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It carries one set of chromosomes and can fuse with an egg cell during fertilisation."},{"text":"The egg cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing the two animal gametes reverses their sexes. The sperm cell is the male gamete, while the egg cell is the female gamete."},{"text":"The zygote.","correct":false,"explanation":"A zygote forms after the male and female gametes have fused, so it is not itself a gamete. The male animal gamete is the sperm cell."},{"text":"The pollen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pollen carries the male gamete in flowering plants, not animals. In animals, the specialised male gamete is the sperm cell."}]},{"id":"873862f0-1749-4edd-84e3-33fc753ccfd3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the female gamete in animals?","back":"The egg cell.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The egg cell.","correct":true,"explanation":"The egg cell is the female gamete in animals. It contains one set of chromosomes and can fuse with a sperm cell during fertilisation."},{"text":"The sperm cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing the two animal gametes reverses their sexes. The egg cell is the female gamete, while the sperm cell is the male gamete."},{"text":"The zygote.","correct":false,"explanation":"A zygote is produced when male and female gametes fuse, rather than being a gamete itself. The female animal gamete is the egg cell."},{"text":"The pollen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pollen carries the male gamete in flowering plants and is not an animal gamete. The female gamete in animals is the egg cell."}]},{"id":"ff0c16e3-4e06-4068-832c-150f06b417e0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the male gamete in flowering plants?","back":"The pollen.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The pollen.","correct":true,"explanation":"Pollen carries the male gamete of a flowering plant. It is transferred from an anther so that fertilisation can eventually take place in an ovule."},{"text":"The ovule.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ovule is the structure containing the female gamete, not the male gamete. In flowering plants, pollen carries the male gamete."},{"text":"The stigma.","correct":false,"explanation":"The stigma is the flower structure that receives pollen during pollination, not a gamete. Pollen carries the male gamete in flowering plants."},{"text":"The egg cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"The egg cell is the female gamete in a flowering plant, so this reverses the sexes. Pollen carries the plant’s male gamete."}]},{"id":"c473da1e-2548-437b-a8ae-95f53f7b195d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the female gamete in flowering plants?","back":"The egg cell.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The egg cell.","correct":true,"explanation":"The egg cell is the female gamete in flowering plants. It is located within an ovule and fuses with a male gamete during fertilisation."},{"text":"The pollen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pollen carries the male gamete, so choosing it confuses the two sexes. The female gamete in a flowering plant is the egg cell."},{"text":"The ovule.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ovule contains the egg cell but is not itself the female gamete. The specific female reproductive cell is the egg cell."},{"text":"The stigma.","correct":false,"explanation":"The stigma receives pollen during pollination and is part of the flower’s reproductive structure, not a gamete. The female gamete is the egg cell."}]},{"id":"9bddfd8b-4afc-40a0-af45-9abbbf448979","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many parents contribute genetic information in sexual reproduction?","back":"Two parents, each supplying one type of gamete.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Two parents, each supplying one type of gamete.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sexual reproduction combines genetic information from two parents. Each parent supplies a gamete, and the two gamete nuclei fuse during fertilisation."},{"text":"One parent, supplying both types of gamete.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses sexual reproduction with a one-parent process. At GCSE, sexual reproduction involves two parents, with each supplying one type of gamete."},{"text":"Three parents, each supplying one type of gamete.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fertilisation involves the fusion of two gametes, not three contributions. Sexual reproduction combines genetic information from two parents, each supplying one gamete type."},{"text":"Two parents, each supplying both types of gamete.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the number of parents is right, their contributions are misstated. Each of the two parents supplies one type of gamete for fertilisation."}]},{"id":"7173162d-fee6-4e85-8e66-12108dc3198a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many parents are involved in asexual reproduction?","back":"One parent.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"One parent.","correct":true,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and no fusion of gametes. The offspring usually inherit the same genetic information as that parent."},{"text":"Two parents.","correct":false,"explanation":"Two-parent inheritance is characteristic of sexual reproduction, where gametes fuse. Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and does not require fertilisation."},{"text":"Three parents.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction does not combine contributions from several parents. It produces offspring from one parent without the fusion of gametes."},{"text":"No parents.","correct":false,"explanation":"New organisms still arise from an existing organism during asexual reproduction. Exactly one parent is involved, even though no mate or gamete fusion is needed."