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power processes such as active transport, growth and the synthesis of larger molecules."},{"text":"Photosynthesis releases energy from glucose for the cell to use.","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis stores light energy by producing glucose rather than releasing energy from it. Respiration breaks down glucose and transfers energy for use by the cell."},{"text":"Transpiration releases energy from glucose for the cell to use.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from leaves and does not release energy from glucose. Energy is transferred from glucose during respiration."},{"text":"Osmosis releases energy from glucose for the cell to use.","correct":false,"explanation":"Osmosis is the passive movement of water across a partially permeable membrane, not an energy-releasing reaction. Cells release usable energy from glucose through respiration."}]},{"id":"a6ab9e5c-ea36-40ab-995c-dfbbb4b17e71","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When do plants respire?","back":"Plants respire all the time, including at night.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Plants respire all the time, including at night.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plant cells require energy continuously, so respiration occurs throughout both day and night. Unlike photosynthesis, respiration does not depend directly on light."},{"text":"Plants respire only in daylight, but not at night.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing respiration with photosynthesis makes daylight seem necessary. Plants need energy during the night too, so they respire all the time."},{"text":"Plants respire only at night, but not in daylight.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plants do not switch respiration off during daylight when photosynthesis begins. Their cells require energy continuously, so respiration occurs all the time."},{"text":"Plants respire only while growing, including during germination.","correct":false,"explanation":"Growth requires respiration, but respiration is not restricted to periods of visible growth. Living plant cells respire all the time to support essential processes."}]},{"id":"9a6d048c-622e-44dc-b415-67c0b07e0fdc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When do plants photosynthesise?","back":"Plants photosynthesise only when there is light.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Plants photosynthesise only when there is light.","correct":true,"explanation":"Photosynthesis requires light energy, which chlorophyll absorbs to drive the reactions that produce glucose. It therefore stops when no suitable light is available."},{"text":"Plants photosynthesise only when there is oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is a product of photosynthesis rather than its required energy source. Photosynthesis occurs only when light is available to drive the process."},{"text":"Plants photosynthesise only when there is darkness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Darkness prevents photosynthesis because there is no light energy for chlorophyll to absorb. Plants photosynthesise only when sufficient light is available."},{"text":"Plants photosynthesise only when there is starch.","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch is made from glucose produced by photosynthesis and is not required to start the process. The essential condition identified here is the presence of light."}]},{"id":"796bd00f-4fe9-4a2f-ad92-912135d12291","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What carbohydrate is glucose converted into for energy storage?","back":"Glucose is converted into starch for storage.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Glucose is converted into starch for storage.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plants convert soluble glucose into insoluble starch for energy storage. Starch can later be broken down to release glucose when the plant needs it."},{"text":"Glucose is converted into cellulose for storage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cellulose is made from glucose, but its main role is strengthening plant cell walls rather than storing energy. Plants convert glucose into starch for storage."},{"text":"Glucose is converted into glycogen for storage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycogen is the principal carbohydrate store in animals and fungi, not plants. Plants convert glucose into starch as their storage carbohydrate."},{"text":"Glucose is converted into sucrose for storage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sucrose is mainly the form in which sugars are transported through a plant, rather than its long-term carbohydrate store. Glucose is converted into starch for storage."}]},{"id":"a55183f2-afb4-4874-b149-298909931f94","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is starch stored instead of glucose?","back":"Starch is insoluble, so it does not affect water movement by osmosis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Starch is insoluble, so it does not affect water movement by osmosis.","correct":true,"explanation":"Because starch is insoluble, it does not increase the concentration of dissolved substances in cells and therefore does not draw additional water in by osmosis."},{"text":"Starch is soluble, so it increases water movement by osmosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relevant property of starch. Starch is insoluble, allowing it to be stored without changing solute concentration and affecting water movement by osmosis."