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increasing demand created by growth in the human population."},{"text":"It produces small amounts of medicine to treat a declining population.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biotechnology can produce medicines, but its main role in this context is producing large amounts of food to feed a growing population."},{"text":"It preserves small amounts of food to reduce the need for farming.","correct":false,"explanation":"Preservation extends the storage life of existing food rather than producing it. Modern biotechnology helps make large amounts of food for a growing population."},{"text":"It replaces living organisms with machines to increase food imports.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biotechnology specifically depends on living organisms or their biological processes. Its main role is large-scale food production to supply a growing population."}]},{"id":"b3392ccd-9050-4a23-a903-639e1b52e860","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which types of organisms are used in biotechnology to produce foods and useful substances?","back":"Microorganisms and genetically engineered organisms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Microorganisms and genetically engineered organisms.","correct":true,"explanation":"Biotechnology uses microorganisms, such as fungi and bacteria, as well as genetically engineered organisms to manufacture foods, medicines and other useful substances."},{"text":"Viruses and naturally preserved organisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Viruses are not the main organisms used to produce foods, and preservation is not genetic engineering. Biotechnology commonly uses microorganisms and genetically engineered organisms."},{"text":"Large mammals and mechanically engineered organisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mechanical engineering does not create biological production organisms. Biotechnology mainly uses microorganisms and organisms whose genes have been deliberately modified."},{"text":"Flowering plants and selectively observed organisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plants can be involved in biotechnology, but selective observation does not modify an organism. The expected groups are microorganisms and genetically engineered organisms."}]},{"id":"9a23d5ab-5be9-4fd3-871e-fc7b24f9ba2b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is mycoprotein used to make?","back":"Meat-free foods.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Meat-free foods.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mycoprotein is a protein-rich fungal product used as the main ingredient in meat-free foods, including products designed as alternatives to meat."},{"text":"Dairy-free drinks.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing meat substitutes with other animal-product alternatives leads to this choice. Mycoprotein is primarily used to make meat-free foods, not dairy-free drinks."},{"text":"Sugar-free sweets.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mycoprotein is a protein source rather than a sugar replacement or sweetener. It is processed to make meat-free foods as alternatives to animal meat."},{"text":"Gluten-free bread.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gluten-free bread requires alternatives to wheat gluten, whereas mycoprotein provides fungal protein. Its main use is in the manufacture of meat-free foods."}]},{"id":"23d81c64-4671-4b6a-a53b-cec60fb66d4c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What organism is mycoprotein made from?","back":"The fungus Fusarium.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The fungus Fusarium.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mycoprotein is produced from Fusarium, a fungus grown under controlled conditions in fermenters and then harvested for use in meat-free foods."},{"text":"The bacterium Lactobacillus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lactobacillus bacteria are associated with yoghurt production, which may cause confusion with fermentation. Mycoprotein is made from the fungus Fusarium."},{"text":"The yeast Saccharomyces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Saccharomyces is used in baking and brewing, but it is not the source of mycoprotein. Mycoprotein is produced using the fungus Fusarium."},{"text":"The alga Chlorella.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chlorella can be cultivated as a nutrient source, but it does not produce mycoprotein. The organism used is the fungus Fusarium."}]},{"id":"ca2e2459-7141-4f54-afed-2fe194cea896","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is Fusarium grown to produce mycoprotein?","back":"In large tanks called fermenters.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In large tanks called fermenters.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fusarium is cultured in large fermenters, where conditions such as temperature, pH, oxygen and nutrient supply can be carefully controlled."},{"text":"In large fields called plantations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plantations are used to grow crops outdoors, but Fusarium is cultured under controlled conditions in large tanks called fermenters."},{"text":"In large ovens called incubators.","correct":false,"explanation":"Incubators can maintain a suitable temperature for small cultures, but industrial mycoprotein production grows Fusarium in large tanks called fermenters."},{"text":"In large ponds called reservoirs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Open ponds would not provide the controlled, hygienic conditions needed for reliable production. Fusarium is grown in large tanks called fermenters."}]},{"id":"ebeac9a3-0904-4309-ad24-f742f5967b14","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What nutrient-rich property makes mycoprotein useful as a food?","back":"It is protein-rich.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is protein-rich.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mycoprotein contains a high proportion of protein, making it nutritionally useful as an alternative protein source in meat-free foods."