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This enables rapid communication between receptors, the central nervous system and effectors."},{"text":"Hormonal signals carry information along neurones.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hormones are chemical messengers transported through the bloodstream, not signals travelling along neurones. Neurones carry information rapidly in the form of electrical impulses."},{"text":"Blood cells carry information along neurones.","correct":false,"explanation":"Blood cells travel in blood vessels and do not transmit nervous information. Electrical impulses carry information along neurones in the nervous system."},{"text":"Sound waves carry information along neurones.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sound waves may stimulate receptors in the ear, but they do not travel along neurones. The resulting information is carried by electrical impulses."}]},{"id":"25267033-84d8-4f63-841c-a68933384010","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a bundle of neurones called?","back":"A bundle of neurones is called a nerve.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A bundle of neurones is called a nerve.","correct":true,"explanation":"A nerve is a bundle of neuronal fibres that carries electrical impulses between the central nervous system and other parts of the body."},{"text":"A bundle of neurones is called a receptor.","correct":false,"explanation":"A receptor is a cell or structure that detects a stimulus, rather than a bundle of neurones. Such a bundle is called a nerve."},{"text":"A bundle of neurones is called a synapse.","correct":false,"explanation":"A synapse is the small junction where one neurone communicates with another. A bundle of neuronal fibres is called a nerve."},{"text":"A bundle of neurones is called an effector.","correct":false,"explanation":"An effector is a muscle or gland that produces a response, not a bundle of neurones. A bundle of neuronal fibres is a nerve."}]},{"id":"1915694e-b26b-4125-9faf-8a3420eb11a1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the overall job of the nervous system?","back":"The nervous system lets you react to surroundings and coordinate behaviour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The nervous system lets you react to surroundings and coordinate behaviour.","correct":true,"explanation":"The nervous system detects changes through receptors, processes information and coordinates responses. This allows an organism to react appropriately to its surroundings."},{"text":"The nervous system lets you transport oxygen and coordinate behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transporting oxygen is primarily the circulatory system’s role, not the nervous system’s overall job. The nervous system enables reactions to surroundings and coordinates behaviour."},{"text":"The nervous system lets you digest food and coordinate behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Digesting food is the digestive system’s main function, although nerves can regulate it. The nervous system’s overall job is to react to surroundings and coordinate behaviour."},{"text":"The nervous system lets you produce antibodies and coordinate behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Producing antibodies is an immune response rather than the nervous system’s overall function. The nervous system allows reactions to surroundings and coordinates behaviour."}]},{"id":"06dc8c52-a244-4664-9429-a4c2c1572775","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What structures make up the central nervous system?","back":"The brain and spinal cord.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The brain and spinal cord.","correct":true,"explanation":"The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. Together, they receive and process information and coordinate the body’s responses."},{"text":"The brain and peripheral nerves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Peripheral nerves connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body but are not part of it. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord."},{"text":"The spinal cord and receptors.","correct":false,"explanation":"Receptors detect stimuli but are not structures of the central nervous system. The CNS is specifically made up of the brain and spinal cord."},{"text":"The nerves and sense organs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nerves and sense organs belong to the wider nervous system, but they do not make up the central nervous system. The CNS comprises the brain and spinal cord."}]},{"id":"6ffdfa2d-f1b7-4b0f-8723-4089ce0296c1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does the central nervous system do?","back":"The CNS receives information from receptors and coordinates the body's response.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The CNS receives information from receptors and coordinates the body's response.","correct":true,"explanation":"The CNS processes information arriving from receptors and coordinates an appropriate response by sending impulses towards effectors such as muscles or glands."},{"text":"The CNS receives information from receptors and releases oxygen into the body's blood.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding oxygen to the blood is performed by the gas exchange system, not the CNS. The CNS processes receptor information and coordinates the body's response."