},{"text":"Starch is permeable, so it can move freely through cell membranes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Permeability describes membranes rather than explaining carbohydrate storage. Starch is useful because it is insoluble and therefore does not affect osmotic water movement."},{"text":"Starch is reactive, so it releases energy without respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stored starch does not directly release usable energy, and cells must first obtain glucose for respiration. Its storage advantage is that it is insoluble and osmotically inactive."}]},{"id":"bb0b5744-df0e-4999-bd0a-10c00ad07f34","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When is stored starch used as an energy store?","back":"Stored starch provides energy when it is dark or light levels are low.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Stored starch provides energy when it is dark or light levels are low.","correct":true,"explanation":"Low light or darkness limits photosynthesis, so less new glucose is produced. The plant can break down stored starch and respire the resulting glucose."},{"text":"Stored starch provides energy when it is bright or light levels are high.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bright light normally supports photosynthesis and the production of new glucose, so this reverses the usual situation. Stored starch is especially important in darkness or low light."},{"text":"Stored starch provides energy when it is dry or water levels are high.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water availability can affect photosynthesis, but the stated energy-store pattern concerns light availability. Stored starch supplies glucose when it is dark or light levels are low."},{"text":"Stored starch provides energy when it is cold or temperatures are high.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperature affects reaction rates but is not the contrasting condition described for routine starch use. Plants rely on stored starch during darkness or low light."}]},{"id":"aea12f12-d165-48c1-bc29-c19bba905f3c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What storage substances can glucose be converted into besides starch?","back":"Glucose is used to make fats and oils for energy storage.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Glucose is used to make fats and oils for energy storage.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plants can convert glucose into fats and oils, which store substantial amounts of energy. Oils are particularly important energy reserves in many seeds."},{"text":"Glucose is used to make water and salts for energy storage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water and mineral salts are not energy-rich storage substances and cannot be manufactured from glucose in this way. Plants can convert glucose into fats and oils."},{"text":"Glucose is used to make enzymes and hormones for energy storage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Enzymes and hormones regulate biological processes rather than serving as dedicated energy stores. Besides starch, glucose can be converted into fats and oils for storage."},{"text":"Glucose is used to make oxygen and water for energy storage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen and water are not concentrated energy stores; oxygen is released during photosynthesis. Plants use glucose to make fats and oils for energy storage."}]},{"id":"56b28525-6415-48c6-a002-2dd401287793","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are fats and oils useful as energy stores?","back":"Fats and oils are a concentrated energy store, especially in seeds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fats and oils are a concentrated energy store, especially in seeds.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fats and oils contain a large amount of stored chemical energy for their mass. Seeds use this compact reserve to support germination and early growth."},{"text":"Fats and oils are a dilute mineral store, especially in seeds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fats and oils store chemical energy rather than dissolved minerals. They are concentrated energy stores, making them well suited to the limited space and mass of seeds."},{"text":"Fats and oils are a rapid oxygen store, especially in seeds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Seeds require oxygen from their surroundings for aerobic respiration; oils do not store oxygen. Fats and oils are useful because they form a concentrated energy store."},{"text":"Fats and oils are a soluble water store, especially in seeds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fats and oils are hydrophobic and do not function as soluble water reserves. Their value in seeds is that they store a high concentration of chemical energy."}]},{"id":"7a87f6f2-1c05-46ff-8aeb-e34dec190b21","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When does a new plant use the oils stored in its seed?","back":"The new plant respires using stored seed oils as it germinates.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The new plant respires using stored seed oils as it germinates.","correct":true,"explanation":"During germination, the young plant cannot yet photosynthesise enough to meet its needs. Respiration of stored oils provides energy for early growth."},{"text":"The new plant respires using stored seed oils as it pollinates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pollination occurs in flowers of a mature plant, not in a newly emerging seedling. Stored seed oils fuel respiration while the new plant germinates."