}]},{"id":"a8723346-7e1f-4a6c-88e6-30edb34e2213","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The fusion of male and female gamete nuclei is called [ ].","back":"The fusion of male and female gamete nuclei is called fertilisation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"fertilisation","correct":true,"explanation":"Fertilisation is the fusion of the nuclei of a male gamete and a female gamete. This produces a zygote containing genetic information from both parents."},{"text":"pollination","correct":false,"explanation":"Pollination is the transfer of pollen to a stigma and occurs before gamete nuclei fuse. The fusion of male and female gamete nuclei is fertilisation."},{"text":"germination","correct":false,"explanation":"Germination is the beginning of growth from a seed, not the joining of gametes. Fusion of male and female gamete nuclei is called fertilisation."},{"text":"mitosis","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitosis is cell division that produces genetically identical cells; it does not fuse gametes. The fusion of male and female gamete nuclei is fertilisation."}]},{"id":"3f3619d2-62bd-4f18-9697-37719d28d5a9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What cell is produced immediately after fertilisation?","back":"A zygote.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A zygote.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fertilisation fuses the nuclei of the male and female gametes, immediately producing a zygote. The zygote later divides by mitosis to form an embryo."},{"text":"A gamete.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gametes are the cells that fuse during fertilisation, so they exist before the event. Their fusion immediately produces a zygote."},{"text":"An embryo.","correct":false,"explanation":"An embryo develops only after the fertilised cell has undergone repeated mitotic divisions. The single cell produced immediately after fertilisation is a zygote."},{"text":"A clone.","correct":false,"explanation":"A clone is genetically identical to its parent and is typically associated with asexual reproduction. Fertilisation immediately produces a zygote."}]},{"id":"3a824d15-d379-4ecd-8668-bf96903926ad","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is an offspring genetically identical to its parent called?","back":"A clone.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A clone.","correct":true,"explanation":"A clone is an organism or cell genetically identical to its parent. Clones are commonly produced through asexual reproduction involving mitosis."},{"text":"A zygote.","correct":false,"explanation":"A zygote is the cell formed by fertilisation and normally contains genetic information from two parents. An offspring genetically identical to its parent is a clone."},{"text":"A gamete.","correct":false,"explanation":"A gamete is a reproductive cell containing one chromosome set, not an offspring. A genetically identical offspring is called a clone."},{"text":"An embryo.","correct":false,"explanation":"An embryo is an early developmental stage and may be genetically different from either parent after sexual reproduction. A genetically identical offspring is a clone."}]},{"id":"c80618cf-d5da-48d9-b9f8-8efb9295f9b0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A zygote grows into an offspring by repeated [ ].","back":"A zygote grows into an offspring by repeated mitosis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"mitosis","correct":true,"explanation":"Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells and increases cell number. Repeated rounds of mitosis therefore allow a single-celled zygote to grow into an offspring."},{"text":"meiosis","correct":false,"explanation":"Meiosis produces haploid gametes and halves the chromosome number; it does not drive ordinary growth. A zygote grows through repeated mitosis."},{"text":"fertilisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Fertilisation forms the zygote by fusing gamete nuclei, rather than repeatedly increasing its cell number. Subsequent growth occurs through repeated mitosis."},{"text":"mutation","correct":false,"explanation":"A mutation is a change in genetic material, not a process for normal growth. A zygote increases its number of cells through repeated mitosis."}]},{"id":"0d349b9c-d42f-4211-aca3-900e42c5b688","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does asexual reproduction involve no fertilisation?","back":"Because no gametes fuse.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Because no gametes fuse.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fertilisation is specifically the fusion of male and female gamete nuclei. Asexual reproduction uses one parent without gamete fusion, so fertilisation does not occur."},{"text":"Because no cells divide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction does involve cell division, usually mitosis, to produce new cells or organisms. It lacks fertilisation because no gametes fuse."},{"text":"Because no genes are copied.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genetic material must be copied before mitosis in asexual reproduction. Fertilisation is absent because male and female gametes do not fuse."},{"text":"Because no offspring develop.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction does produce offspring, usually genetically identical to the parent. It involves no fertilisation because no male and female gametes fuse."}]},{"id":"013fc86b-ec38-4153-852e-7475f3876f4d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are offspring produced asexually genetically identical?","back":"They are produced from one parent by mitosis, so they inherit the same genes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are produced from one parent by mitosis, so they inherit the same genes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mitosis copies and separates the parent cell’s genetic material into genetically identical daughter cells. With only one parent, no second set of genes is introduced."},{"text":"They are produced from one parent by meiosis, so they inherit the same genes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meiosis creates genetically varied haploid gametes rather than identical offspring. Asexual offspring are genetically identical because one parent produces them through mitosis."