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These differences may be caused by genetic factors, environmental factors, or an interaction between both."},{"text":"Individuals show a small number of identical features in their characteristics.","correct":false,"explanation":"This wrongly suggests individuals are mostly identical, confusing variation with uniformity. The correct idea is that individuals show a wide range of differences in their characteristics."},{"text":"Individuals show a single set of differences in their characteristics.","correct":false,"explanation":"Variation is not limited to one set of differences; individuals can differ in many characteristics. The correct answer is that they show a wide range of differences."},{"text":"Individuals show a wide range of identical features in their characteristics.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical features do not describe variation between individuals. Variation refers to individuals showing a wide range of differences in their characteristics."}]},{"id":"e826f23e-3e95-4063-ac4e-6ef0a94dbabe","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are some individuals more likely to survive and breed?","back":"Their features are better suited to their surroundings.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Their features are better suited to their surroundings.","correct":true,"explanation":"Individuals with features better suited to their surroundings are more likely to survive environmental pressures and reproduce, passing the alleles for those features to their offspring."},{"text":"Their features are less suited to their surroundings.","correct":false,"explanation":"Features that are less suited make survival and reproduction less likely. The correct explanation is that these individuals have features better suited to their surroundings."},{"text":"Their features are unrelated to their surroundings.","correct":false,"explanation":"Survival advantage depends on how features interact with the environment. The correct answer is that the features are better suited to the individuals' surroundings."},{"text":"Their features are identical to all other organisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being identical does not automatically improve survival or breeding. Individuals are more likely to succeed when their features are better suited to their surroundings."}]},{"id":"5ab6f502-690b-4f82-ba20-d7a46d5dd159","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to alleles that help organisms survive and reproduce?","back":"They become more common in the population over generations.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They become more common in the population over generations.","correct":true,"explanation":"Organisms carrying alleles that improve survival and reproduction are more likely to produce offspring, so those inherited alleles increase in frequency over successive generations."},{"text":"They become less common in the population over generations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Helpful alleles are favoured by natural selection, so their frequency increases rather than decreases. They become more common in the population over generations."},{"text":"They become unchanged in the population over generations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Successful reproduction changes allele frequencies in a population. Alleles that help survival and reproduction become more common over generations, rather than remaining unchanged."},{"text":"They become absent from the population after one generation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Helpful alleles are passed to offspring and usually increase gradually, not disappear after one generation. They become more common in the population over generations."}]},{"id":"a1a16b37-6978-4b90-816b-73a6505f15a9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are survival-helping features passed to offspring?","back":"The individuals with these features reproduce, so their inherited features pass on.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The individuals with these features reproduce, so their inherited features pass on.","correct":true,"explanation":"Individuals with advantageous inherited features are more likely to survive and reproduce. Their offspring can inherit the alleles responsible for those features."},{"text":"The individuals with these features mutate, so their inherited features pass on.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutation creates new genetic variants but does not explain how existing advantageous features pass to offspring. Reproduction allows inherited features to be passed on."},{"text":"The individuals with these features adapt during life, so their inherited features pass on.","correct":false,"explanation":"Features acquired during an individual's life are not automatically inherited. The individuals must reproduce so their inherited features can pass to offspring."},{"text":"The individuals with these features compete, so their inherited features pass on.","correct":false,"explanation":"Competition may affect which individuals survive, but it does not itself pass features to offspring. Reproduction is the process that transmits inherited features."}]},{"id":"5ed1d234-1c2d-4722-b077-3fcf5f488627","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which scientist proposed evolution by natural selection?","back":"Charles Darwin.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Charles Darwin.","correct":true,"explanation":"Charles Darwin proposed evolution by natural selection, explaining how advantageous inherited variations become more common because they improve survival and reproduction."},{"text":"Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lamarck proposed that characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime could be inherited. Charles Darwin proposed evolution by natural selection."},{"text":"Gregor Mendel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gregor Mendel investigated inheritance using pea plants and developed foundational genetic principles. Charles Darwin proposed evolution by natural selection."},{"text":"Alfred Russel Wallace.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alfred Russel Wallace independently developed a similar idea and presented it jointly with Darwin, but the scientist usually identified as proposing the theory is Charles Darwin."