},{"text":"It is starch-rich.","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch is a carbohydrate and is not the nutrient responsible for mycoprotein's use as a meat alternative. Mycoprotein is valuable because it is protein-rich."},{"text":"It is vitamin-rich.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although foods may contain vitamins, the key nutrient-rich property of mycoprotein is its high protein content, which supports its use in meat-free products."},{"text":"It is mineral-rich.","correct":false,"explanation":"Minerals are needed in the diet, but they are not the defining property asked for here. Mycoprotein is useful mainly because it is protein-rich."}]},{"id":"cbd96a53-7444-4f75-a6ee-51f708901dc0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does Fusarium need as food when producing mycoprotein?","back":"Sugar.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sugar.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fusarium respires using sugar as its energy-rich food source, supporting growth and the production of fungal biomass that becomes mycoprotein."},{"text":"Protein.","correct":false,"explanation":"The fungus makes protein as it grows rather than being supplied mainly with protein as food. It is fed sugar as an energy source."},{"text":"Oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is required for aerobic respiration, but it is not food and does not provide chemical energy. Fusarium receives sugar as its food source."},{"text":"Water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water is necessary for fungal metabolism but does not supply energy or carbon as food. Fusarium is fed sugar during mycoprotein production."}]},{"id":"46d06384-1906-412b-85c9-695e0f9f4a16","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are conditions carefully controlled in mycoprotein fermenters?","back":"To support the fungus's growth and production of mycoprotein.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To support the fungus's growth and production of mycoprotein.","correct":true,"explanation":"Maintaining optimum temperature, pH, oxygen and nutrients allows Fusarium to grow efficiently and produce a high yield of mycoprotein."},{"text":"To prevent the fungus's respiration and reproduction during fermentation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Preventing respiration and reproduction would restrict fungal growth and reduce yield. Conditions are controlled to support growth and production of mycoprotein."},{"text":"To support the fungus's death and decomposition into mycoprotein.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mycoprotein comes from harvested fungal biomass, not from decomposition after the fungus dies. Controlled conditions promote Fusarium growth and production."},{"text":"To prevent the fungus's growth and production of carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restricting fungal growth would prevent efficient mycoprotein production. The conditions are controlled to maximise the fungus's growth and production of useful biomass."}]},{"id":"f6dc06c6-2295-44ed-b068-61d9a4f69d08","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to mycoprotein after the fungus has grown?","back":"It is harvested and used to make meat-free foods.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is harvested and used to make meat-free foods.","correct":true,"explanation":"Once sufficient Fusarium biomass has grown, the mycoprotein is collected from the fermenter and processed into meat-free food products."},{"text":"It is fermented and used to make dairy-free drinks.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fermentation describes the controlled growth stage rather than the collection stage. After growth, mycoprotein is harvested and used to make meat-free foods."},{"text":"It is discarded and replaced with animal proteins.","correct":false,"explanation":"The grown fungal biomass is the useful product, so discarding it would defeat the process. It is harvested and made into meat-free foods."},{"text":"It is planted and used to grow disease-resistant crops.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mycoprotein is fungal biomass and is not planted as a genetically modified crop. After growth, it is harvested for meat-free food production."}]},{"id":"c2704f28-cd6d-497e-a04e-04120b0537f2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why should mycoprotein not be confused with meat?","back":"Mycoprotein comes from a fungus grown in a fermenter, not an animal.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mycoprotein comes from a fungus grown in a fermenter, not an animal.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mycoprotein is harvested from cultured Fusarium fungus, so it is a microbial food product rather than muscle or other tissue obtained from an animal."},{"text":"Mycoprotein comes from a plant grown in a greenhouse, not an animal.","correct":false,"explanation":"The absence of animal tissue does not mean mycoprotein is plant-based. It comes specifically from Fusarium fungus grown in a fermenter."},{"text":"Mycoprotein comes from an animal grown on a farm, not a fungus.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the distinction between mycoprotein and meat. Mycoprotein is obtained from a fungus grown in a fermenter, not from an animal."},{"text":"Mycoprotein comes from a bacterium grown in an incubator, not an animal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bacteria are used in other biotechnology processes, but mycoprotein is produced from Fusarium fungus grown in a fermenter, not from bacteria."}]},{"id":"5d1ce789-3666-4957-b1c0-bbc18afbbc46","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is genetic engineering?","back":"Changing an organism's genes by adding a gene from another organism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Changing an organism's genes by adding a gene from another organism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Genetic engineering deliberately alters an organism's genetic material, often by transferring a selected gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic."