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only the autosome pairs and omits the sex chromosome pair. An ordinary human body cell has 23 chromosome pairs altogether."},{"text":"46 pairs.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the number of individual chromosomes with the number of pairs. There are 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 matching pairs."},{"text":"24 pairs.","correct":false,"explanation":"This adds the sex chromosomes as two separate pairs. They form one pair, giving an ordinary human body cell 23 chromosome pairs in total."}]},{"id":"a1e3e045-5504-4232-8772-4488a2084586","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many chromosome pairs control ordinary body characteristics rather than sex?","back":"22 pairs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"22 pairs.","correct":true,"explanation":"Of the 23 chromosome pairs in a human body cell, 22 are autosome pairs that control ordinary body characteristics rather than biological sex."},{"text":"23 pairs.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly includes the sex chromosome pair. Only 22 pairs are autosomes controlling ordinary body characteristics; the twenty-third pair determines biological sex."},{"text":"21 pairs.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is an off-by-one error. Human body cells have 22 pairs of autosomes controlling ordinary characteristics, plus one pair of sex chromosomes."},{"text":"46 pairs.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses individual chromosomes with chromosome pairs. There are 46 chromosomes in total, but only 22 pairs control ordinary body characteristics rather than sex."}]},{"id":"beef5b05-2f5c-4423-b597-70da0d4abaf8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which chromosome pair determines whether a person develops as male or female?","back":"The final pair, called the sex chromosomes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The final pair, called the sex chromosomes.","correct":true,"explanation":"The twenty-third and final chromosome pair consists of the sex chromosomes. Its XX or XY combination normally determines whether a person develops as female or male."},{"text":"The first pair, called the sex chromosomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first chromosome pair is an autosome pair, not the sex chromosomes. Biological sex is normally determined by the final, twenty-third chromosome pair."},{"text":"The middle pair, called the sex chromosomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"The chromosomes determining biological sex are not positioned as a middle pair. They are the final, twenty-third pair in a standard human chromosome arrangement."},{"text":"The final pair, called the autosomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Autosomes are the first 22 chromosome pairs, so this misnames the final pair. The final pair is called the sex chromosomes and determines biological sex."}]},{"id":"da265284-93e2-4c15-91e0-9b2f7a94471c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What sex chromosomes does a female have?","back":"XX.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"XX.","correct":true,"explanation":"A female normally has two X sex chromosomes, written XX, receiving one X chromosome from the mother and one from the father."},{"text":"XY.","correct":false,"explanation":"XY is the chromosome combination normally associated with male development because the Y chromosome carries male-development genes. A female normally has XX chromosomes."},{"text":"YY.","correct":false,"explanation":"An egg always contributes an X chromosome, so a YY combination cannot normally arise. A female has two X sex chromosomes, written XX."},{"text":"XO.","correct":false,"explanation":"This shows only one X chromosome rather than the usual female sex chromosome pair. The standard chromosome combination for a female is XX."}]},{"id":"d3721792-7e03-4c29-83c3-e86d7195da20","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What sex chromosomes does a male have?","back":"XY.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"XY.","correct":true,"explanation":"A male normally has one X and one Y sex chromosome, written XY. The Y chromosome carries genes that initiate male development."},{"text":"XX.","correct":false,"explanation":"XX is the chromosome combination normally associated with female development. A male normally has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, written XY."},{"text":"YY.","correct":false,"explanation":"A person cannot normally inherit YY because every egg contributes an X chromosome. The usual male sex chromosome combination is XY."},{"text":"XO.","correct":false,"explanation":"This represents a missing second sex chromosome, not the usual male combination. A male normally has one X and one Y chromosome, written XY."}]},{"id":"460be068-9117-48c2-96e0-485e9d58d765","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does the Y chromosome cause male development?","back":"It carries genes that lead to male development.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It carries genes that lead to male development.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Y chromosome carries genes, including the SRY gene, that trigger developmental pathways leading to male characteristics and the formation of testes."},{"text":"It carries genes that lead to female development.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the Y chromosome's role. The Y carries genes that trigger male development; female development normally occurs in an embryo without a Y chromosome."},{"text":"It carries hormones that lead to male development.