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to Darwin about how species change over time."},{"text":"Specimens proving that all species were created separately.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wallace did collect specimens, but they did not prove separate creation. His observations instead provided evidence supporting the developing theory of evolution."},{"text":"Fossils showing that acquired characteristics were inherited.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fossils were relevant to evolutionary thinking, but Wallace’s collected evidence did not demonstrate inheritance of acquired characteristics. It supported evolution and natural selection."},{"text":"Observations showing that organisms never changed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wallace’s observations challenged the idea that species remain unchanged. The correct answer is evidence supporting evolution, because his findings helped explain species diversity and adaptation."}]},{"id":"b9c4f3d2-6e2a-41c0-89c8-6833e83ff514","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Wallace independently reached the idea of [ ].","back":"Wallace independently reached the idea of natural selection.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"natural selection","correct":true,"explanation":"Wallace independently reached the idea of natural selection: individuals with advantageous inherited characteristics survive and reproduce more successfully."},{"text":"inheritance of acquired characteristics","correct":false,"explanation":"This is Lamarck’s proposed mechanism, in which traits gained during an organism’s lifetime are inherited. Wallace independently reached natural selection instead."},{"text":"artificial selection","correct":false,"explanation":"Artificial selection is controlled breeding by humans, whereas Wallace’s independent idea was natural selection acting through environmental pressures."},{"text":"use and disuse","correct":false,"explanation":"Use and disuse describes a Lamarckian explanation for changes in organs. Wallace independently developed the idea of natural selection, not this mechanism."}]},{"id":"341163be-cf79-47ae-9939-274742af4f72","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Wallace's joint work with Darwin in [ ] prompted Darwin to publish.","back":"Wallace's joint work with Darwin in 1858 prompted Darwin to publish.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"1858","correct":true,"explanation":"Wallace’s joint work with Darwin in 1858 prompted Darwin to publish his ideas on natural selection, since Wallace had independently reached a similar conclusion."},{"text":"1856","correct":false,"explanation":"The significant joint presentation occurred in 1858, not 1856. Confusing the years changes the historical event that prompted Darwin to publish."},{"text":"1859","correct":false,"explanation":"Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859, but Wallace’s joint work prompted that publication in 1858."},{"text":"1862","correct":false,"explanation":"By 1862 Darwin had already published his evolutionary work. The collaboration with Wallace that prompted publication happened in 1858."}]},{"id":"ec854644-daa7-497f-bec4-f24fcfeeccdf","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which two ideas particularly made Wallace's name?","back":"

Warning colouration
Speciation

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Warning colouration
Speciation

","correct":true,"explanation":"Wallace’s name became particularly associated with warning colouration and speciation, alongside his independent development of natural selection."},{"text":"

Camouflage
Variation

","correct":false,"explanation":"Camouflage and variation are biological concepts, but the two ideas particularly associated with Wallace here are warning colouration and speciation."},{"text":"

Mimicry
Extinction

","correct":false,"explanation":"Mimicry and extinction can relate to evolution, but they are not the paired ideas identified in this specification. The expected pair is warning colouration and speciation."},{"text":"