},{"text":"The CNS receives information from receptors and carries out the body's response directly.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the coordinator with the effector. The CNS coordinates the body's response, while muscles or glands carry out that response."},{"text":"The CNS receives information from receptors and secretes all the body's hormones.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands, not by the CNS as a whole. The CNS uses incoming receptor information to coordinate the body's response."}]},{"id":"fdc5ef49-7a5b-46c7-ab84-1561f5b52ed1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the name of the nervous system made by nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body?","back":"The peripheral nervous system.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The peripheral nervous system.","correct":true,"explanation":"The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves connect the CNS with receptors and effectors throughout the body."},{"text":"The central nervous system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The central nervous system contains only the brain and spinal cord. Nerves connecting these structures to the rest of the body form the peripheral nervous system."},{"text":"The endocrine nervous system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The endocrine system communicates using hormones and is not a division called the endocrine nervous system. These connecting nerves form the peripheral nervous system."},{"text":"The autonomic nervous centre.","correct":false,"explanation":"The autonomic system controls involuntary activities but is not the general name for all nerves outside the CNS. That network is the peripheral nervous system."}]},{"id":"b7719925-eaf4-4bdd-b98a-19eeb8d462af","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens when a receptor detects a stimulus?","back":"A receptor detects a stimulus and starts an electrical impulse.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A receptor detects a stimulus and starts an electrical impulse.","correct":true,"explanation":"A receptor detects a change in the environment, called a stimulus. It converts this information into an electrical impulse that can travel along a sensory neurone."},{"text":"A receptor detects a response and stops an electrical impulse.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the pathway: a response occurs at the end rather than being detected initially. A receptor detects a stimulus and starts an electrical impulse."},{"text":"A receptor detects an effector and releases a hormone.","correct":false,"explanation":"An effector performs the response and is not what a receptor detects. A receptor detects a stimulus and initiates an electrical impulse."},{"text":"A receptor detects a neurone and contracts a muscle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Muscles contract as effectors; receptors do not directly perform that response or detect neurones. A receptor detects a stimulus and starts an electrical impulse."}]},{"id":"041ac6b2-75a4-4494-ab17-8d0b872ac57e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which sense organ detects light?","back":"The eyes detect light.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The eyes detect light.","correct":true,"explanation":"Light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina of each eye detect light intensity and colour, converting the stimulus into electrical impulses."},{"text":"The ears detect light.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ears contain receptors for sound and balance, not light. Light is detected by receptor cells in the retinas of the eyes."},{"text":"The nose detects light.","correct":false,"explanation":"The nose contains chemical receptors involved in smell rather than light receptors. Light is detected by the eyes, specifically by cells in the retina."},{"text":"The skin detects light.","correct":false,"explanation":"The skin detects stimuli such as touch, pressure and temperature, not visible light. The eyes contain the specialised receptors that detect light."}]},{"id":"ddcc727b-1f24-4ea2-9a59-27a188ed396a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which sense organ detects sound and balance?","back":"The ears detect sound and balance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The ears detect sound and balance.","correct":true,"explanation":"The ears contain sensory receptors that detect sound vibrations, while structures in the inner ear detect head movement and help maintain balance."},{"text":"The eyes detect sound and balance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eyes provide visual information that can assist balance, but they do not detect sound. The ears contain receptors specialised for both sound and balance."},{"text":"The nose detects sound and balance.","correct":false,"explanation":"The nose contains receptors for airborne chemicals and provides the sense of smell. Receptors for sound and balance are located in the ears."},{"text":"The skin detects sound and balance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Skin receptors detect touch, pressure, pain and temperature rather than sound and balance. Both sound and balance are detected by structures in the ears."