},{"text":"The new plant respires using stored seed oils as it photosynthesises.","correct":false,"explanation":"Once photosynthesis is established, the plant can produce new glucose rather than depending primarily on seed reserves. Stored oils are especially important during germination."},{"text":"The new plant respires using stored seed oils as it transpires.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transpiration is water loss from leaves and does not identify the developmental stage when seed reserves are needed. Stored oils supply energy during germination."}]},{"id":"49d0c601-e212-4800-8baa-a52c726afe37","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What substance is glucose built up into to strengthen plant cell walls?","back":"Glucose is built up into cellulose.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Glucose is built up into cellulose.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plants join glucose molecules to form cellulose. Cellulose fibres provide strength to plant cell walls and help cells resist internal pressure."},{"text":"Glucose is built up into glycogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycogen is used for carbohydrate storage by animals and fungi, not for strengthening plant cell walls. Plants build glucose into cellulose for this structural role."},{"text":"Glucose is built up into chlorophyll.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chlorophyll is a light-absorbing pigment containing magnesium, not the structural carbohydrate of cell walls. Glucose is built up into cellulose to strengthen walls."},{"text":"Glucose is built up into haemoglobin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Haemoglobin is an oxygen-carrying animal protein and is not a plant cell-wall material. Plants join glucose molecules together to produce structural cellulose."}]},{"id":"9d331aef-238e-4cbc-9f64-e04021291d1e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does cellulose support a plant?","back":"Cellulose makes and strengthens plant cell walls, supporting the plant.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cellulose makes and strengthens plant cell walls, supporting the plant.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cellulose forms strong fibres within plant cell walls. These walls resist internal pressure, help cells retain their shape and provide structural support to the plant."},{"text":"Cellulose makes and strengthens plant cell membranes, supporting the plant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cell membranes consist mainly of lipids and proteins and remain flexible. Cellulose instead forms strong plant cell walls, which provide structural support."},{"text":"Cellulose makes and strengthens plant cell nuclei, supporting the plant.","correct":false,"explanation":"The nucleus contains genetic material and is enclosed by a nuclear envelope, not strengthened by cellulose. Cellulose reinforces plant cell walls and supports the plant."},{"text":"Cellulose makes and strengthens plant cell vacuoles, supporting the plant.","correct":false,"explanation":"A vacuole contains cell sap and contributes to turgor, but cellulose does not form its membrane. Cellulose strengthens plant cell walls, providing support."}]},{"id":"4f21dc20-d490-4464-a76e-d893bc512498","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Where do plants and algae obtain nitrate ions?","back":"Plants absorb nitrate ions from the soil; algae absorb them from water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Plants absorb nitrate ions from the soil; algae absorb them from water.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plant roots take up dissolved nitrate ions from soil water, while algae obtain dissolved nitrates directly from their aquatic environment. Both use nitrates to make amino acids."},{"text":"Plants absorb nitrate ions from the air; algae absorb them from water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Most plants cannot directly absorb or use nitrogen gas from the air. Their roots absorb dissolved nitrate ions from soil, while algae obtain them from water."},{"text":"Plants absorb nitrate ions from the leaves; algae absorb them from water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Leaves mainly exchange gases and capture light rather than serving as the usual nitrate uptake site. Plants absorb nitrates through roots from the soil."},{"text":"Plants absorb nitrate ions from the sunlight; algae absorb them from water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sunlight supplies energy, not mineral ions. Land plants obtain dissolved nitrate ions from soil through their roots, whereas algae absorb nitrates from surrounding water."}]},{"id":"a7053099-dc49-4a53-825c-0f29baaa6afd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How are amino acids made in plants?","back":"Glucose combines with nitrate ions to form amino acids.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Glucose combines with nitrate ions to form amino acids.","correct":true,"explanation":"Glucose supplies carbon-containing material, while nitrate ions provide the nitrogen needed to synthesise amino acids. These amino acids can then be joined into proteins."},{"text":"Glucose combines with oxygen molecules to form amino acids.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is used with glucose during aerobic respiration, but it does not supply the nitrogen required by amino acids. Plants obtain that nitrogen from nitrate ions."