Natural selection
Genetic engineering

","correct":false,"explanation":"Wallace did independently propose natural selection, but genetic engineering is modern technology. The two ideas highlighted here are warning colouration and speciation."}]},{"id":"3b48931c-e680-4103-838a-65137c21edd9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does warning colouration protect an animal?","back":"Bright colours warn predators that it is poisonous or dangerous, so it is left alone.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Bright colours warn predators that it is poisonous or dangerous, so it is left alone.","correct":true,"explanation":"Warning colouration makes an animal conspicuous and signals that it is poisonous or dangerous, discouraging predators from attacking it."},{"text":"Dull colours make the animal difficult for predators to see, so it is left alone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dull colours describe camouflage, which hides an animal rather than warning predators. Warning colouration uses bright colours to signal danger or toxicity."},{"text":"Bright colours attract mates, so predators avoid reproducing with it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bright colours may attract mates in some species, but warning colouration protects animals by signalling danger or poison to predators."},{"text":"Dark colours absorb heat, so the animal becomes too hot to eat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Colour-related heat absorption does not explain warning colouration. Bright warning colours deter predators by advertising that the animal is poisonous or dangerous."}]},{"id":"645ff277-f6a4-4c75-8359-140cdc02e185","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What must offspring be able to do for organisms to belong to the same species?","back":"They must be able to produce fertile offspring together.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They must be able to produce fertile offspring together.","correct":true,"explanation":"Under the biological species concept, organisms belong to the same species if they can interbreed and produce offspring that are themselves fertile."},{"text":"They must be able to produce identical offspring together.","correct":false,"explanation":"Offspring do not need to be genetically identical. The defining requirement is that interbreeding produces fertile offspring capable of reproduction."},{"text":"They must be able to produce large offspring together.","correct":false,"explanation":"Offspring size is not the criterion for membership of a species. The important test is whether the offspring are fertile after interbreeding."},{"text":"They must be able to produce cloned offspring together.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cloning is not required for organisms to belong to the same species. They must be able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring."}]},{"id":"58fe791c-1356-4d83-9353-69589e86c60c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What usually happens when two different species breed?","back":"They produce infertile offspring.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They produce infertile offspring.","correct":true,"explanation":"Different species may sometimes breed, but their offspring are usually infertile, so those offspring cannot reproduce and pass on their genes."},{"text":"They produce fertile offspring.","correct":false,"explanation":"Producing fertile offspring is the usual definition of successful interbreeding within one species. Different species usually produce infertile offspring."},{"text":"They produce identical offspring.","correct":false,"explanation":"Breeding between different species does not produce genetically identical offspring. The typical biological barrier is that any offspring are infertile."},{"text":"They produce no offspring because fertilisation is always impossible.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some different species can breed and produce hybrids, such as horses and donkeys. The usual outcome is infertile offspring, not always no offspring."}]},{"id":"384c259d-ea58-460f-83f3-9206c771d02c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are horses and donkeys separate species?","back":"Their offspring, the mule, is infertile.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Their offspring, the mule, is infertile.","correct":true,"explanation":"Horses and donkeys can produce a mule, but the mule is infertile. This prevents gene flow between the parent populations and supports treating them as separate species."},{"text":"Their offspring, the mule, is fertile.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mules are generally infertile, so they cannot reproduce. Fertile hybrid offspring would provide evidence that the parent organisms belong to the same species."},{"text":"Their offspring, the horse, is infertile.","correct":false,"explanation":"A horse is one of the parent species, not the hybrid offspring. The hybrid is a mule, and its infertility supports separate species classification."},{"text":"Their offspring, the donkey, cannot be produced.","correct":false,"explanation":"Donkeys are one of the parent species and can reproduce with horses. Their hybrid offspring, the mule, is usually infertile."}]},{"id":"4c53ba4e-38e7-4f9a-92a7-bcc7f6251f71","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What event marks the completion of speciation?","back":"Populations become unable to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Populations become unable to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.","correct":true,"explanation":"Speciation is complete when reproductive isolation prevents populations from interbreeding successfully and producing fertile offspring."},{"text":"Populations become unable to interbreed but still produce fertile offspring.","correct":false,"explanation":"If fertile offspring can still be produced, gene flow remains possible and speciation is not complete. Completion requires inability to produce fertile offspring."},{"text":"Populations begin to live in different environments.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different environments can begin the process of speciation by isolating populations, but speciation is complete only after fertile interbreeding is no longer possible."},{"text":"Populations develop different advantageous alleles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different advantageous alleles may accumulate during divergence, but this alone does not mark completion. The defining event is reproductive isolation preventing fertile offspring."}]},{"id":"ded3960f-0541-4677-9e8d-d68bc1fc48a1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Speciation begins when two populations of one species become [ ].","back":"Speciation begins when two populations of one species become isolated.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"isolated","correct":true,"explanation":"Speciation begins when populations become isolated, preventing gene flow and allowing different mutations and selection pressures to act on them."},{"text":"identical","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical populations would not be beginning to diverge into separate species. Speciation starts when populations become isolated from one another."},{"text":"interdependent","correct":false,"explanation":"Interdependence does not prevent gene flow between populations. Speciation begins with isolation that stops or reduces interbreeding."},{"text":"extinct","correct":false,"explanation":"Extinction means a population has died out, not that it is diverging into a new species. Speciation begins when populations become isolated."}]},{"id":"62411e70-275d-430e-863e-c1c89c004e62","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Name three geographical barriers that can isolate populations.","back":"

River
Mountain range
Sea

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

River
Mountain range
Sea

","correct":true,"explanation":"Rivers, mountain ranges and seas can physically separate populations, preventing them from meeting and interbreeding."},{"text":"

