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with its right and left sides operating as coordinated pumps."},{"text":"The heart filters waste from the body as two filters side by side.","correct":false,"explanation":"Filtering waste is mainly performed by the kidneys, not the heart. The heart’s main function is to pump blood around the body using two sides."},{"text":"The heart exchanges gases around the body as two pumps side by side.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gas exchange occurs at the lungs and body tissues rather than inside the heart. The heart pumps blood around the body as two coordinated pumps."},{"text":"The heart produces blood for the body as two pumps side by side.","correct":false,"explanation":"Blood cells are produced mainly in bone marrow, so the heart does not manufacture blood. Its main function is to pump blood around the body."}]},{"id":"2ff8b29a-31d4-4198-b6ca-7aac79185092","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to blood in a double circulatory system?","back":"Blood passes through the heart twice per complete circuit - once around the lungs and once around the body.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Blood passes through the heart twice per complete circuit - once around the lungs and once around the body.","correct":true,"explanation":"A double circulatory system has separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, so blood returns to the heart between visiting the lungs and travelling around the body."},{"text":"Blood passes through the heart once per complete circuit - after travelling around the lungs and the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Passing through the heart once describes a single circulatory system. In humans, blood passes through it twice per circuit, separating lung and body circulation."},{"text":"Blood passes through the lungs twice per complete circuit - once before the heart and once after the heart.","correct":false,"explanation":"The word “double” can be mistaken for two visits to the lungs. Blood instead passes through the heart twice, once in each circulatory loop."},{"text":"Blood passes through the heart four times per complete circuit - twice around the lungs and twice around the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Counting the heart’s four chambers as separate circuits produces this error. Blood passes through the heart twice per complete pulmonary and systemic circuit."}]},{"id":"00170c4e-8e20-4003-9a8d-178388db8476","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What does each side of the heart pump?","back":"The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs; the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs; the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body.","correct":true,"explanation":"The right side supplies the pulmonary circuit for oxygenation, while the left side supplies the systemic circuit with oxygenated blood at higher pressure."},{"text":"The left side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs; the right side pumps oxygenated blood to the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two sides of the heart. The right side sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left sends oxygenated blood to the body."},{"text":"The right side pumps oxygenated blood to the lungs; the left side pumps deoxygenated blood to the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the oxygenation states. The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the left side pumps oxygenated blood to body tissues."},{"text":"The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the body; the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the lungs.","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the destinations of both sides. The right side supplies the lungs with deoxygenated blood, while the left supplies the body with oxygenated blood."}]},{"id":"8d0ed030-5af4-4868-8617-2ef353f57bf9","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which heart chambers receive blood and which pump it out?","back":"The atria receive returning blood, while the ventricles pump blood out.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The atria receive returning blood, while the ventricles pump blood out.","correct":true,"explanation":"The upper atria receive blood returning through veins, while the lower, more muscular ventricles contract to force blood into the arteries."},{"text":"The ventricles receive returning blood, while the atria pump blood out.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the chamber roles. The atria receive returning blood, and the thicker-walled ventricles generate pressure to pump blood out of the heart."},{"text":"The atria receive returning blood, while the valves pump blood out.","correct":false,"explanation":"Valves prevent backflow but cannot pump because they do not contract. The atria receive returning blood, while the ventricles pump it out."},{"text":"The arteries receive returning blood, while the ventricles pump blood out.","correct":false,"explanation":"Veins, not arteries, return blood to the atria. The atria are the receiving chambers, while the ventricles pump blood out through arteries."}]},{"id":"23b3a8d7-cc95-44ba-bccc-db8cee1b5afa","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why are valves needed in the heart?","back":"Valves prevent backward blood flow through the heart.