},{"text":"Glucose combines with carbon dioxide to form amino acids.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide provides carbon for glucose production during photosynthesis, but amino acids also require nitrogen. Plants combine glucose-derived material with nitrate ions."},{"text":"Glucose combines with water molecules to form amino acids.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water is a raw material for photosynthesis but cannot supply the nitrogen found in amino groups. Nitrate ions provide the nitrogen needed to form amino acids."}]},{"id":"e0028a3a-e858-43ed-8626-f40f06d4618b","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What are amino acids joined together to make, and what are the products used for?","back":"Amino acids are joined to make proteins, used for growth and as enzymes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Amino acids are joined to make proteins, used for growth and as enzymes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Amino acids are the monomers from which proteins are assembled. Plants need proteins to produce new cell material and enzymes that catalyse metabolic reactions."},{"text":"Amino acids are joined to make starch, used for growth and as enzymes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch is a carbohydrate made by joining glucose molecules, and it cannot act as an enzyme. Amino acids join together to form proteins."},{"text":"Amino acids are joined to make cellulose, used for growth and as enzymes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate built from glucose and does not form enzymes. Amino acids are joined to make proteins used in growth and enzyme production."},{"text":"Amino acids are joined to make lipids, used for growth and as enzymes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lipids are formed mainly from fatty acids and glycerol, not chains of amino acids, and enzymes are proteins. Joined amino acids form proteins."}]},{"id":"45ec4a10-c489-4879-8923-c2dcc5ba5b64","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens if a plant lacks nitrate ions?","back":"A plant short of nitrate cannot make enough protein and grows poorly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A plant short of nitrate cannot make enough protein and grows poorly.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nitrate ions provide nitrogen for making amino acids, which are joined to form proteins. A nitrate deficiency therefore restricts protein production and plant growth."},{"text":"A plant short of nitrate cannot make enough glucose and grows poorly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose is made from carbon dioxide and water during photosynthesis, not directly from nitrates. Nitrate deficiency limits amino acid and protein production, causing poor growth."},{"text":"A plant short of nitrate cannot make enough cellulose and grows poorly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cellulose is assembled from glucose and does not contain the nitrogen supplied by nitrates. Nitrate shortage primarily prevents sufficient protein synthesis and restricts growth."},{"text":"A plant short of nitrate cannot make enough chlorophyll and grows poorly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrate deficiency can cause general poor growth, but the direct GCSE link tested here is reduced amino acid production. This means the plant cannot make enough protein."}]},{"id":"55765908-c5d2-4606-b727-62a62487d31e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Glucose made in photosynthesis is used for [ ].","back":"Glucose made in photosynthesis is used for respiration.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"respiration","correct":true,"explanation":"Respiration breaks down glucose and transfers energy for cellular activities such as growth, active transport and the synthesis of larger molecules."},{"text":"transpiration","correct":false,"explanation":"Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from leaves, so glucose is not used in that process. Glucose is used in respiration to release energy."},{"text":"osmosis","correct":false,"explanation":"Osmosis is the passive movement of water through a partially permeable membrane and does not consume glucose. Glucose is used for respiration."},{"text":"diffusion","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion is the net movement of particles down a concentration gradient and requires no glucose input. Cells use glucose for respiration to transfer energy."}]},{"id":"ecbbf1f6-8858-490f-98f2-8e37c5b1f710","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A lot of glucose is converted into insoluble [ ] and stored in leaves, stems and roots.","back":"A lot of glucose is converted into insoluble starch and stored in leaves, stems and roots.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"starch","correct":true,"explanation":"Plants convert excess glucose into an insoluble storage carbohydrate, allowing it to remain in cells without affecting water potential. It can later be broken down to release glucose for respiration or other uses."},{"text":"cellulose","correct":false,"explanation":"Cellulose is made from glucose and strengthens plant cell walls, but it is not the main insoluble storage product. Excess glucose is stored as starch, which can later be broken down when needed."},{"text":"glycogen","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycogen is an insoluble storage carbohydrate found mainly in animals and fungi. Plants store excess glucose as starch in leaves, stems and roots, so glycogen is the wrong storage product here."