Forest
Grassland
Desert

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are habitats rather than the geographical barriers expected here. A river, mountain range or sea can physically prevent populations from interbreeding."},{"text":"

Predators
Parasites
Competitors

","correct":false,"explanation":"Predators, parasites and competitors create selection pressures, but they do not necessarily separate populations geographically. Physical barriers include rivers, mountain ranges and seas."},{"text":"

Temperature
Light intensity
Food supply

","correct":false,"explanation":"These environmental factors can create different selection pressures, but they are not geographical barriers. Rivers, mountain ranges and seas physically isolate populations."}]},{"id":"ed253d8a-407d-4640-b14e-4c4c6f55a211","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does geographical isolation keep the genes of two populations separate?","back":"The populations can no longer interbreed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The populations can no longer interbreed.","correct":true,"explanation":"Geographical isolation prevents the populations from meeting and interbreeding, so genes cannot pass between them and their gene pools remain separate."},{"text":"The populations can no longer mutate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Isolated populations continue to experience mutations. Their genes remain separate because the populations can no longer interbreed, not because mutation stops."},{"text":"The populations can no longer reproduce at all.","correct":false,"explanation":"Isolation does not stop reproduction within each population. It prevents interbreeding between the populations, keeping their genes separate."},{"text":"The populations can no longer adapt to their environments.","correct":false,"explanation":"Isolated populations can still adapt through natural selection. Their genes remain separate because geographical isolation prevents interbreeding between populations."}]},{"id":"07fb43d7-4933-4b26-bd6d-bb67ce0c42f7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do isolated populations usually experience different selection pressures?","back":"They live in different environments.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They live in different environments.","correct":true,"explanation":"Geographical isolation places populations in different environments, exposing them to different conditions and therefore to different selection pressures."},{"text":"They have exactly the same environments.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical environments would tend to impose similar selection pressures. Isolated populations usually experience different pressures because they live in different environments."},{"text":"They have no genetic variation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genetic variation allows selection pressures to affect populations differently. Isolation changes their environments, rather than removing all genetic variation."},{"text":"They are exposed to the same selection pressures.","correct":false,"explanation":"The point of geographical isolation is that populations encounter different conditions. Different environments usually create different selection pressures."}]},{"id":"fe5dccf6-1891-4a3d-a072-3bc1ad53ac4a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do different alleles become advantageous in the two isolated populations?","back":"Each population is adapted to its own different environment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each population is adapted to its own different environment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Different environments favour different characteristics, so alleles providing an advantage in one isolated population may not be advantageous in the other."},{"text":"Each population is adapted to its own identical environment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical environments would generally favour similar characteristics. Different alleles become advantageous because the isolated populations occupy different environments."},{"text":"Each population has lost its entire gene pool.","correct":false,"explanation":"Populations retain gene pools and can gain variation through mutation. Different alleles are favoured because each population faces its own environmental conditions."},{"text":"Each population experiences no natural selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural selection is the process that favours advantageous alleles. Different environments cause different alleles to be advantageous in the two populations."}]},{"id":"45149972-2d2f-42e1-b460-7f3005cb8a10","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does natural selection affect two isolated populations?","back":"It acts separately on each population.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It acts separately on each population.","correct":true,"explanation":"Isolation prevents gene flow, so natural selection acts independently in each population and favours characteristics suited to its particular environment."},{"text":"It acts identically on both populations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical selection would be expected only under similar conditions. Isolation exposes populations to different environments, so selection acts separately on each."},{"text":"It acts only before the populations become isolated.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural selection continues after isolation and helps populations diverge. It acts separately on each population because gene flow has been interrupted."},{"text":"It acts randomly without affecting alleles in either population.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural selection is non-random and changes allele frequencies by favouring advantageous inherited characteristics. It operates separately in the isolated populations."}]},{"id":"c4e721b7-6cfb-4ff3-81db-88dedb8a4478","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"New mutations add different [ ] to the isolated populations.","back":"New mutations add different alleles to the isolated populations.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"alleles","correct":true,"explanation":"Mutations create new versions of genes, called alleles. These add genetic variation to isolated populations and provide material for natural selection."},{"text":"genes","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutations occur in genes, but the new versions produced are called alleles. The sentence specifically requires the term describing alternative forms of a gene."},{"text":"species","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutations do not directly add new species to populations. They can create alleles, which may contribute to divergence and eventually speciation."},{"text":"selection pressures","correct":false,"explanation":"Selection pressures come from environmental conditions and do not result from mutations. Mutations add new alleles to the populations."}]},{"id":"eae543bc-4553-443d-9814-882f1af10135","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do the two isolated populations become increasingly genetically different?","back":"