},{"text":"They are produced from two parents by mitosis, so they inherit the same genes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction involves one parent, not two. Its offspring inherit the same genes because they are produced from that single parent by mitosis."},{"text":"They are produced from one parent by fertilisation, so they inherit the same genes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fertilisation combines gametes and usually creates genetic variation, rather than clones. Asexual offspring inherit the same genes because one parent produces them by mitosis."}]},{"id":"7f313aec-5d77-4c6a-90c0-68e96148d8d0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A chance [ ] can make two clones genetically different.","back":"A chance mutation can make two clones genetically different.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"mutation","correct":true,"explanation":"A mutation is a chance change in genetic material. If a mutation occurs in one clone but not another, their DNA is no longer completely identical."},{"text":"fertilisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Fertilisation combines male and female gametes in sexual reproduction, rather than causing differences between existing clones. A chance mutation can make clones genetically different."},{"text":"pollination","correct":false,"explanation":"Pollination transfers pollen to a stigma and does not alter a clone’s DNA. A chance mutation changes genetic material and can make two clones different."},{"text":"adaptation","correct":false,"explanation":"An adaptation is an inherited feature that improves survival or reproduction, not a chance genetic event. A mutation can introduce a difference between clones."}]},{"id":"788669f3-8d42-414a-ba68-4e69f458ffe3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Body cells are [ ], meaning they contain two chromosome sets.","back":"Body cells are diploid, meaning they contain two chromosome sets.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"diploid","correct":true,"explanation":"Diploid cells contain two complete sets of chromosomes, usually one set inherited from each parent. Most body cells are diploid."},{"text":"haploid","correct":false,"explanation":"Haploid cells contain only one chromosome set and are typically gametes. Body cells normally contain two chromosome sets, so they are diploid."},{"text":"identical","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical describes a comparison between genetic sequences or cells, not the number of chromosome sets. Body cells with two sets are described as diploid."},{"text":"recessive","correct":false,"explanation":"Recessive describes an allele whose effect can be masked by a dominant allele; it does not describe chromosome number. Body cells with two sets are diploid."}]},{"id":"28929d06-53d6-46d0-8254-1f5c6d4fc1d7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Gametes are [ ], meaning they contain one chromosome set.","back":"Gametes are haploid, meaning they contain one chromosome set.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"haploid","correct":true,"explanation":"Haploid cells contain one complete set of chromosomes. Gametes must be haploid so that fertilisation restores the normal diploid chromosome number."},{"text":"diploid","correct":false,"explanation":"Diploid cells contain two chromosome sets and include most body cells. Gametes contain only one set, so they are haploid."},{"text":"identical","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical describes matching genetic information, not the number of chromosome sets in a cell. Gametes with one chromosome set are described as haploid."},{"text":"dominant","correct":false,"explanation":"Dominant describes an allele expressed when one copy is present; it does not describe chromosome number. Gametes contain one chromosome set and are haploid."}]},{"id":"ec1585a6-8aa5-4b03-be77-eaedca0f6bc6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which type of cell division produces gametes?","back":"Meiosis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Meiosis.","correct":true,"explanation":"Meiosis produces gametes with half the usual chromosome number. This creates haploid cells so that fertilisation can restore the diploid number."},{"text":"Mitosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitosis produces genetically identical cells with the same chromosome number and is used for growth and repair. Gametes are produced by meiosis."},{"text":"Fertilisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fertilisation fuses two existing gametes to form a zygote, so it does not produce the gametes themselves. Gametes are made by meiosis."},{"text":"Binary fission.","correct":false,"explanation":"Binary fission is an asexual reproductive process used by prokaryotic cells, not the cell division that forms gametes. Gametes are produced by meiosis."}]},{"id":"1275e0bc-8a55-4cd9-aa7f-11e3eb4dcc58","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does meiosis do to the chromosome number?","back":"It halves the chromosome number.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It halves the chromosome number.","correct":true,"explanation":"Meiosis produces haploid gametes by reducing the chromosome number by half, ensuring that fertilisation restores the normal diploid chromosome number."},{"text":"It doubles the chromosome number.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosomes are copied before meiosis, which may suggest doubling, but the two divisions ultimately halve the chromosome number to produce haploid gametes."},{"text":"It keeps the chromosome number unchanged.","correct":false,"explanation":"Keeping the chromosome number unchanged is associated with mitosis, not meiosis. Meiosis halves the chromosome number so gametes contain one set of chromosomes."},{"text":"It quarters the chromosome number.","correct":false,"explanation":"Two meiotic divisions produce four cells, but this does not quarter the chromosome number. Each resulting gamete has half the original chromosome number."}]},{"id":"203acb1c-1e8c-4873-918d-6a1bfe8b84be","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How do the products of meiosis and mitosis differ genetically?","back":"

Meiosis produces genetically different cells.
