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24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/gcse/biology/aqa/plant-tissues/flashcards","label":"2.3.1 Plant tissues","subjectCode":"gcse_biology__aqa","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"d8ebcec5-3c93-4168-9724-7770572c1dd7","title":"2.3.1 Plant tissues Flashcards","topicId":"adb03a88-01d5-580b-9f97-6250ef025ed9","topicSlug":"plant-tissues","cards":[{"id":"c9cd7b3b-ad42-4daa-88d6-8fec7924ad46","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the leaf's main job?","back":"Photosynthesis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Photosynthesis.","correct":true,"explanation":"Photosynthesis is the leaf’s main job: chlorophyll absorbs light energy to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen as a by-product."},{"text":"Respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration releases energy from glucose, but it is not the leaf’s main job. The correct answer is Photosynthesis, which makes glucose using light energy."},{"text":"Transpiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from leaves, not their main job. The correct answer is Photosynthesis, which produces glucose for the plant."},{"text":"Absorption.","correct":false,"explanation":"Absorption is mainly associated with roots taking in water and mineral ions. The leaf’s main job is Photosynthesis, using light to make glucose."}]},{"id":"24825489-2861-45b6-9487-189d48bc7ff7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a plant organ made from?","back":"Different tissues working together.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Different tissues working together.","correct":true,"explanation":"A plant organ, such as a leaf, is made from different tissues working together. Each tissue has a specialised structure and function within the organ."},{"text":"Different cells working independently.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cells are the building blocks of tissues, but an organ contains tissues rather than merely independent cells. The correct answer is different tissues working together."},{"text":"Different organs working together.","correct":false,"explanation":"Several organs can work together in an organ system, but an individual plant organ is made from different tissues working together."},{"text":"One type of tissue working alone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plant organs contain several specialised tissues, not usually just one tissue. The correct answer is different tissues working together."}]},{"id":"bfb476d7-d2ca-4904-8dd7-07c3266ba8c1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which six plant tissues must you know?","back":"

Epidermal tissue
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Xylem
Phloem
Meristem

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Epidermal tissue
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Xylem
Phloem
Meristem

","correct":true,"explanation":"These are the six plant tissues required here: epidermal tissue, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, xylem, phloem and meristem."},{"text":"

Epidermal tissue
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Root hair
Phloem
Meristem

","correct":false,"explanation":"Root hair is a specialised cell or structure, not one of the six tissues in this list. The correct set includes xylem instead."},{"text":"

Cuticle
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Xylem
Phloem
Meristem

","correct":false,"explanation":"The cuticle is a waxy protective layer rather than one of the six plant tissues. The correct list begins with epidermal tissue."},{"text":"

