suited to the changed environment
Those individuals survive and reproduce more
They pass the allele on, so natural selection spreads it

","correct":true,"explanation":"A beneficial allele gives an advantage in the changed environment. Its carriers leave more offspring and pass it on, increasing its frequency through natural selection."},{"text":"

It produces a phenotype suited to the changed environment
Those individuals survive and reproduce less
They pass the allele on, so natural selection spreads it

","correct":false,"explanation":"A beneficial mutation spreads because carriers survive and reproduce more, not less. Greater reproductive success causes natural selection to increase the allele's frequency."},{"text":"

It produces a phenotype suited to the changed environment
Those individuals survive and reproduce more
They pass the allele on, so mutation spreads it

","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutation creates new alleles but does not spread a beneficial allele through a population. Natural selection spreads it because carriers reproduce more successfully."},{"text":"

It produces a phenotype unsuited to the changed environment
Those individuals survive and reproduce more
They pass the allele on, so natural selection spreads it

","correct":false,"explanation":"A phenotype unsuited to the environment usually reduces survival or reproductive success. A beneficial mutation produces a phenotype suited to the changed environment."}]},{"id":"06fc38ce-9446-4168-84bc-0a1c455bf59f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An organism's phenotype develops from its [ ] interacting with its environment.","back":"An organism's phenotype develops from its genome interacting with its environment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"genome","correct":true,"explanation":"The genome contains an organism's inherited genetic information. It interacts with environmental conditions during development to produce the organism's phenotype."},{"text":"phenotype","correct":false,"explanation":"Phenotype is the outcome of genetic and environmental interaction, so it cannot be the inherited factor producing itself. The genome interacts with the environment."},{"text":"environment","correct":false,"explanation":"The sentence already states that the inherited factor interacts with the environment. That inherited factor is the genome, which contains the organism's genetic information."},{"text":"species","correct":false,"explanation":"Species describes a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring. The genome, rather than species membership, interacts with the environment to produce phenotype."}]},{"id":"6a031ad4-f138-4b1e-a1af-0aecea3919d7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Most mutations have [ ] on the phenotype.","back":"Most mutations have no effect on the phenotype.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"no effect","correct":true,"explanation":"Most mutations do not alter the phenotype because they occur in non-coding DNA or do not change the protein’s function enough to affect observable characteristics."},{"text":"a major effect","correct":false,"explanation":"Only a small proportion of mutations cause large phenotypic changes. Most have no effect because they do not significantly alter gene expression or protein function."},{"text":"a harmful effect","correct":false,"explanation":"Many mutations are neutral rather than harmful. The correct answer is no effect, because most mutations do not change an organism’s observable characteristics."},{"text":"an inherited effect","correct":false,"explanation":"Whether a mutation is inherited depends on which cells contain it, not on its usual effect on phenotype. Most mutations have no effect on the phenotype."}]},{"id":"584adc96-8a1d-4577-b659-4edf293c7524","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"All genetic variants ultimately arise from [ ].","back":"All genetic variants ultimately arise from mutations.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"mutations","correct":true,"explanation":"Mutations are changes in DNA that create new versions of genes. These new versions can then be inherited and become genetic variants within a population."},{"text":"natural selection","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural selection changes how common variants become, but it does not create them. Genetic variants ultimately arise from mutations, which alter the DNA sequence."},{"text":"sexual reproduction","correct":false,"explanation":"Sexual reproduction combines existing alleles into new combinations, but it does not produce the original genetic variants. Those ultimately arise through mutations in DNA."},{"text":"adaptations","correct":false,"explanation":"Adaptations are inherited characteristics that become common because they improve survival or reproduction. They result from selection acting on variation, which ultimately arises from mutations."}]},{"id":"a0669bbd-2ed9-4f6d-baef-0aa16da0f31a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A mutation can produce a new [ ].","back":"A mutation can produce a new allele.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"allele","correct":true,"explanation":"A mutation changes the DNA sequence of a gene and can create a new allele, meaning a different version of that gene."},{"text":"chromosome","correct":false,"explanation":"A mutation can affect a chromosome, but it does not usually produce a whole new chromosome. The specific new version of a gene is an allele."},{"text":"species","correct":false,"explanation":"A mutation does not directly create a new species. It can produce a new allele, while speciation requires accumulated genetic differences and reproductive isolation."},{"text":"tissue","correct":false,"explanation":"A tissue is a group of similar cells, not a version of a gene. Mutations can produce new alleles by changing DNA within a gene."}]},{"id":"d1d99cdf-8dcb-4f63-9aaa-83ad053bba4d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A beneficial mutation can spread through a population by [ ].","back":"A beneficial mutation can spread through a population by natural selection.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"natural selection","correct":true,"explanation":"If a mutation gives individuals a survival or reproductive advantage, natural selection increases the frequency of that allele in the population over generations."},{"text":"artificial selection","correct":false,"explanation":"Artificial selection spreads desired alleles through deliberate human breeding. A beneficial mutation spreading without human direction occurs through natural selection."},{"text":"asexual reproduction","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction copies existing genetic material and can spread a mutation in offspring, but it is not the population-wide process described here. Natural selection favours beneficial alleles."},{"text":"random fertilisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Random fertilisation produces different combinations of existing alleles, but it does not preferentially increase a beneficial mutation. Natural selection causes advantageous alleles to spread."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"6.2.1 Variation","title":"6.2.1 Variation Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"b82b6b1f-dcd5-5b93-9e7c-07d0c5252767","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]