Mitosis produces genetically identical cells.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Meiosis produces genetically different cells.
Mitosis produces genetically identical cells.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Meiosis creates genetic variation through processes including crossing over and independent assortment, whereas mitosis normally produces daughter cells genetically identical to each other and the parent cell."},{"text":"

Meiosis produces genetically identical cells.
Mitosis produces genetically different cells.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the outcomes of the two processes. Meiosis produces genetically different cells, while mitosis normally produces genetically identical cells for growth and repair."},{"text":"

Meiosis produces genetically identical cells.
Mitosis produces genetically identical cells.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Although mitosis normally produces genetically identical cells, meiosis does not. Crossing over and independent assortment cause the cells produced by meiosis to be genetically different."},{"text":"

Meiosis produces genetically different cells.
Mitosis produces genetically different cells.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Meiosis does produce genetically different cells, but mitosis normally copies the genetic material exactly, producing daughter cells that are genetically identical."}]},{"id":"101d7970-21bb-4b39-9df3-3d62bff51e06","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does sexual reproduction produce variation?","back":"Genes from two different parents are combined.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Genes from two different parents are combined.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sexual reproduction combines genetic information from two parents during fertilisation, giving offspring a new mixture of alleles and therefore producing genetic variation."},{"text":"Genes from one individual parent are copied.","correct":false,"explanation":"Copying genes from one parent describes asexual reproduction and usually produces genetically identical offspring. Sexual reproduction creates variation by combining genes from two different parents."},{"text":"Genes from two identical gametes are combined.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gametes from two parents are genetically different rather than identical. Combining their different alleles during fertilisation produces variation in the resulting offspring."},{"text":"Genes from one parent cell are combined.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sexual reproduction does not combine genes within a single parent cell. It combines gametes from two different parents, creating new combinations of alleles."}]},{"id":"e57228fa-adec-4889-ac3f-47b08f011fa5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In humans, fertilisation combines two gametes with $23$ chromosomes to produce a zygote with [ ].","back":"In humans, fertilisation combines two gametes with $23$ chromosomes to produce a zygote with $46$ chromosomes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$46$ chromosomes","correct":true,"explanation":"Each human gamete contributes 23 chromosomes at fertilisation, so the resulting zygote has the diploid total of $23 + 23 = 46$ chromosomes."},{"text":"$$23$ chromosomes","correct":false,"explanation":"This retains the haploid number found in one gamete and overlooks the second gamete. Fertilisation combines two sets of 23 to produce 46 chromosomes."},{"text":"$$92$ chromosomes","correct":false,"explanation":"This mistakenly doubles the diploid total, often by confusing chromosome replication with fertilisation. Combining two gametes containing 23 chromosomes gives a zygote with 46 chromosomes."},{"text":"$$44$ chromosomes","correct":false,"explanation":"This counts only the 22 pairs of autosomes and omits the two sex chromosomes. A human zygote has 46 chromosomes in total."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"6.1.1 Sexual and asexual reproduction","title":"6.1.1 Sexual and asexual reproduction Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"e6c05ba6-92ee-5270-9ffe-da017804ab57","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]