},{"text":"Changing an organism's appearance by adding cells from another organism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transferring whole cells does not deliberately change the recipient's DNA in the required way. Genetic engineering involves adding a gene from another organism."},{"text":"Changing an organism's habitat by adding nutrients from another environment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing nutrients or habitat may affect growth but does not alter inherited genetic information. Genetic engineering adds a gene from another organism."},{"text":"Changing an organism's behaviour by adding hormones from another organism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hormones may temporarily alter behaviour or physiology, but they do not directly create an inherited genetic modification. Genetic engineering transfers a gene."}]},{"id":"7c4ee8fa-7f73-4536-b72b-38b616b4452d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What medicine can genetically engineered bacteria produce?","back":"Human insulin.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Human insulin.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bacteria can receive the human insulin gene and then manufacture human insulin, which is purified for use in treating people with diabetes."},{"text":"Human haemoglobin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Haemoglobin carries oxygen in red blood cells, but it is not the medicine highlighted in this process. Engineered bacteria commonly produce human insulin."},{"text":"Human adrenaline.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adrenaline is a hormone used medically in emergencies, but the standard product made by genetically engineered bacteria is human insulin."},{"text":"Human glycogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycogen is an energy-storage carbohydrate rather than the medicine produced in this biotechnology example. Genetically engineered bacteria produce human insulin."}]},{"id":"c5560b4b-8fe6-41e4-b53b-6a56f18e6172","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are bacteria genetically engineered to produce human insulin?","back":"To produce insulin for treating diabetes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To produce insulin for treating diabetes.","correct":true,"explanation":"People with diabetes may not produce enough effective insulin, so insulin manufactured by genetically engineered bacteria can help control their blood glucose concentration."},{"text":"To produce insulin for treating asthma.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asthma affects the airways and is not treated by replacing insulin. Bacterial insulin is produced to control blood glucose in people with diabetes."},{"text":"To produce insulin for treating anaemia.","correct":false,"explanation":"Anaemia commonly involves insufficient haemoglobin or red blood cells, not inadequate insulin. Genetically engineered bacteria produce insulin to treat diabetes."},{"text":"To produce insulin for treating scurvy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Scurvy results from vitamin C deficiency and is treated by restoring vitamin C. Insulin made by engineered bacteria is used to treat diabetes."}]},{"id":"cc9210d0-c0c6-46f3-9ba7-856a1215aa09","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How can genetic engineering help crops feed more people?","back":"

It can produce bigger yields.
It can increase resistance to disease and pests.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

It can produce bigger yields.
It can increase resistance to disease and pests.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Genetic engineering can increase the quantity harvested from crops and reduce losses caused by pathogens and pests, allowing a given area to feed more people."},{"text":"

It can produce smaller yields.
It can increase resistance to disease and pests.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Disease and pest resistance can reduce crop losses, but deliberately producing smaller yields would not feed more people. Genetic engineering can instead produce bigger yields."},{"text":"

It can produce bigger yields.
It can increase sensitivity to disease and pests.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Bigger yields are beneficial, but greater sensitivity would increase crop losses. Genetic engineering can increase resistance to disease and pests, preserving more food."},{"text":"

It can produce smaller yields.
It can increase sensitivity to disease and pests.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both changes would reduce the amount of usable food produced. Genetic engineering can help by increasing yields and resistance to disease and pests."}]},{"id":"9d2788ee-b63c-4d6e-b6cf-238f27aca237","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the overall benefit of biotechnology in food production?","back":"It uses living organisms, often microorganisms, to make food on a large scale.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It uses living organisms, often microorganisms, to make food on a large scale.","correct":true,"explanation":"Biotechnology harnesses living organisms and their biological processes, with microorganisms particularly suitable for rapid, controlled production of large quantities of food."},{"text":"It uses mechanical processes, often industrial machines, to preserve food on a large scale.","correct":false,"explanation":"Large-scale machinery may support manufacturing, but biotechnology is defined by its use of living organisms. Microorganisms can be cultured to make food in bulk."},{"text":"It uses chemical substances, often artificial fertilisers, to grow food on a large scale.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fertilisers can improve crop growth, but using chemicals alone is not the key biotechnology benefit. Biotechnology uses living organisms, often microorganisms, to produce food."},{"text":"It uses dead organisms, often animal tissues, to store food on a large scale.","correct":false,"explanation":"Food storage involving dead tissue does not describe biotechnology's production role. Biotechnology uses living organisms, particularly microorganisms, to manufacture food at scale."