Natural selection acts separately on them.
Mutations add different alleles.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Natural selection acts separately on them.
Mutations add different alleles.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Isolation means natural selection affects each population independently, favouring different adaptations. Mutations introduce new alleles, and different mutations can arise in each population, increasing their genetic differences over generations."},{"text":"

Selective breeding acts separately on them.
Mutations remove different alleles.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Selective breeding is controlled by humans, not the process described, and mutations do not remove alleles in this way. The correct explanation is that natural selection acts separately while mutations add different alleles."},{"text":"

Natural selection acts identically on them.
Genes add the same alleles.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical selection and the addition of the same alleles would tend to keep populations genetically similar. They become different because natural selection acts separately and mutations add different alleles."},{"text":"

Random mating acts separately on them.
Mutations add different alleles.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Random mating does not drive separate populations apart through different selection pressures. The correct combination is natural selection acting separately on them and mutations adding different alleles."}]},{"id":"bbcd1de2-79fa-478f-82c3-b168b1d846cf","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens if the two increasingly different populations are brought back together?","back":"They eventually cannot interbreed to produce fertile offspring.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They eventually cannot interbreed to produce fertile offspring.","correct":true,"explanation":"Speciation is reached when reproductive isolation has developed: the populations can no longer interbreed successfully to produce fertile offspring, so they are separate species."},{"text":"They eventually cannot interbreed to produce identical offspring.","correct":false,"explanation":"Species do not need to produce genetically identical offspring. The defining barrier is inability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring, because infertile or absent offspring cannot maintain gene flow."},{"text":"They eventually can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being able to produce fertile offspring shows that gene flow between the populations is still possible. They become separate species when they can no longer produce fertile offspring by interbreeding."},{"text":"They eventually cannot reproduce without mutations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutations are a source of genetic variation, not the criterion for deciding whether populations are separate species. The correct criterion is that they cannot interbreed to produce fertile offspring."}]},{"id":"703512e4-a278-4f9e-b9d4-4aea785a87b1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The populations become separate species when they can no longer produce [ ] by interbreeding.","back":"The populations become separate species when they can no longer produce fertile offspring by interbreeding.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"fertile offspring","correct":true,"explanation":"The populations are separate species when reproductive isolation prevents them from producing fertile offspring through interbreeding. This stops successful gene flow between the populations."},{"text":"identical offspring","correct":false,"explanation":"Offspring do not need to be identical for populations to belong to the same species. The relevant condition is whether interbreeding can produce fertile offspring, which allows gene flow."},{"text":"viable offspring","correct":false,"explanation":"Viable means able to survive, but offspring could survive while being infertile. The specific species criterion in this context is the inability to produce fertile offspring by interbreeding."},{"text":"mutated offspring","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutations may occur in offspring but are not the defining barrier between species. Populations become separate species when interbreeding can no longer produce fertile offspring."}]},{"id":"c6b3258d-6dc7-4cb7-a19b-183b0db29dda","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What combination drives populations apart during speciation?","back":"Isolation and natural selection, not a decision by the populations.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Isolation and natural selection, not a decision by the populations.","correct":true,"explanation":"Isolation prevents gene flow, while natural selection favours different adaptations in the separated populations. Together these processes can make the populations genetically different and lead to speciation."},{"text":"Interbreeding and natural selection, not a decision by the populations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Interbreeding maintains gene flow and tends to keep populations genetically similar, so it does not drive them apart. Speciation is driven by isolation combined with natural selection."},{"text":"Isolation and artificial selection, not a decision by the populations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Artificial selection is directed by humans, whereas this process occurs through environmental pressures acting on isolated populations. The correct combination is isolation and natural selection."},{"text":"Migration and natural selection, not a decision by the populations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Migration usually mixes gene pools and reduces genetic differences between populations. Isolation is needed to restrict gene flow, after which natural selection can drive the populations apart."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"6.3.2 Speciation","title":"6.3.2 Speciation Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"320ab555-0f30-5142-8b0f-d9fe697e1d79","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]