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Valves prevent backward blood flow through the heart.","correct":true,"explanation":"Valves open when pressure pushes blood forwards and close when pressure reverses, ensuring that blood moves through the heart in one direction."},{"text":"Valves prevent oxygenated blood mixing through the heart.","correct":false,"explanation":"The septum prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing. Valves instead prevent backward blood flow by closing when pressure begins to reverse."},{"text":"Valves increase forward blood pressure through the heart.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heart muscle contractions generate blood pressure; valves do not actively increase it. Their role is to prevent blood from flowing backwards between chambers."},{"text":"Valves allow backward blood flow through the heart.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the function of valves. They close against reverse pressure to prevent backward blood flow and maintain one-way movement through the heart."}]},{"id":"c2b4c061-debf-4d71-95ca-6fbb902fe1fa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does the septum improve the heart's function?","back":"The septum prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The septum prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing.","correct":true,"explanation":"The septum physically separates the heart’s right and left sides, keeping deoxygenated pulmonary-circuit blood apart from oxygenated systemic-circuit blood."},{"text":"The septum prevents blood from flowing backwards through the heart.","correct":false,"explanation":"Preventing backflow is the function of heart valves. The septum separates the heart’s sides and prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing."},{"text":"The septum allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the septum’s role. It forms a dividing wall between the heart’s sides, preventing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing."},{"text":"The septum controls the heart’s regular rhythm of contractions.","correct":false,"explanation":"The pacemaker controls the rhythm using electrical impulses. The septum is a physical partition that prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing."}]},{"id":"b369ac4d-9fca-4cb5-9e2f-5b7bb00d2e10","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where does the vena cava carry blood from and to?","back":"The vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium.","correct":true,"explanation":"The vena cava is the major systemic vein, returning deoxygenated blood from body tissues to the receiving chamber on the heart’s right side."},{"text":"The vena cava brings oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes the pulmonary veins rather than the vena cava. The vena cava returns deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium."},{"text":"The vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the lungs into the right atrium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Blood returning from the lungs is oxygenated and travels through pulmonary veins. The vena cava returns deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium."},{"text":"The vena cava brings oxygenated blood from the body into the left atrium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Systemic blood has released much of its oxygen before returning. The vena cava carries this deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium."}]},{"id":"73a64a80-bd99-4236-931e-f1d0e51ae161","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the pulmonary artery unusual?","back":"The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.","correct":true,"explanation":"Unlike most arteries, the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood, but it is still an artery because it carries blood away from the heart."},{"text":"The pulmonary artery carries oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assuming every artery carries oxygenated blood causes this error. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs."},{"text":"The pulmonary artery carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes the direction and contents of the pulmonary vein. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle towards the lungs."},{"text":"The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes the vena cava rather than the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs."}]},{"id":"04dfd681-5e1a-42dc-a8c6-3ac5ee3270d5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right ventricle wall?","back":"The left ventricle needs a thicker wall because it must generate enough pressure to pump blood around the whole body.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The left ventricle needs a thicker wall because it must generate enough pressure to pump blood around the whole body.","correct":true,"explanation":"Systemic circulation is long and has greater resistance than pulmonary circulation, so the left ventricle needs more muscle to produce sufficiently high pressure."},{"text":"The left ventricle needs a thicker wall because it must generate enough pressure to pump blood around the nearby lungs.","correct":false,"explanation":"The right ventricle pumps to the nearby lungs and needs less pressure. The left ventricle has a thicker wall to supply the whole body."