}]},{"id":"8b2a742c-16e1-4651-88d6-72915e45c945","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which sense organ detects touch, pressure and temperature?","back":"The skin detects touch, pressure and temperature.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The skin detects touch, pressure and temperature.","correct":true,"explanation":"The skin contains several types of receptor that detect mechanical contact, pressure and changes in temperature, allowing these stimuli to be sensed."},{"text":"The eyes detect touch, pressure and temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eyes contain light receptors and are specialised for vision, not for detecting touch, pressure and temperature. Receptors for these stimuli are found in the skin."},{"text":"The ears detect touch, pressure and temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ears are specialised to detect sound and balance rather than surface contact and temperature. The skin contains receptors for touch, pressure and temperature."},{"text":"The tongue detects touch, pressure and temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the tongue can sense contact and temperature, it is not the general sense organ named for all three stimuli. The expected organ is the skin."}]},{"id":"9c88b564-fce9-4835-ba50-9b86f5003581","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which sense organs detect chemicals?","back":"The nose and tongue detect chemicals.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The nose and tongue detect chemicals.","correct":true,"explanation":"Chemical receptors in the nose detect airborne substances for smell, while receptors associated with the tongue detect dissolved chemicals for taste."},{"text":"The eyes and ears detect chemicals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eyes detect light, while ears detect sound and balance; neither pair is specialised for chemical detection. The nose and tongue contain chemical receptors."},{"text":"The skin and eyes detect chemicals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Skin mainly detects touch, pressure and temperature, while eyes detect light. The specialised sense organs for detecting chemicals are the nose and tongue."},{"text":"The ears and skin detect chemicals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ears detect sound and balance, while skin detects contact and temperature stimuli. Chemical stimuli involved in smell and taste are detected by the nose and tongue."}]},{"id":"fcbf692f-c4d5-4ea4-8f75-945bd9a4278f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the direction of an impulse in a sensory neurone?","back":"A sensory neurone carries impulses to the CNS.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A sensory neurone carries impulses to the CNS.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sensory neurones transmit electrical impulses from receptors towards the brain or spinal cord, carrying information into the central nervous system."},{"text":"A sensory neurone carries impulses from the CNS.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the direction of transmission and describes the outward route associated with motor neurones. Sensory neurones carry impulses from receptors to the CNS."},{"text":"A sensory neurone carries impulses between effectors.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sensory neurones do not link effectors together. They carry electrical impulses from receptors towards the central nervous system for processing."},{"text":"A sensory neurone carries impulses around the CNS.","correct":false,"explanation":"Relay neurones transmit impulses within the CNS; sensory neurones bring information into it. Their impulses travel from receptors towards the brain or spinal cord."}]},{"id":"21342df1-69c6-4a3f-8bff-d938b71fdfe0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the direction of an impulse in a motor neurone?","back":"A motor neurone carries impulses from the CNS to an effector.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A motor neurone carries impulses from the CNS to an effector.","correct":true,"explanation":"Motor neurones transmit electrical impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors, causing muscles to contract or glands to secrete."},{"text":"A motor neurone carries impulses from a receptor to the CNS.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes the direction of a sensory neurone, not a motor neurone. Motor neurones carry impulses from the CNS towards an effector."},{"text":"A motor neurone carries impulses from an effector to the CNS.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly reverses the motor pathway. Motor neurones carry commands away from the CNS to effectors rather than bringing information back from them."},{"text":"A motor neurone carries impulses between receptors in the skin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Motor neurones do not connect receptors to one another. They carry impulses from the central nervous system to effectors such as muscles and glands."}]},{"id":"86887642-85d0-4c96-a677-de73b6d001e4","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What are the two types of effector, and how does each respond?","back":"Effectors are muscles, which contract, or glands, which secrete hormones.