},{"text":"sucrose","correct":false,"explanation":"Sucrose is a soluble sugar used to transport carbohydrates through the phloem, rather than the main insoluble storage material. Plants convert excess glucose into starch for storage in several organs."}]},{"id":"639f6fb2-f2ef-4db0-8efb-2205be615e99","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Fats and oils are stored especially in [ ].","back":"Fats and oils are stored especially in seeds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"seeds","correct":true,"explanation":"Seeds contain stored fats and oils as an energy reserve for the developing embryo. These reserves can be broken down during germination to provide energy before the seedling photosynthesises effectively."},{"text":"roots","correct":false,"explanation":"Some plants store carbohydrates in roots, but seeds are especially associated with stored fats and oils. These reserves fuel early growth during germination before leaves begin making glucose by photosynthesis."},{"text":"leaves","correct":false,"explanation":"Leaves are the main photosynthetic organs and may store starch temporarily, but they are not the location especially known for fats and oils. Seeds store these reserves for germination."},{"text":"stems","correct":false,"explanation":"Stems can store carbohydrates and sometimes other substances, but the characteristic location for fats and oils in plants is the seed. They provide energy for the embryo during early development."}]},{"id":"54da8aff-d5d1-4d69-a746-5029f201349c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Iodine solution turns [ ] where starch is present.","back":"Iodine solution turns blue-black where starch is present.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"blue-black","correct":true,"explanation":"Iodine solution is the required test for starch. A blue-black colour shows that starch is present, allowing areas of a leaf that have produced starch to be identified."},{"text":"orange-brown","correct":false,"explanation":"Orange-brown is the colour of iodine solution when no starch reaction occurs. Where starch is present, the iodine changes to blue-black, so this result indicates its absence."},{"text":"brick-red","correct":false,"explanation":"Brick-red is associated with a positive Benedict’s test for reducing sugars after heating, not with iodine testing for starch. Iodine produces a blue-black colour when starch is present."},{"text":"purple","correct":false,"explanation":"Purple is not the positive colour used to identify starch in a leaf. Iodine turns blue-black where starch is present, while its original orange-brown colour remains where starch is absent."}]},{"id":"d873e705-c912-443e-8483-775c80a2415d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Before adding iodine, ethanol removes the leaf's [ ].","back":"Before adding iodine, ethanol removes the leaf's chlorophyll.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"chlorophyll","correct":true,"explanation":"Ethanol dissolves the green pigment in a leaf, removing its chlorophyll. This decolourises the leaf so any colour change caused by iodine can be observed clearly."},{"text":"starch","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethanol does not remove the carbohydrate being tested for; iodine detects that substance after the leaf is decolourised. Ethanol removes chlorophyll because the green pigment would mask the colour change."},{"text":"cellulose","correct":false,"explanation":"Cellulose forms the structural cell wall and is not removed during this preparation. Ethanol dissolves chlorophyll, making the iodine result easier to see against a colourless leaf."},{"text":"glucose","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose is soluble and may be transported or used in the leaf, but ethanol’s purpose here is to remove the green pigment. Chlorophyll must be removed so iodine’s colour change is visible."}]},{"id":"735a6fe8-468c-4f29-9d8f-dc6f4a8ea38b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Ethanol should be heated in a hot water bath because it is [ ].","back":"Ethanol should be heated in a hot water bath because it is flammable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"flammable","correct":true,"explanation":"Ethanol can catch fire easily, so it must not be heated directly over a flame. A hot water bath supplies indirect heat and reduces the risk of ignition during the experiment."},{"text":"poisonous","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethanol can be harmful if misused, but flammability is the reason direct heating is avoided in this practical. A hot water bath prevents the ethanol being exposed directly to a naked flame."},{"text":"corrosive","correct":false,"explanation":"Corrosive substances damage skin or materials, which is not the relevant hazard for ethanol in this test. Its flammability means indirect heating in a hot water bath is required."},{"text":"insoluble","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethanol is a liquid solvent and its solubility does not explain the heating method. The hot water bath is used because ethanol is flammable and could ignite when heated directly."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"4.1.3 Uses of glucose from photosynthesis","title":"4.1.3 Uses of glucose from photosynthesis Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"adcd506d-9d72-5d6b-a9c2-17ad8c475bde","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]