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosomes carry genes, not hormones. Genes on the Y chromosome initiate processes that result in hormone production and lead to male development."},{"text":"It carries genes that prevent all body development.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Y chromosome does not stop general development. It carries particular genes that direct male development, while genes across many chromosomes control overall body development."}]},{"id":"2e78049e-0b9c-4c48-8034-2aff981f659c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which sex chromosome must every egg cell carry from an XX mother?","back":"An X chromosome.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An X chromosome.","correct":true,"explanation":"An XX mother has only X sex chromosomes to pass on. Consequently, every egg she produces receives one X chromosome during meiosis."},{"text":"A Y chromosome.","correct":false,"explanation":"An XX mother has no Y chromosome to pass into an egg. Every egg receives one of her two X chromosomes."},{"text":"An XY chromosome.","correct":false,"explanation":"A gamete receives only one chromosome from each pair, not both sex chromosomes. Every egg from an XX mother therefore carries one X chromosome."},{"text":"An XX chromosome.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly gives the egg both maternal sex chromosomes. Meiosis halves the chromosome number, so each egg from an XX mother carries one X chromosome."}]},{"id":"128e598d-3b82-41c4-ada4-cec38cc981ab","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What types of sex chromosomes can sperm cells from an XY father carry?","back":"Sperm carry either an X or a Y chromosome.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sperm carry either an X or a Y chromosome.","correct":true,"explanation":"Meiosis separates the father's X and Y chromosomes, producing sperm that carry either one X chromosome or one Y chromosome."},{"text":"Sperm carry either an X or an X chromosome.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats the father as though he had two X chromosomes. An XY father produces sperm carrying either his X chromosome or his Y chromosome."},{"text":"Sperm carry either a Y or a Y chromosome.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly assumes all sperm receive the father's Y chromosome. Meiosis separates X and Y, so sperm can carry either chromosome."},{"text":"Sperm carry both an X and a Y chromosome.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks chromosome separation during meiosis. A normal sperm receives only one sex chromosome, so it carries either X or Y, not both."}]},{"id":"e9caf721-9242-4130-abf0-651561604885","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can an XX mother produce eggs carrying only X chromosomes?","back":"Both of her sex chromosomes are X, so each egg receives an X.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Both of her sex chromosomes are X, so each egg receives an X.","correct":true,"explanation":"An XX mother possesses two X sex chromosomes. Meiosis separates them, but whichever chromosome an egg receives is necessarily an X chromosome."},{"text":"Both of her sex chromosomes are Y, so each egg receives an X.","correct":false,"explanation":"An XX mother has two X chromosomes, not two Y chromosomes. Each egg receives one of these X chromosomes during meiosis."},{"text":"Both of her sex chromosomes are X, so each egg receives a Y.","correct":false,"explanation":"This switches the chromosome passed into the egg. Because both maternal sex chromosomes are X, each egg must receive an X, not a Y."},{"text":"Only one of her sex chromosomes is X, so each egg receives an X.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes an XY combination rather than an XX mother. Both of her sex chromosomes are X, which is why every egg carries an X."}]},{"id":"addafa23-2000-48e3-8bb0-8803969021a6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Which parent's gamete determines the biological sex of the child?","back":"The father's sperm, because it carries either X or Y.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The father's sperm, because it carries either X or Y.","correct":true,"explanation":"Every egg contributes an X chromosome, whereas the father's sperm can contribute X or Y. The sperm therefore determines whether the embryo is XX or XY."},{"text":"The mother's egg, because it carries either X or Y.","correct":false,"explanation":"An egg from an XX mother always carries X, not either X or Y. The father's sperm determines sex because it can contribute X or Y."},{"text":"The father's sperm, because it always carries Y.","correct":false,"explanation":"Only some sperm carry Y; others carry X. The father's sperm determines biological sex precisely because it may contribute either X or Y."},{"text":"The mother's egg, because it always carries X.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although every egg carries X, that does not determine whether the embryo is XX or XY. The sperm's X or Y chromosome determines the combination."}]},{"id":"daffd496-fcb7-48d6-b717-e65c0343a42e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What can a Punnett square predict in a genetic cross?","back":"The possible offspring genotypes and phenotypes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The possible offspring genotypes and phenotypes.","correct":true,"explanation":"A Punnett square combines possible parental gametes to predict offspring allele combinations, or genotypes, and the observable characteristics, or phenotypes, that may result."},{"text":"The possible offspring ages and lifespans.","correct":false,"explanation":"A Punnett square models inheritance, not how long offspring live. It predicts possible genotypes and the phenotypes associated with those genetic combinations."