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Effectors are muscles, which contract, or glands, which secrete hormones.","correct":true,"explanation":"Effectors carry out responses: muscles respond by contracting, while endocrine glands respond by secreting hormones. They act after receiving signals coordinated by the nervous system."},{"text":"Effectors are muscles, which secrete hormones, or glands, which contract.","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the responses of the two effectors. Muscles produce movement by contracting, whereas glands respond by secreting hormones."},{"text":"Effectors are receptors, which contract, or neurones, which secrete hormones.","correct":false,"explanation":"Receptors detect stimuli and neurones transmit impulses; neither is an effector of the stated type. Effectors are muscles that contract or glands that secrete hormones."},{"text":"Effectors are muscles, which detect stimuli, or glands, which carry impulses.","correct":false,"explanation":"Detecting stimuli is the receptor’s role, while carrying impulses is a neurone’s role. Muscles contract and glands secrete hormones when acting as effectors."}]},{"id":"ebf806f6-cc91-49ee-975b-41ef0893a918","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What is the general pathway from detecting a change to producing a response?","back":"Stimulus → receptor → coordinator (CNS) → effector → response.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Stimulus → receptor → coordinator (CNS) → effector → response.","correct":true,"explanation":"A stimulus is detected by a receptor, information is processed by the CNS, and an effector then produces the resulting response."},{"text":"Stimulus → effector → coordinator (CNS) → receptor → response.","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps receptors and effectors. A receptor first detects the stimulus, the CNS coordinates the information, and an effector then produces the response."},{"text":"Receptor → stimulus → coordinator (CNS) → response → effector.","correct":false,"explanation":"The stimulus must occur before a receptor can detect it, and an effector acts before the response appears. The correct pathway begins with stimulus and ends with response."},{"text":"Stimulus → receptor → effector → coordinator (CNS) → response.","correct":false,"explanation":"This places the effector before coordination. Information from the receptor must first reach the CNS, which then signals an effector to produce the response."}]},{"id":"1569a2cd-3a14-45d2-8810-ee4b9a8d3919","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What is the order of neurones in a reflex arc?","back":"Sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone.","correct":true,"explanation":"The sensory neurone carries an impulse into the CNS, a relay neurone passes it across the CNS, and a motor neurone carries it to an effector."},{"text":"Motor neurone → relay neurone → sensory neurone.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the reflex arc. Information enters through a sensory neurone, passes through a relay neurone, and leaves through a motor neurone."},{"text":"Sensory neurone → motor neurone → relay neurone.","correct":false,"explanation":"The relay neurone must transmit the impulse within the CNS before the motor neurone carries it out. The order is sensory, relay, then motor."},{"text":"Relay neurone → sensory neurone → motor neurone.","correct":false,"explanation":"A relay neurone does not begin the pathway because it lies within the CNS. The impulse first travels along a sensory neurone, then relay, then motor."}]},{"id":"cfc5fe09-0357-40c0-b862-dcb90ba357ff","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are reflex actions fast and automatic?","back":"A reflex action is automatic and rapid and does not involve the conscious part of the brain.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A reflex action is automatic and rapid and does not involve the conscious part of the brain.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reflex actions happen quickly and automatically because they use a pathway that avoids conscious processing by the brain, helping the body respond to danger without deliberate thought."},{"text":"A reflex action is automatic and slow and does not involve the conscious part of the brain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reflexes are automatic, but they must also be rapid to protect the body. Calling them slow confuses reflex actions with slower conscious responses that involve the brain."},{"text":"A reflex action is conscious and rapid and does not involve the conscious part of the brain.","correct":false,"explanation":"The response is rapid, but it is not conscious. Reflex actions avoid conscious control, so describing one as conscious contradicts the pathway’s automatic nature."},{"text":"A reflex action is automatic and rapid and involves the conscious part of the brain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reflex actions are automatic and rapid, but they do not initially involve the conscious part of the brain. This allows a protective response before conscious awareness develops."}]},{"id":"8cc9393f-c567-44cb-b1e8-4c2a4f55ccd6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is it useful for a reflex action to be rapid?","back":"Reflex actions protect the body from harm.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Reflex actions protect the body from harm.","correct":true,"explanation":"A rapid reflex response can move the body away from a harmful stimulus, reducing injury before the person has consciously processed what happened."