},{"text":"The left ventricle needs a thicker wall because it must generate enough pressure to pump blood into the right atrium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Blood does not pass directly from the left ventricle to the right atrium. Its thick wall generates pressure to pump blood around the whole body."},{"text":"The left ventricle needs a thicker wall because it must generate enough pressure to pump blood through the pulmonary vein.","correct":false,"explanation":"The pulmonary vein returns blood to the left atrium rather than receiving ventricular output. The left ventricle pumps through the aorta around the whole body."}]},{"id":"84cddc03-badd-4f6f-9a35-40bd2d467836","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does the pacemaker control the heartbeat?","back":"The pacemaker sends regular electrical impulses through the heart muscle to coordinate contractions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The pacemaker sends regular electrical impulses through the heart muscle to coordinate contractions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Pacemaker cells produce regular waves of electrical activity that spread through cardiac muscle, timing coordinated atrial and ventricular contractions to maintain the heartbeat."},{"text":"The pacemaker sends regular blood pressure waves through the heart muscle to coordinate contractions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pressure waves result from contractions rather than initiating them. The pacemaker coordinates contractions by sending regular electrical impulses through the heart muscle."},{"text":"The pacemaker sends regular oxygen pulses through the heart muscle to coordinate contractions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen supports respiration in cardiac muscle but does not time contractions. The pacemaker controls heartbeat timing by producing regular electrical impulses."},{"text":"The pacemaker sends regular hormone signals through the heart muscle to coordinate contractions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hormones can alter heart rate, but the pacemaker directly coordinates each contraction using regular electrical impulses that spread through the heart muscle."}]},{"id":"50d51ddb-cccd-4ac3-8c16-e43db965f0e3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How are arteries adapted to carry blood away from the heart?","back":"Arteries have thick, muscular, elastic walls and a narrow lumen to withstand high pressure.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Arteries have thick, muscular, elastic walls and a narrow lumen to withstand high pressure.","correct":true,"explanation":"Thick muscle withstands pressure, while elastic tissue stretches and recoils to smooth pressure surges created when the heart pumps into arteries."},{"text":"Arteries have thin, flexible, porous walls and a wide lumen to withstand high pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses arteries with low-pressure veins and exchange vessels. Arteries need thick, muscular, elastic walls and a narrow lumen to withstand high pressure."},{"text":"Arteries have thin, one-cell-thick walls and a narrow lumen to withstand high pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"One-cell-thick walls are a capillary adaptation for diffusion and would not withstand arterial pressure. Arteries have thick, muscular and elastic walls."},{"text":"Arteries have thick, rigid, inelastic walls and a narrow lumen to withstand high pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Arterial walls must be elastic rather than rigid so they can stretch and recoil with each heartbeat. They are thick, muscular and elastic."}]},{"id":"6f0e0b9a-8761-4d91-b9ce-26f18056e134","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How are veins adapted to return blood to the heart?","back":"Veins have thin walls, a wide lumen and valves because blood returns at low pressure.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Veins have thin walls, a wide lumen and valves because blood returns at low pressure.","correct":true,"explanation":"Low-pressure venous blood does not require thick walls; a wide lumen reduces resistance, while valves prevent backflow on the journey to the heart."},{"text":"Veins have thick walls, a narrow lumen and no valves because blood returns at high pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"This applies arterial features to veins. Venous blood is at low pressure, so veins have thin walls, wide lumens and valves to prevent backflow."},{"text":"Veins have one-cell-thick walls, a narrow lumen and valves because blood returns at low pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"One-cell-thick walls are characteristic of capillaries and enable exchange. Veins instead have thin walls, a wide lumen and valves for low-pressure return."},{"text":"Veins have elastic walls, a wide lumen and no valves because blood returns at low pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low pressure makes backflow possible, so veins require valves. Their walls are relatively thin, and their wide lumen helps blood return to the heart."