}]},{"id":"644e1a25-4209-46df-90cd-20517014a7aa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did Darwin do before proposing his theory?","back":"He made observations on a round-the-world voyage and carried out years of experiments and discussion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"He made observations on a round-the-world voyage and carried out years of experiments and discussion.","correct":true,"explanation":"Before proposing his theory, Darwin gathered evidence during a round-the-world voyage and then spent years conducting experiments, studying evidence, and discussing his ideas."},{"text":"He made observations on a short local journey and carried out years of experiments and discussion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Darwin's observations were made during a round-the-world voyage, not a short local journey. His later experiments and discussions helped him develop the theory."},{"text":"He made observations on a round-the-world voyage and immediately published his conclusions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Darwin did not publish immediately after his voyage; he spent years on experiments and discussion. The correct account includes both the voyage and this extended preparation."},{"text":"He made observations in a laboratory expedition and carried out years of experiments and discussion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Darwin's key observations came from a round-the-world voyage rather than a laboratory expedition. He then carried out years of experiments and discussion before publishing."}]},{"id":"60a49622-a18a-47d9-8810-4c8417530153","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which book did Darwin publish his theory in?","back":"On the Origin of Species.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"On the Origin of Species.","correct":true,"explanation":"Darwin published his theory of evolution by natural selection in On the Origin of Species, first published in 1859."},{"text":"The Descent of Man.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Descent of Man was a later Darwin work focused especially on human evolution. His original theory was published in On the Origin of Species."},{"text":"Principles of Biology.","correct":false,"explanation":"Principles of Biology was not the book in which Darwin published his theory. The correct title is On the Origin of Species."},{"text":"Variation and Heredity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Variation and Heredity is not Darwin's publication title. He published his theory in On the Origin of Species."}]},{"id":"7bbdcd6e-8030-4876-b552-7c51e71b4760","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happened when Darwin and Wallace developed the same idea independently?","back":"They first presented the idea jointly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They first presented the idea jointly.","correct":true,"explanation":"Darwin and Wallace had independently developed the idea of evolution by natural selection, so they first presented their work jointly before Darwin later published his book."},{"text":"They published separate ideas independently.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although their work was developed independently, they first presented the idea jointly. This option omits the important fact that their initial presentation was shared."},{"text":"They combined their ideas into one experiment.","correct":false,"explanation":"They did not combine their ideas into a single experiment. Their independently developed theory was first presented jointly."},{"text":"They rejected the idea publicly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither scientist rejected the idea; both supported evolution by natural selection. Their independently developed idea was first presented jointly."}]},{"id":"176e3e59-8c50-4cdd-addc-3ccf9e889d07","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Darwin's theory challenge religious beliefs?","back":"It contradicted the belief that species were made separately and did not change.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It contradicted the belief that species were made separately and did not change.","correct":true,"explanation":"Natural selection proposed that species change over time from earlier forms, which conflicted with the religious belief that each species was made separately and remained unchanged."},{"text":"It supported the belief that species were made separately and did not change.","correct":false,"explanation":"Darwin's theory challenged, rather than supported, the belief that species were separately created and unchanging. Evolution explains that species change over time."},{"text":"It contradicted the belief that species were related and changed gradually.","correct":false,"explanation":"The idea that species are related and change gradually is consistent with evolution. Darwin challenged separate creation and the belief that species did not change."},{"text":"It replaced the belief that species were adapted to their environments.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adaptation to environments is part of natural selection, not the religious belief Darwin specifically challenged. The conflict concerned separate creation and unchanging species."}]},{"id":"c313da87-4243-4166-bee6-aa1cfa0322fd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why was there initially limited scientific support for Darwin's theory?","back":"There was not enough evidence to convince many scientists.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"There was not enough evidence to convince many scientists.","correct":true,"explanation":"Darwin initially lacked enough supporting evidence to persuade many scientists. Later discoveries, including genetics and additional observations, strengthened acceptance of natural selection."},{"text":"There was too much evidence to convince many scientists.","correct":false,"explanation":"The initial problem was a lack of convincing evidence, not an excess of it. Darwin's theory initially had limited support because the evidence was insufficient."},{"text":"There was not enough mathematics to convince many scientists.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mathematics was not the main reason for limited initial support. Many scientists were unconvinced because there was not enough evidence for Darwin's theory."},{"text":"There was not enough observation to convince many scientists.","correct":false,"explanation":"Darwin had made extensive observations, including during his voyage. The key limitation was not enough overall evidence to convince many scientists."