},{"text":"Reflex actions protect the body from stimuli.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stimuli are changes detected by receptors, not something the body is protected from. Reflex actions protect the body from harm caused by potentially damaging stimuli."},{"text":"Reflex actions protect the body from movement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Movement is often the result of a reflex action, such as pulling away from heat. The purpose is to reduce harm, not to prevent movement itself."},{"text":"Reflex actions protect the body from consciousness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reflexes do not protect the body from consciousness. They protect it from harm by producing a quick automatic response without waiting for conscious decision-making."}]},{"id":"b947b98a-488b-4a8f-aaea-e308685d47f9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does the type of signal differ along a neurone and across a synapse?","back":"The impulse is electrical along a neurone but chemical across a synapse.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The impulse is electrical along a neurone but chemical across a synapse.","correct":true,"explanation":"An impulse travels electrically through a neurone. At a synapse, neurotransmitters carry the signal chemically across the gap to the next neurone."},{"text":"The impulse is chemical along a neurone but electrical across a synapse.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two signal types are reversed here. Impulses travel electrically along neurones, while neurotransmitters carry the signal chemically across synapses."},{"text":"The impulse is electrical along a neurone but electrical across a synapse.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrical transmission occurs along a neurone, but the synaptic gap is crossed by neurotransmitters, so transmission across a synapse is chemical rather than electrical."},{"text":"The impulse is chemical along a neurone but chemical across a synapse.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical transmission occurs across a synapse, but not along the neurone. Along the neurone, the impulse is electrical, so only the second part is correct."}]},{"id":"f51d4a00-a57f-4269-af68-470531df057d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In the ruler-drop investigation, what does catching the ruler further down indicate?","back":"The further down the ruler is caught, the slower the reaction time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The further down the ruler is caught, the slower the reaction time.","correct":true,"explanation":"Catching the ruler further down means it fell a greater distance before being caught. A longer fall indicates that the person took longer to react."},{"text":"The further down the ruler is caught, the faster the reaction time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Catching it further down means the ruler travelled farther before the response, indicating a longer reaction time. A faster reaction would catch it nearer the top."},{"text":"The closer to the top the ruler is caught, the slower the reaction time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Catching the ruler closer to the top means it travelled a shorter distance, which indicates a faster reaction. A slower reaction catches it further down."},{"text":"The further down the ruler is caught, the shorter the distance fallen.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ruler’s distance fallen increases when it is caught further down. That greater distance is used as evidence of a slower reaction time, not a shorter fall."}]},{"id":"ebd28cf3-b0d1-4625-a843-a850608b1bab","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A receptor detects a stimulus and starts an [ ].","back":"A receptor detects a stimulus and starts an electrical impulse.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"electrical impulse","correct":true,"explanation":"A receptor detects a stimulus and converts the information into an electrical impulse, which can then travel along a neurone in the nervous system."},{"text":"chemical signal","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical signals are used mainly when neurotransmitters cross synapses. A receptor starts an electrical impulse in the neurone, so the correct term is electrical impulse."},{"text":"mechanical impulse","correct":false,"explanation":"A mechanical stimulus may be detected by a receptor, but the receptor converts it into an electrical impulse. Mechanical impulse is not the signal travelling through the neurone."},{"text":"electrical enzyme","correct":false,"explanation":"An enzyme is a biological catalyst, not a nervous signal. Receptors start an electrical impulse, which carries information away from the receptor."}]},{"id":"b619aa52-3871-45e7-912d-76f8770059d3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a reflex arc, the impulse travels from the receptor along a [ ].","back":"In a reflex arc, the impulse travels from the receptor along a sensory neurone.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"sensory neurone","correct":true,"explanation":"A sensory neurone carries the electrical impulse from a receptor towards the central nervous system, where it can be passed through the reflex arc."