}]},{"id":"e369dadf-e8b2-49c9-be91-561df9edd4da","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does a capillary's wall help exchange substances?","back":"Capillaries have walls only one cell thick, giving a short diffusion distance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Capillaries have walls only one cell thick, giving a short diffusion distance.","correct":true,"explanation":"A single layer of endothelial cells creates a very short path between blood and tissues, increasing the rate at which substances diffuse."},{"text":"Capillaries have walls only two cells thick, giving a short diffusion distance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding a second cell layer would increase diffusion distance. Capillary walls are one cell thick, allowing rapid exchange between blood and nearby tissues."},{"text":"Capillaries have walls only one muscle thick, giving a short diffusion distance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Capillary walls are not made from a layer of muscle. They consist of one cell layer, creating the short diffusion distance needed for exchange."},{"text":"Capillaries have walls only several cells thick, giving a short diffusion distance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Several cell layers would lengthen the diffusion pathway and slow exchange. Capillary walls are only one cell thick to minimise diffusion distance."}]},{"id":"d9fb8832-6f80-45b7-b79f-f661bf7267f5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do capillaries form extensive networks?","back":"Capillaries form a huge network so no cell is far from a blood supply.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Capillaries form a huge network so no cell is far from a blood supply.","correct":true,"explanation":"Extensive branching places capillaries close to almost every cell, maintaining short diffusion distances for oxygen, nutrients and metabolic waste products."},{"text":"Capillaries form a huge network so blood remains at very high pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Capillary networks cause pressure to fall rather than remain very high. Their extensive branching ensures that no body cell is far from a blood supply."},{"text":"Capillaries form a huge network so blood bypasses most body cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"A capillary network increases contact with body cells rather than bypassing them. It ensures that no cell is far from blood carrying exchanged substances."},{"text":"Capillaries form a huge network so each cell is far from an artery.","correct":false,"explanation":"Distance from an artery is not the purpose of capillary branching. The network ensures no cell is far from a blood supply, shortening diffusion distances."}]},{"id":"4115c8dc-20b2-4a39-a86a-254471925dcc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How is the rate of blood flow calculated?","back":"The rate of blood flow is calculated as $\\text{volume of blood} \\div \\text{time in minutes}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The rate of blood flow is calculated as $\\text{volume of blood} \\div \\text{time in minutes}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"A flow rate measures the volume passing a point per unit time, so blood volume is divided by the elapsed time measured in minutes."},{"text":"The rate of blood flow is calculated as $\\text{time in minutes} \\div \\text{volume of blood}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the division and calculates time per unit volume. Blood flow rate is volume of blood divided by time in minutes."},{"text":"The rate of blood flow is calculated as $\\text{volume of blood} \\times \\text{time in minutes}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying volume by time gives unsuitable units and does not describe a rate. Blood flow rate is volume of blood divided by time in minutes."},{"text":"The rate of blood flow is calculated as $\\text{volume of blood} \\div \\text{distance travelled}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing by distance does not give a volume flow rate. The required calculation is volume of blood divided by time in minutes."}]},{"id":"d0243578-7628-46b6-b53c-83eb663ad5a6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The heart's right side pumps [ ] to the lungs.","back":"The heart's right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"deoxygenated blood","correct":true,"explanation":"The right side receives blood that has delivered oxygen to body tissues and pumps this deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange."},{"text":"oxygenated blood","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing arteries with oxygenated blood makes this tempting, but the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery."},{"text":"oxygen-rich blood","correct":false,"explanation":"Blood sent to the lungs has already supplied oxygen to body tissues, so it is not oxygen-rich. The right side pumps deoxygenated blood."},{"text":"oxygen and glucose","correct":false,"explanation":"These are substances transported within blood, not the fluid pumped as the sentence requires. The heart’s right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs."}]},{"id":"1a78eee0-8304-462d-921d-66dc1eeeddce","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The pulmonary vein carries [ ] from the lungs to the left atrium.","back":"The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"oxygenated blood","correct":true,"explanation":"Blood gains oxygen while passing the alveoli, then returns from the lungs through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium."},{"text":"deoxygenated blood","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing the pulmonary vein with the pulmonary artery reverses the oxygenation state. The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium."},{"text":"oxygenated air","correct":false,"explanation":"Veins carry blood rather than air. The pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium after gas exchange."},{"text":"deoxygenated air","correct":false,"explanation":"The pulmonary vein is a blood vessel, not an airway, and its contents have gained oxygen. It carries oxygenated blood to the left atrium."}]},{"id":"70bd0494-0909-4ef8-9640-bb8a4c12725d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"During breathing in, the thorax volume increases, causing the pressure inside it to become [ ] than outside.","back":"During breathing in, the thorax volume increases, causing the pressure inside it to become lower than outside.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"lower","correct":true,"explanation":"Increasing the volume of the thorax reduces the pressure inside it below atmospheric pressure, so air moves into the lungs down the pressure gradient."},{"text":"higher","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing the pressure change would make air leave the lungs. During inhalation, increased thorax volume produces lower pressure inside than outside, drawing air in."},{"text":"equal","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal pressures would produce no net airflow. The pressure inside the thorax must become lower than atmospheric pressure for air to enter during inhalation."},{"text":"greater","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater internal pressure occurs during exhalation rather than inhalation. Breathing in increases thorax volume, making the pressure inside lower than the pressure outside."}]},{"id":"fd1fb43a-2029-4816-9424-4a1d7ad80d59","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the [ ].","back":"Oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the blood.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"blood","correct":true,"explanation":"Oxygen moves down its concentration gradient across the thin alveolar and capillary walls into the blood, where it binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells."},{"text":"bronchioles","correct":false,"explanation":"Bronchioles conduct air towards the alveoli rather than receiving oxygen by diffusion from them. Oxygen crosses the alveolar walls into the surrounding blood."},{"text":"trachea","correct":false,"explanation":"The trachea carries air to and from the lungs but is not the gas-exchange surface. At the alveoli, oxygen diffuses into the blood."},{"text":"diaphragm","correct":false,"explanation":"The diaphragm changes thorax volume during ventilation and does not receive oxygen directly from alveolar air. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood."}]},{"id":"c732a9d1-20be-45c2-a959-2a86ab66e5c7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Alveoli have a very large surface area because there are [ ].","back":"Alveoli have a very large surface area because there are millions of alveoli.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"millions of alveoli","correct":true,"explanation":"The lungs contain millions of tiny alveoli, whose combined surfaces provide a very large area over which oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse rapidly."},{"text":"millions of bronchi","correct":false,"explanation":"There are two main bronchi, not millions of them. The large gas-exchange surface results from the lungs containing millions of individual alveoli."},{"text":"two large alveoli","correct":false,"explanation":"A small number of large sacs would provide much less total surface area. Millions of alveoli collectively create the extensive surface needed for rapid diffusion."},{"text":"thousands of tracheae","correct":false,"explanation":"Humans have one trachea, which conducts air rather than providing the main exchange area. Surface area is large because there are millions of alveoli."}]},{"id":"918f40c6-272b-41dd-a877-9afdafa9d633","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The trachea divides into two [ ], one entering each lung.","back":"The trachea divides into two bronchi, one entering each lung.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"bronchi","correct":true,"explanation":"The trachea branches into the right and left bronchi, with one bronchus entering each lung before dividing further into smaller bronchioles."},{"text":"bronchioles","correct":false,"explanation":"Bronchioles are smaller branches found within the lungs, not the two immediate divisions of the trachea. The trachea first divides into two bronchi."},{"text":"alveoli","correct":false,"explanation":"Alveoli are microscopic air sacs at the ends of bronchioles, not branches directly connected to the trachea. The trachea divides into two bronchi."},{"text":"capillaries","correct":false,"explanation":"Capillaries are blood vessels surrounding the alveoli and do not carry air from the trachea. The two branches entering the lungs are the bronchi."