},{"text":"The possible offspring habitats and populations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Habitats and population sizes are ecological concepts, not outcomes of a genetic cross. Punnett squares predict possible offspring genotypes and phenotypes."},{"text":"The possible offspring mutations and environments.","correct":false,"explanation":"Punnett squares do not predict new mutations or environmental conditions. They use parental alleles to predict possible offspring genotypes and corresponding phenotypes."}]},{"id":"8ad68086-35c0-4e5b-bbf5-eb5a2fe7f938","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which parental genotypes are combined in a sex-determination Punnett square?","back":"Mother: XX; father: XY.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mother: XX; father: XY.","correct":true,"explanation":"The standard sex-determination cross combines an XX mother, whose eggs carry X, with an XY father, whose sperm carry either X or Y."},{"text":"Mother: XY; father: XX.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the usual parental sex chromosome combinations. In the standard human cross, the mother is XX and the father is XY."},{"text":"Mother: XX; father: YY.","correct":false,"explanation":"A father is normally XY, not YY, because he inherits an X chromosome from his mother. The cross therefore combines maternal XX with paternal XY."},{"text":"Mother: XY; father: YY.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither genotype matches the standard parental combinations used here. A female is normally XX and a male is normally XY, giving the cross XX with XY."}]},{"id":"7c180665-9786-4641-89f5-a161b40dc3d3","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What four chromosome combinations result from crossing XX with XY?","back":"

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

","correct":true,"explanation":"Each maternal gamete contributes X, while paternal gametes contribute X or Y. The four boxes therefore contain two XX and two XY combinations."},{"text":"

","correct":false,"explanation":"This wrongly allows offspring to receive no maternal X chromosome. Every egg contributes X, so the four outcomes are two XX and two XY combinations."},{"text":"

","correct":false,"explanation":"This gives a three-to-one outcome by duplicating an X-bearing sperm result. Equal X-bearing and Y-bearing sperm produce two XX and two XY boxes."},{"text":"

","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes every sperm carries Y and ignores X-bearing sperm. Crossing XX with XY produces two XX combinations and two XY combinations."}]},{"id":"8cd02e7d-2a50-42a0-82fa-df869ee34b7f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What ratio of female to male offspring is predicted by an XX × XY cross?","back":"A 1:1 ratio.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A 1:1 ratio.","correct":true,"explanation":"An XX × XY Punnett square gives two XX and two XY outcomes. This predicts equal proportions of female and male offspring, expressed as 1:1."},{"text":"A 1:2 ratio.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly predicts twice as many male as female outcomes. The Punnett square has two XX and two XY boxes, giving a 1:1 ratio."},{"text":"A 2:1 ratio.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly predicts twice as many female as male outcomes. Equal numbers of XX and XY boxes produce a female-to-male ratio of 1:1."},{"text":"A 3:1 ratio.","correct":false,"explanation":"A 3:1 ratio is associated with some single-gene dominant crosses, not this sex-determination cross. XX × XY predicts a 1:1 ratio."}]},{"id":"ea37d749-18ba-4104-8b78-9461d283a364","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the approximate probability that each child will be either sex?","back":"About a 50% chance of either sex.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"About a 50% chance of either sex.","correct":true,"explanation":"Half the father's sperm are expected to carry X and half Y, so each fertilisation has approximately a 50% chance of producing either sex."},{"text":"About a 25% chance of either sex.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats one of four Punnett-square boxes as each outcome. Two boxes are XX and two are XY, so each sex has about a 50% chance."},{"text":"About a 75% chance of either sex.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly counts three of the four Punnett-square boxes for each sex. Each sex occupies two boxes, giving approximately a 50% chance."},{"text":"About a 100% chance of either sex.","correct":false,"explanation":"Either outcome is possible, but neither is certain for an individual conception. Equal X-bearing and Y-bearing sperm give about a 50% chance of either sex."}]},{"id":"3a7e4abf-0a57-4a23-a272-7dd97f45c136","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An ordinary human body cell contains [ ].","back":"An ordinary human body cell contains 23 matching chromosome pairs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"23 matching chromosome pairs","correct":true,"explanation":"An ordinary human body cell is diploid, containing 46 chromosomes organised into 23 matching pairs, with one member of each pair inherited from each parent."},{"text":"22 matching chromosome pairs","correct":false,"explanation":"This omits the pair of sex chromosomes and counts only the autosomes. An ordinary human body cell contains 23 matching chromosome pairs in total."},{"text":"46 matching chromosome pairs","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the number of individual chromosomes with the number of pairs. A body cell contains 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 matching chromosome pairs."