}]},{"id":"331825e9-88ab-4897-92fb-9f376f5863fb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why was inheritance not understood when Darwin published his theory?","back":"Genes and DNA had not yet been understood.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Genes and DNA had not yet been understood.","correct":true,"explanation":"Darwin explained natural selection without knowing the mechanism of inheritance. Genes and DNA had not yet been understood, so scientists could not fully explain how traits were passed on."},{"text":"Cells and tissues had not yet been understood.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cells and tissues were not the missing explanation for inheritance. The important gap was that genes and DNA had not yet been understood."},{"text":"Fossils and rocks had not yet been understood.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fossils and rocks provided evidence relevant to evolution, but they were not the basis of inheritance. Genes and DNA had not yet been understood."},{"text":"Species and habitats had not yet been understood.","correct":false,"explanation":"Darwin studied species and their environments extensively. The missing understanding concerned genes and DNA, which explain how characteristics are inherited."}]},{"id":"7d43f2b9-753e-446d-93fa-93e1dd0ac01d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did discovering genes increase acceptance of natural selection?","back":"Genes explained how characteristics are passed on.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Genes explained how characteristics are passed on.","correct":true,"explanation":"Genetics showed that genes carry inherited information, explaining how characteristics pass from parents to offspring and making natural selection more scientifically convincing."},{"text":"Genes explained how characteristics are created by use.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genes do not create characteristics because an organism uses a body part. They explain inheritance, or how characteristics are passed on to offspring."},{"text":"Genes explained why all characteristics disappear.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genes can preserve and transmit characteristics rather than making them all disappear. Their role in explaining inheritance increased acceptance of natural selection."},{"text":"Genes explained how environments are passed on.","correct":false,"explanation":"Environments are not inherited as genes. Genes explain how biological characteristics are passed from parents to offspring, supporting natural selection."}]},{"id":"7c598d24-5892-48cc-be73-e0f0a5c07e82","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Lamarck's theory claim could be inherited?","back":"Characteristics an organism acquired during its lifetime.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Characteristics an organism acquired during its lifetime.","correct":true,"explanation":"Lamarck proposed that features developed through an organism's use, disuse, or experiences during its lifetime could be passed to its offspring."},{"text":"Characteristics an organism inherited from its parents.","correct":false,"explanation":"Inheritance from parents is central to modern genetics and natural selection, not Lamarck's distinctive claim. Lamarck proposed inheritance of characteristics acquired during life."},{"text":"Characteristics an organism lost before its lifetime.","correct":false,"explanation":"An organism cannot acquire a characteristic before its own lifetime in the sense described by Lamarck. His theory concerned features acquired during the organism's lifetime."},{"text":"Characteristics an organism shared with every species.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lamarck was not claiming that every species shares identical characteristics. His theory concerned characteristics an organism acquired during its lifetime."}]},{"id":"48964ef2-b5d9-4d9a-bf07-0f9cdf95bcad","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What would Lamarck's idea predict if a giraffe stretched its neck?","back":"Its offspring would have longer necks.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Its offspring would have longer necks.","correct":true,"explanation":"Lamarck's theory predicted that a giraffe's acquired neck stretching could be inherited, so its offspring would have longer necks."},{"text":"Its offspring would have shorter necks.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shorter necks reverse Lamarck's prediction. If stretching made the parent acquire a longer neck, Lamarck proposed that longer necks would be inherited by offspring."},{"text":"Its offspring would have unchanged necks.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unchanged necks do not match Lamarck's idea that acquired characteristics could be inherited. His prediction was that the offspring would have longer necks."},{"text":"Its offspring would have stronger legs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stronger legs are a different characteristic from the neck change in the example. Lamarck's prediction concerned the offspring inheriting longer necks."}]},{"id":"f22dd2f1-5296-4385-a0f0-71a8c71b5864","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How does natural selection differ from Lamarck's idea?","back":"

Natural selection acts on inherited alleles already present.
Lamarck's idea relied on inheriting features gained during life.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Natural selection acts on inherited alleles already present.
Lamarck's idea relied on inheriting features gained during life.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Natural selection increases the frequency of advantageous inherited alleles already present in a population. Lamarck instead proposed that characteristics acquired during life could be inherited."},{"text":"

Natural selection acts on features gained during life.
Lamarck's idea relied on inheriting inherited alleles already present.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two theories. Natural selection acts on inherited alleles already present, whereas Lamarck's idea relied on inheriting features gained during life."},{"text":"

Natural selection creates new alleles through need.
Lamarck's idea relied on inheriting random genetic mutations.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither theory is described accurately here. Natural selection acts on inherited alleles already present, while Lamarck's idea relied on inheriting features gained during life."},{"text":"

Natural selection acts on identical characteristics in all organisms.