}]},{"id":"6ab478e1-a2ee-42c2-aa84-53013fb1e130","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In exhaled air, oxygen makes up about [ ].","back":"In exhaled air, oxygen makes up about 16%.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"16%","correct":true,"explanation":"Exhaled air contains about 16% oxygen because some of the roughly 21% inhaled oxygen diffuses into the blood and is used in respiration."},{"text":"21%","correct":false,"explanation":"About 21% is the oxygen content of inhaled air. After gas exchange removes some oxygen, exhaled air contains approximately 16% oxygen."},{"text":"4%","correct":false,"explanation":"Around 4% is the carbon dioxide content of exhaled air, not its oxygen content. Exhaled air still contains about 16% oxygen."},{"text":"0.04%","correct":false,"explanation":"About 0.04% is the carbon dioxide concentration in inhaled air. Oxygen is much more abundant and makes up approximately 16% of exhaled air."}]},{"id":"eead3652-49c2-4981-b3b0-b01c32823775","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Ventilation maintains a steep concentration gradient by constantly [ ].","back":"Ventilation maintains a steep concentration gradient by constantly refreshing the air in the alveoli.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"refreshing the air in the alveoli","correct":true,"explanation":"Ventilation replaces alveolar air, continually bringing in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. This preserves steep concentration gradients between alveolar air and the blood."},{"text":"slowing the blood through the alveoli","correct":false,"explanation":"Blood flows through capillaries around alveoli, not through the alveoli themselves. Ventilation maintains diffusion gradients by constantly refreshing the air in the alveoli."},{"text":"thickening the walls of the alveoli","correct":false,"explanation":"Thicker alveolar walls would increase diffusion distance and slow gas exchange. Ventilation instead maintains the gradient by constantly refreshing the air in the alveoli."},{"text":"reducing the surface area of the alveoli","correct":false,"explanation":"Reducing alveolar surface area would slow diffusion and does not maintain a concentration gradient. Ventilation does so by constantly refreshing the air in the alveoli."}]},{"id":"81f7fedb-e6d7-48b7-b3e5-b2f39f668136","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the route of air into the lungs?","back":"Air travels through the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles to the alveoli.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Air travels through the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles to the alveoli.","correct":true,"explanation":"Air passes down the trachea, enters the two bronchi, moves through progressively smaller bronchioles and finally reaches the alveoli for gas exchange."},{"text":"Air travels through the trachea, bronchioles and bronchi to the alveoli.","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the order of the bronchi and bronchioles. Air passes through the trachea, then bronchi, then smaller bronchioles before reaching the alveoli."},{"text":"Air travels through the bronchi, trachea and bronchioles to the alveoli.","correct":false,"explanation":"This places the bronchi before the trachea. Incoming air travels through the trachea first, followed by the bronchi and bronchioles, before reaching the alveoli."},{"text":"Air travels through the trachea, alveoli and bronchioles to the bronchi.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses much of the airway sequence and places alveoli too early. Air follows the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles to reach the alveoli."}]},{"id":"d55e7bd6-355f-48ad-a405-14542cfbfefe","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What happens during breathing in?","back":"During breathing in, intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract; the ribs move up and out, the diaphragm flattens, thorax volume increases and air enters.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"During breathing in, intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract; the ribs move up and out, the diaphragm flattens, thorax volume increases and air enters.","correct":true,"explanation":"Muscle contraction raises the ribs and flattens the diaphragm, increasing thorax volume. This lowers pressure inside the lungs, so air enters down the pressure gradient."},{"text":"During breathing in, intercostal muscles and the diaphragm relax; the ribs move down and in, the diaphragm domes upwards, thorax volume decreases and air enters.","correct":false,"explanation":"These muscle and thorax changes describe breathing out and would force air out, not in. During inhalation, the muscles contract and thorax volume increases."},{"text":"During breathing in, intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract; the ribs move down and in, the diaphragm domes upwards, thorax volume decreases and air enters.","correct":false,"explanation":"Contracting during inhalation makes the ribs move up and out and the diaphragm flatten, not the reverse. These changes increase thorax volume and draw air in."},{"text":"During breathing in, intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract; the ribs move up and out, the diaphragm flattens, thorax volume decreases and air leaves.","correct":false,"explanation":"The stated rib and diaphragm movements increase rather than decrease thorax volume. Pressure consequently falls below atmospheric pressure, causing air to enter rather than leave."