Epidermal tissue
Guard cells
Spongy mesophyll
Xylem
Phloem
Meristem

","correct":false,"explanation":"Guard cells are specialised cells that control stomata, not a tissue in the required list. The correct set includes palisade mesophyll."}]},{"id":"2ca2eb04-0f75-41fb-9208-d9e6794c825c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the function of epidermal tissue in a leaf?","back":"It covers and protects the leaf's surfaces.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It covers and protects the leaf's surfaces.","correct":true,"explanation":"Epidermal tissue forms the outer covering of the leaf. It protects the internal tissues from damage and helps reduce uncontrolled water loss."},{"text":"It transports sugars around the leaf’s surfaces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phloem transports dissolved sugars around the plant, not epidermal tissue. Epidermal tissue’s function is that it covers and protects the leaf’s surfaces."},{"text":"It absorbs mineral ions through the leaf’s surfaces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Roots mainly absorb mineral ions from the soil, while epidermal tissue protects the leaf. Its function is that it covers and protects the leaf’s surfaces."},{"text":"It stores starch beneath the leaf’s surfaces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch storage is not the main function of epidermal tissue. It forms a protective outer layer that covers and protects the leaf’s surfaces."}]},{"id":"567a649d-eba3-4b01-a8b0-0fee1dd6bdea","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The waxy cuticle [ ] and reduces water loss.","back":"The waxy cuticle waterproofs the leaf and reduces water loss.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"waterproofs the leaf","correct":true,"explanation":"The waxy cuticle forms a waterproof layer over the leaf, limiting evaporation from its surfaces and therefore reducing water loss."},{"text":"strengthens the leaf","correct":false,"explanation":"The cuticle may add some protection, but its key role here is preventing water loss. The correct term is waterproofs the leaf because the waxy layer repels water."},{"text":"absorbs water into the leaf","correct":false,"explanation":"The waxy cuticle does not absorb water; it acts as a barrier against water movement out of the leaf. The correct term is waterproofs the leaf."},{"text":"allows gases into the leaf","correct":false,"explanation":"Gas exchange mainly occurs through stomata, whereas the waxy cuticle restricts water loss. The correct term is waterproofs the leaf."}]},{"id":"0ceeb3af-06dd-4283-8abd-3377e8283ed8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the upper epidermis transparent?","back":"It lets light pass through to the cells below.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It lets light pass through to the cells below.","correct":true,"explanation":"The upper epidermis is transparent, so light can pass through it and reach the palisade mesophyll cells, where most photosynthesis occurs."},{"text":"It lets carbon dioxide pass through to the cells below.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide enters mainly through stomata, not because the upper epidermis is transparent. Transparency allows light pass through to the cells below."},{"text":"It lets water pass through to the cells below.","correct":false,"explanation":"The waxy cuticle and epidermis help limit water movement rather than allowing it freely through. Transparency is important because it lets light pass through."},{"text":"It lets glucose pass through to the cells below.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose is transported in phloem, not through the transparent upper epidermis. The transparency allows light pass through to the photosynthesising cells below."}]},{"id":"163a45d8-81f8-4662-aa47-7e591fdf6f24","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does the upper epidermis usually have no chloroplasts?","back":"So light can reach the palisade layer beneath.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"So light can reach the palisade layer beneath.","correct":true,"explanation":"Having few or no chloroplasts in the upper epidermis prevents it from absorbing much light, allowing more light to reach the palisade mesophyll."},{"text":"So carbon dioxide can reach the palisade layer beneath.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide enters mainly through stomata and diffuses through air spaces. The absence of chloroplasts ensures light can reach the palisade layer beneath."},{"text":"So water can reach the palisade layer beneath.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water is delivered through xylem, not enabled by removing chloroplasts from the epidermis. The correct reason is that light can reach the palisade layer beneath."},{"text":"So sugars can leave the palisade layer beneath.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sugars are transported away by phloem, whereas chloroplasts are absent from the upper epidermis to ensure light can reach the palisade layer beneath."}]},{"id":"e2b9c6dd-b734-460a-931b-f92931b3803a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is the palisade mesophyll found?","back":"Near the top of the leaf.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Near the top of the leaf.","correct":true,"explanation":"Palisade mesophyll is located near the top of the leaf, directly beneath the transparent upper epidermis, so its chloroplasts receive plenty of light."},{"text":"Near the bottom of the leaf.","correct":false,"explanation":"The spongy mesophyll is nearer the bottom, while palisade mesophyll lies near the top to receive more light. The correct location is near the top of the leaf."},{"text":"Inside the roots of the plant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Palisade mesophyll is a leaf tissue specialised for photosynthesis, not a root tissue. It is found near the top of the leaf."},{"text":"Around the leaf veins.","correct":false,"explanation":"Leaf veins contain xylem and phloem, whereas palisade mesophyll forms a layer near the top of the leaf. Its location is near the top of the leaf."}]},{"id":"d8b06fa4-f58d-4033-ba5d-688042bcb032","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How is palisade mesophyll adapted for photosynthesis?","back":"Its column-shaped cells are packed with chloroplasts and close to the light.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Its column-shaped cells are packed with chloroplasts and close to the light.","correct":true,"explanation":"Palisade cells are tall and contain many chloroplasts. Their position near the upper surface allows them to absorb light efficiently for photosynthesis."},{"text":"Its column-shaped cells are packed with mitochondria and close to the light.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitochondria are needed for respiration, but chloroplasts absorb light for photosynthesis. Palisade cells are packed with chloroplasts and close to the light."},{"text":"Its column-shaped cells are widely spaced with air gaps and close to the light.","correct":false,"explanation":"Large air spaces are characteristic of spongy mesophyll. Palisade cells are tightly arranged and packed with chloroplasts near the light."},{"text":"Its column-shaped cells are packed with chloroplasts and far from the light.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being far from the light would reduce photosynthesis. Palisade cells are packed with chloroplasts and positioned close to the light near the upper surface."}]},{"id":"b211a42e-26dc-490f-8c30-094f35034ac7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Most of a leaf's photosynthesis takes place in the [ ].","back":"Most of a leaf's photosynthesis takes place in the palisade mesophyll.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"palisade mesophyll","correct":true,"explanation":"Most photosynthesis occurs in the palisade mesophyll because its cells contain many chloroplasts and are positioned near the top of the leaf."},{"text":"spongy mesophyll","correct":false,"explanation":"Spongy mesophyll can photosynthesise, but it has fewer chloroplasts and mainly provides air spaces for gas exchange. Most photosynthesis occurs in the palisade mesophyll."},{"text":"epidermal tissue","correct":false,"explanation":"Epidermal tissue is mainly protective and usually has few or no chloroplasts. Most photosynthesis takes place in the palisade mesophyll."},{"text":"vascular tissue","correct":false,"explanation":"Vascular tissues transport water and sugars rather than carrying out most photosynthesis. The main photosynthetic tissue is the palisade mesophyll."}]},{"id":"9a86c720-e700-497e-9b37-81f15393749d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is the spongy mesophyll found?","back":"Below the palisade layer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Below the palisade layer.","correct":true,"explanation":"Spongy mesophyll lies below the palisade mesophyll. Its loosely packed cells and air spaces allow gases to diffuse through the inside of the leaf."},{"text":"Above the upper epidermis.","correct":false,"explanation":"The upper epidermis is the outermost upper layer, with palisade mesophyll beneath it. Spongy mesophyll is found below the palisade layer."},{"text":"Inside the leaf veins.","correct":false,"explanation":"Leaf veins contain xylem and phloem, not spongy mesophyll. Spongy mesophyll forms a layer below the palisade layer."},{"text":"Below the lower epidermis.","correct":false,"explanation":"The lower epidermis is generally beneath the spongy mesophyll. Spongy mesophyll is located below the palisade layer, not below the lower epidermis."}]},{"id":"6fc4bcad-9852-4939-b911-8dd227e64167","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How is spongy mesophyll adapted for gas exchange?","back":"