}]},{"id":"1e3b316c-bbf4-4e66-966a-d0bfca85e8bf","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Mycoprotein is a protein-rich food made from the fungus [ ].","back":"Mycoprotein is a protein-rich food made from the fungus Fusarium.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fusarium","correct":true,"explanation":"Fusarium is the fungus cultured in fermenters to produce protein-rich mycoprotein, which is then harvested and processed into meat-free foods."},{"text":"Lactobacillus","correct":false,"explanation":"Lactobacillus is a bacterium commonly associated with yoghurt production, not the fungus used for mycoprotein. The correct organism is Fusarium."},{"text":"Saccharomyces","correct":false,"explanation":"Saccharomyces is a yeast used in baking and brewing, which makes it a tempting fermentation-related choice. Mycoprotein is made from Fusarium."},{"text":"Penicillium","correct":false,"explanation":"Penicillium is a fungus used in antibiotic and cheese production, but it is not the mycoprotein organism. Mycoprotein is made from Fusarium."}]},{"id":"c61d5e69-5cc1-45eb-a275-e1388cb89478","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Fusarium is grown in large tanks called [ ].","back":"Fusarium is grown in large tanks called fermenters.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"fermenters","correct":true,"explanation":"Fermenters are large vessels in which microorganisms such as Fusarium are grown under controlled conditions, including carefully regulated temperature, pH, oxygen supply and nutrient availability."},{"text":"incubators","correct":false,"explanation":"Incubators maintain suitable growth temperatures but are not the large tanks used for producing mycoprotein. Fusarium is grown in fermenters, where its conditions and nutrient supply are controlled."},{"text":"bioreactors","correct":false,"explanation":"Bioreactor is a broader technical category, but the GCSE term required for the large tanks used to grow Fusarium is fermenters. These tanks maintain controlled conditions for rapid growth."},{"text":"digesters","correct":false,"explanation":"Digesters are commonly associated with anaerobic breakdown of organic material, such as in biogas production. Fusarium is instead grown aerobically in large tanks called fermenters."}]},{"id":"ca41e85d-688c-443f-b3f4-c9d95ed0c5df","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The fungus used to make mycoprotein is provided with [ ] as food.","back":"The fungus used to make mycoprotein is provided with sugar as food.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"sugar","correct":true,"explanation":"Sugar supplies the fungus with a readily available source of glucose for respiration. The released energy supports Fusarium growth and the production of protein-rich fungal biomass."},{"text":"protein","correct":false,"explanation":"Protein is the desired nutrient in the harvested fungal biomass, not the main food supplied to Fusarium. The fungus receives sugar, which provides energy for respiration and growth."},{"text":"oxygen","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is supplied for aerobic respiration, but it is not the fungus’s food source. Sugar provides the chemical energy and carbon needed for Fusarium to grow."},{"text":"starch","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch is a complex carbohydrate and may be confused with the carbohydrate actually supplied. Fusarium is fed sugar, which can be used readily in respiration to release energy."}]},{"id":"be3c0dd8-729b-4e04-9dc1-93358d1b8d56","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Genetic engineering changes an organism's genes by adding a gene from [ ].","back":"Genetic engineering changes an organism's genes by adding a gene from another organism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"another organism","correct":true,"explanation":"Genetic engineering transfers a selected gene from another organism into the recipient’s DNA, giving the recipient a desired characteristic that it did not previously possess."},{"text":"the same organism","correct":false,"explanation":"Using a gene already present in the same organism would not describe the characteristic transfer central to genetic engineering. The added gene is selected from another organism."},{"text":"a daughter organism","correct":false,"explanation":"Genes naturally pass from parents to offspring, including daughter organisms, during reproduction. Genetic engineering instead deliberately adds a selected gene taken from another organism."},{"text":"an identical organism","correct":false,"explanation":"An identical organism would normally carry the same genes, so transferring one would not introduce the desired new characteristic. Genetic engineering adds a gene from another organism."}]},{"id":"1564d49f-11b8-42f9-adc7-11a1eec59add","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Genetically engineered bacteria can produce human [ ].","back":"Genetically engineered bacteria can produce human insulin.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"insulin","correct":true,"explanation":"A human insulin gene can be inserted into bacterial DNA. The genetically engineered bacteria then express this gene and produce human insulin for treating people with diabetes."},{"text":"glycogen","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycogen is an animal storage carbohydrate, not the important human medicine made by genetically engineered bacteria. Such bacteria are engineered to produce human insulin for diabetes treatment."},{"text":"starch","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch is a plant storage carbohydrate and is not produced as a human hormone. Genetically engineered bacteria can instead manufacture human insulin after receiving the relevant gene."},{"text":"glucose","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose is a simple sugar regulated by insulin, which makes this reversal tempting. Engineered bacteria produce human insulin, the hormone used to control blood glucose concentration."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"7.5.4 Role of biotechnology","title":"7.5.4 Role of biotechnology Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"1ce06314-2e1f-5ef0-adec-e9fee6ac5213","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]