},{"text":"23 individual chromosomes","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the haploid number found in normal gametes, not ordinary body cells. A body cell contains 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 matching pairs."}]},{"id":"85f48873-efac-46d3-ba4f-71116c999fee","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] determines biological sex.","back":"The final chromosome pair determines biological sex.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"final chromosome pair","correct":true,"explanation":"In humans, the 23rd and final chromosome pair contains the sex chromosomes, whose combination normally determines whether an individual is biologically male or female."},{"text":"first chromosome pair","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosome pair 1 consists of autosomes and does not determine biological sex. It is the final, 23rd chromosome pair that contains the X and Y sex chromosomes."},{"text":"largest chromosome pair","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosome size does not determine biological sex. The final chromosome pair is responsible because it contains the sex chromosomes, which are XX in females and XY in males."},{"text":"autosomal chromosome pair","correct":false,"explanation":"Autosomes carry genes for many inherited characteristics but are not the sex-determining chromosomes. Biological sex is normally determined by the final chromosome pair."}]},{"id":"03012624-bf2f-4d4f-9ab7-f037f99460aa","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A female has [ ] sex chromosomes.","back":"A female has XX sex chromosomes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"XX","correct":true,"explanation":"A human female normally has two X sex chromosomes, written XX, receiving one X chromosome from the mother and one X chromosome from the father."},{"text":"XY","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing the two standard combinations reverses the sexes: XY normally produces a male, while a human female normally has XX sex chromosomes."},{"text":"YY","correct":false,"explanation":"A YY combination cannot normally occur because every egg contributes an X chromosome. A human female normally has XX sex chromosomes."},{"text":"ZZ","correct":false,"explanation":"ZZ belongs to a different sex-determination system found in organisms such as birds, not the human system. A human female normally has XX sex chromosomes."}]},{"id":"0c7683a7-3541-4fdb-a188-dc2edb644d7a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A male has [ ] sex chromosomes.","back":"A male has XY sex chromosomes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"XY","correct":true,"explanation":"A human male normally has one X and one Y sex chromosome, written XY. The Y chromosome is inherited from the father."},{"text":"XX","correct":false,"explanation":"XX is the standard female chromosome combination, not the male combination. A human male normally has XY sex chromosomes, including a Y inherited from the father."},{"text":"YY","correct":false,"explanation":"A male cannot normally inherit YY because the mother’s egg always contributes an X chromosome. The standard male sex chromosome combination is XY."},{"text":"ZZ","correct":false,"explanation":"ZZ is part of the sex-determination system used by birds and some other animals, not humans. A human male normally has XY sex chromosomes."}]},{"id":"73b30510-cd13-429b-967a-596d4e066cbd","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Because the father is XY, half his sperm carry [ ] and half carry Y.","back":"Because the father is XY, half his sperm carry X and half carry Y.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"X","correct":true,"explanation":"Meiosis separates the father’s X and Y chromosomes, so approximately half of his sperm carry X while the other half carry Y."},{"text":"Y","correct":false,"explanation":"This would imply that all the father’s sperm carry Y. Meiosis separates his X and Y chromosomes, producing approximately equal numbers of X-carrying and Y-carrying sperm."},{"text":"XX","correct":false,"explanation":"Sperm are haploid and carry only one sex chromosome, not a pair. Half of the father’s sperm carry a single X and half carry a single Y."},{"text":"XY","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses sperm with the father’s diploid body cells. Each sperm carries only one sex chromosome, so half carry X and half carry Y."}]},{"id":"b4ab65dc-76f4-4eae-a15f-02e21ce8d56d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Because the father is XY, half his sperm carry X and half carry [ ].","back":"Because the father is XY, half his sperm carry X and half carry Y.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Y","correct":true,"explanation":"The father’s X and Y chromosomes separate during meiosis, so approximately half of his sperm receive X and the other half receive Y."},{"text":"X","correct":false,"explanation":"This would make all the father’s sperm X-carrying and prevent the usual possibility of male offspring. Half carry X, while the other half carry Y."},{"text":"XX","correct":false,"explanation":"This mistakenly gives a sperm two copies of the same sex chromosome. Sperm are haploid, so each carries one sex chromosome: either X or Y."},{"text":"XY","correct":false,"explanation":"XY describes the father’s diploid sex chromosome pair, not an individual sperm. Meiosis separates the pair, so each sperm carries either X or Y."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"6.1.8 Sex determination","title":"6.1.8 Sex determination Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"ad3feefe-8288-571d-9260-bc1288a66799","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]