Lamarck's idea relied on inheriting features present at birth.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural selection requires variation in inherited alleles, not identical characteristics. Lamarck's proposed mechanism concerned features gained during life, not simply features present at birth."}]},{"id":"8ef08559-6adb-409b-8d1b-96f4ec4b8349","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Darwin published his theory in On the Origin of Species in $\\text{[...]}$.","back":"Darwin published his theory in On the Origin of Species in $\\boxed{1859}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"1859","correct":true,"explanation":"Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859, presenting his theory of evolution by natural selection to the public."},{"text":"1809","correct":false,"explanation":"1809 was Darwin's year of birth, not the publication year of On the Origin of Species. The book was published in 1859."},{"text":"1858","correct":false,"explanation":"1858 was the year Darwin and Wallace's ideas were first presented jointly. Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859."},{"text":"1869","correct":false,"explanation":"1869 is a later near-miss date and was not the publication year. Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859."}]},{"id":"4a343906-a195-4a83-8e27-b45ecb9d6ea4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The mechanism of inheritance, including genes and DNA, was not understood until about [ ] after Darwin's theory was published.","back":"The mechanism of inheritance, including genes and DNA, was not understood until about $50$ years after Darwin's theory was published.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$50$ years","correct":true,"explanation":"Gregor Mendel’s work on inheritance was published around the same period, but its significance was not recognised immediately. Genetic evidence became widely understood about 50 years after Darwin’s theory."},{"text":"$$25$ years","correct":false,"explanation":"This underestimates the historical gap between Darwin’s theory and the understanding of genes and DNA. The accepted approximate interval is 50 years, linked to the later recognition of Mendelian inheritance."},{"text":"$$100$ years","correct":false,"explanation":"This doubles the approximate historical interval. Genes and DNA were understood well before a century had passed; the expected GCSE value is about 50 years after Darwin’s theory."},{"text":"$$150$ years","correct":false,"explanation":"This places the discovery of the genetic mechanism far too late. The inheritance mechanism became understood roughly 50 years after Darwin published his theory, not several generations later."}]},{"id":"337ad783-8174-45a5-b0f7-1bae9b108cb0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Natural selection works on inherited [ ] that were already present.","back":"Natural selection works on inherited alleles that were already present.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"alleles","correct":true,"explanation":"Natural selection changes the frequencies of alleles already present in a population. Individuals with advantageous inherited alleles are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those alleles to offspring."},{"text":"genes","correct":false,"explanation":"Genes are sections of DNA, but selection acts on alternative versions of genes called alleles. Saying genes is too imprecise here; the inherited variants being selected are alleles."},{"text":"phenotypes","correct":false,"explanation":"Phenotypes are observable characteristics influenced by genes and the environment, rather than inherited DNA variants. Natural selection favours phenotypes, but it changes the frequencies of alleles."},{"text":"acquired characteristics","correct":false,"explanation":"Characteristics acquired during an organism’s life are generally not encoded in its reproductive DNA and cannot usually be inherited. Evolution by natural selection depends on inherited alleles already present."}]},{"id":"867e4859-ca22-413c-8926-124233faaff7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Lamarck's rejected idea relied on inheriting features [ ].","back":"Lamarck's rejected idea relied on inheriting features gained during life.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"gained during life","correct":true,"explanation":"Lamarck proposed that organisms acquired useful characteristics through use or need and then passed them to their offspring. Modern genetics rejects this because most acquired changes do not alter inherited DNA."},{"text":"inherited from parents","correct":false,"explanation":"Inheritance from parents is part of modern evolutionary theory, not Lamarck’s rejected mechanism. Lamarck specifically claimed that characteristics acquired during an organism’s life could be passed on."},{"text":"present at birth","correct":false,"explanation":"Features present at birth may result from inherited genes or development before birth, but that is not Lamarck’s distinctive claim. His rejected idea concerned characteristics acquired during life."},{"text":"caused by mutations","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutations can create new genetic variation that is inherited if it occurs in reproductive cells. Lamarck’s rejected proposal instead involved passing on characteristics gained during an organism’s life."}]},{"id":"1b9e8d6a-413a-4618-82ea-62a83db92545","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Once genes were discovered, they explained exactly how characteristics are [ ], helping the theory become widely accepted.","back":"Once genes were discovered, they explained exactly how characteristics are passed on, helping the theory become widely accepted.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"passed on","correct":true,"explanation":"Genes contain inherited information and are transmitted from parents to offspring through reproductive cells. This provided the missing mechanism explaining how characteristics can be passed between generations."},{"text":"developed","correct":false,"explanation":"Characteristics can develop as an organism grows, but development alone does not explain inheritance between generations. Genes explained how characteristics are passed on, which was the crucial point."},{"text":"created","correct":false,"explanation":"Genes do not create inherited characteristics from nothing in each generation. They carry information that is transmitted from parents to offspring, explaining how characteristics are passed on."},{"text":"changed","correct":false,"explanation":"Genes can mutate and therefore change over time, but that is not the main inheritance mechanism described here. Their key role was explaining how characteristics are passed on."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"6.3.1 Theory of evolution","title":"6.3.1 Theory of evolution Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"2d5bb55a-8501-5c79-93ff-bc8b1b324c4b","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]