}]},{"id":"2910aaab-a84b-4154-916a-1c79c7be757f","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What happens during breathing out?","back":"During breathing out, the muscles relax; the ribs move down and in, the diaphragm domes upwards, thorax volume decreases and air leaves.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"During breathing out, the muscles relax; the ribs move down and in, the diaphragm domes upwards, thorax volume decreases and air leaves.","correct":true,"explanation":"Relaxation lowers the ribs and allows the diaphragm to dome upwards, reducing thorax volume. Pressure inside rises above atmospheric pressure, so air is forced out."},{"text":"During breathing out, the muscles contract; the ribs move up and out, the diaphragm flattens, thorax volume increases and air leaves.","correct":false,"explanation":"These muscle actions and movements describe inhalation and would draw air in. During normal exhalation, the muscles relax, thorax volume decreases and air leaves."},{"text":"During breathing out, the muscles relax; the ribs move up and out, the diaphragm flattens, thorax volume increases and air leaves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Relaxation during exhalation causes the ribs to move down and in and the diaphragm to dome upwards. This decreases thorax volume and pushes air out."},{"text":"During breathing out, the muscles relax; the ribs move down and in, the diaphragm domes upwards, thorax volume increases and air enters.","correct":false,"explanation":"The stated rib and diaphragm movements decrease thorax volume rather than increasing it. The resulting rise in pressure causes air to leave, not enter."}]},{"id":"4041697f-3cef-429c-9821-c014abdd5060","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How are alveoli adapted for rapid gas exchange?","back":"Alveoli have a large surface area, one-cell-thick walls, a rich blood supply and ventilation to maintain a steep concentration gradient.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Alveoli have a large surface area, one-cell-thick walls, a rich blood supply and ventilation to maintain a steep concentration gradient.","correct":true,"explanation":"A large area, short diffusion distance and steep concentration gradient all increase diffusion rate. Capillary blood flow and ventilation continually maintain the gradient for both gases."},{"text":"Alveoli have a small surface area, thick walls, a poor blood supply and ventilation to maintain a shallow concentration gradient.","correct":false,"explanation":"Each of these changes would reduce diffusion rate. Alveoli instead have a large surface area, one-cell-thick walls, rich blood supply and a steep concentration gradient."},{"text":"Alveoli have a large surface area, thick walls, a rich blood supply and ventilation to maintain a steep concentration gradient.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thick walls increase diffusion distance and slow gas exchange. Alveolar walls are one cell thick, while the large area, blood supply and ventilation support rapid diffusion."},{"text":"Alveoli have a large surface area, one-cell-thick walls, a poor blood supply and ventilation to maintain a shallow concentration gradient.","correct":false,"explanation":"A poor blood supply and shallow gradient would slow diffusion. Alveoli have a rich blood supply, and ventilation helps maintain a steep concentration gradient."}]},{"id":"f4c93653-cfd3-4e8b-ad43-f55ad8f351a8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does the percentage of nitrogen stay about the same in inhaled and exhaled air?","back":"Nitrogen remains about 80% in inhaled and exhaled air because the body does not use it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Nitrogen remains about 80% in inhaled and exhaled air because the body does not use it.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nitrogen is not absorbed or produced in significant amounts during respiration, so it remains close to four-fifths of both inhaled and exhaled air."},{"text":"Nitrogen remains about 80% in inhaled and exhaled air because the body replaces it.","correct":false,"explanation":"The body does not need to replace nitrogen during gas exchange. Its proportion stays near 80% because respiration neither uses nor produces significant amounts of it."},{"text":"Nitrogen remains about 21% in inhaled and exhaled air because the body does not use it.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses nitrogen with the approximate oxygen percentage in inhaled air. Nitrogen is not used by the body and remains at about 80%."},{"text":"Nitrogen remains about 4% in inhaled and exhaled air because the body produces it.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses nitrogen with the approximate carbon dioxide percentage in exhaled air. The body does not produce nitrogen during respiration, and it remains about 80%."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"2.2.2 The heart and blood vessels","title":"2.2.2 The heart and blood vessels Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"2f49f19f-71b7-5873-8e83-1779bc870b41","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]