},{"text":"motor neurone","correct":false,"explanation":"A motor neurone carries impulses from the central nervous system to an effector such as a muscle. The receptor-to-CNS pathway uses a sensory neurone."},{"text":"relay neurone","correct":false,"explanation":"A relay neurone is found within the central nervous system and connects neurones there. It does not carry the impulse from the receptor into the CNS."},{"text":"synapse","correct":false,"explanation":"A synapse is the gap between neurones, not a type of neurone carrying an impulse from a receptor. That part of the reflex arc uses a sensory neurone."}]},{"id":"db8888d0-5815-400e-a1c0-41d9642f9431","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the CNS, a [ ] passes the impulse to a motor neurone.","back":"In the CNS, a relay neurone passes the impulse to a motor neurone.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"relay neurone","correct":true,"explanation":"A relay neurone is located in the central nervous system and passes the impulse from the sensory neurone to the motor neurone in a reflex arc."},{"text":"sensory neurone","correct":false,"explanation":"A sensory neurone carries impulses from receptors towards the central nervous system. In the CNS, the connection to a motor neurone is made by a relay neurone."},{"text":"motor neurone","correct":false,"explanation":"A motor neurone carries the impulse away from the central nervous system to an effector. It receives the impulse after the relay neurone has passed it on."},{"text":"receptor","correct":false,"explanation":"A receptor detects the stimulus and starts the impulse; it does not pass impulses between neurones in the CNS. That role belongs to a relay neurone."}]},{"id":"f59cadfb-fe1f-4784-9ef0-0a665fdfd88c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A synapse is the tiny [ ] between two neurones.","back":"A synapse is the tiny gap between two neurones.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"gap","correct":true,"explanation":"A synapse is the tiny gap between two neurones. Neurotransmitters are released from one neurone and diffuse across this gap to the next."},{"text":"channel","correct":false,"explanation":"A channel suggests a continuous route through which the impulse travels, but a synapse is actually a tiny gap between neurones crossed by neurotransmitters."},{"text":"receptor","correct":false,"explanation":"A receptor detects a stimulus, whereas a synapse is the gap between neurones. Receptors may receive neurotransmitters, but they are not the synapse itself."},{"text":"membrane","correct":false,"explanation":"Neurones have cell membranes, but the synapse refers specifically to the tiny gap between them. The impulse crosses this gap using a neurotransmitter."}]},{"id":"855439f8-615d-4900-8fd5-d64fedf81a97","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"At a synapse, a [ ] diffuses across the gap.","back":"At a synapse, a neurotransmitter diffuses across the gap.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"neurotransmitter","correct":true,"explanation":"When an electrical impulse reaches a synapse, it causes a neurotransmitter to be released. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the gap and starts an impulse in the next neurone."},{"text":"electrical impulse","correct":false,"explanation":"An electrical impulse travels along a neurone, but it does not diffuse across the synaptic gap. A neurotransmitter carries the signal chemically between neurones."},{"text":"hormone","correct":false,"explanation":"Hormones are chemical messengers transported in the blood and used by the endocrine system. Synapses use neurotransmitters to pass signals between neurones."},{"text":"enzyme","correct":false,"explanation":"Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and are not the substances that carry nervous signals across synapses. The chemical messenger released is a neurotransmitter."}]},{"id":"d2445ac0-21d8-41a4-87f8-fbc586abce4f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"When interpreting reaction-time data, an anomalous result should be [ ] when calculating the mean.","back":"When interpreting reaction-time data, an anomalous result should be left out when calculating the mean.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"left out","correct":true,"explanation":"An anomalous result does not follow the pattern of the other measurements, so it should be excluded from the mean to avoid distorting the representative reaction time."},{"text":"included","correct":false,"explanation":"Including an anomalous result can pull the mean away from the typical measurements. It should be left out because it is likely caused by an unusual error or event."},{"text":"replaced","correct":false,"explanation":"An anomalous result should not automatically be replaced with a guessed value. It is normally left out when calculating the mean, unless there is a justified repeat measurement."},{"text":"rounded up","correct":false,"explanation":"Rounding changes the precision of a value but does not deal with an anomalous result. The anomalous measurement should be left out of the mean calculation."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"5.2.1 Structure and function","title":"5.2.1 Structure and function Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"48068d76-be8f-5558-bcc5-c76619940f8d","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]