Loosely packed cells create large air spaces.
These provide a large surface area for diffusion.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Loosely packed cells create large air spaces.
These provide a large surface area for diffusion.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Loosely packed spongy mesophyll cells create large internal air spaces. These provide a large surface area, shortening diffusion pathways for gases."},{"text":"

Tightly packed cells create small air spaces.
These provide a small surface area for diffusion.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Tightly packed cells and small air spaces would hinder gas movement. Spongy mesophyll instead has large air spaces and a large surface area for diffusion."},{"text":"

Loosely packed cells create large air spaces.
These provide a small surface area for diffusion.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The first feature is correct, but a small surface area would slow diffusion. The air spaces provide a large surface area for diffusion."},{"text":"

Tightly packed cells create large air spaces.
These provide a large surface area for diffusion.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Tightly packed cells do not create large air spaces; loose packing does. Spongy mesophyll is adapted through loosely packed cells, large air spaces and a large diffusion surface area."}]},{"id":"b1d4bbdf-d488-48a1-abd5-69dbf3e82dc3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Carbon dioxide diffuses into the leaf, while oxygen and water vapour diffuse [ ].","back":"Carbon dioxide diffuses into the leaf, while oxygen and water vapour diffuse out.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"out","correct":true,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis, so it diffuses into the leaf. Oxygen produced and water vapour lost by transpiration diffuse out."},{"text":"in","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen and water vapour generally leave the leaf through stomata, while carbon dioxide enters for photosynthesis. The correct direction for both is out."},{"text":"sideways","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion is described here as movement into or out of the leaf, not sideways. Oxygen and water vapour diffuse out while carbon dioxide diffuses in."},{"text":"nowhere","correct":false,"explanation":"Gases do move across the leaf’s stomata. Carbon dioxide diffuses in, whereas oxygen and water vapour diffuse out."}]},{"id":"5c7ec300-013e-42f7-9ae3-ecf7c8a487ae","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Where are most stomata found on a leaf, and why?","back":"On the underside, away from direct sunlight, reducing water loss.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"On the underside, away from direct sunlight, reducing water loss.","correct":true,"explanation":"The underside is cooler and receives less direct sunlight, so stomata there lose less water vapour while still allowing gas exchange."},{"text":"On the upper surface, facing direct sunlight, increasing water loss.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stomata on the upper surface would be exposed to more heat and sunlight, increasing water loss. Most are on the underside to reduce this."},{"text":"Around the leaf veins, increasing sugar transport.","correct":false,"explanation":"Leaf veins transport water and sugars, but stomata are pores in the epidermis for gas exchange. Most stomata are on the underside, reducing water loss."},{"text":"Inside the palisade layer, increasing light absorption.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stomata are openings in the epidermis, not structures inside palisade tissue. Most are on the underside, away from direct sunlight, reducing water loss."}]},{"id":"9f824075-639c-46a0-bc34-dfc0908d2c94","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What do guard cells control?","back":"Whether a stoma is open or closed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Whether a stoma is open or closed.","correct":true,"explanation":"Guard cells change shape as their water content changes, opening or closing the stoma. This regulates gas exchange and limits water loss."},{"text":"Whether a stoma is large or small.","correct":false,"explanation":"Guard cells regulate whether the pore is open or closed, rather than changing the stoma’s permanent size. This controls gas exchange and water loss."},{"text":"Whether a leaf is green or colourless.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chlorophyll gives leaves their green colour, not guard cells. Guard cells control whether a stoma is open or closed."},{"text":"Whether xylem is thick or thin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Xylem structure is not controlled by guard cells. Guard cells control whether a stoma is open or closed, regulating diffusion and water loss."}]},{"id":"10ae4bd4-2e43-4edb-b885-f8b055bdd99d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What two processes are controlled by guard cells?","back":"Gas exchange and water loss.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Gas exchange and water loss.","correct":true,"explanation":"Opening stomata allows carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapour to move in or out. Closing them reduces gas exchange but helps limit water loss."},{"text":"Photosynthesis and respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Guard cells do not directly control these chemical reactions. They control gas exchange and water loss by opening or closing stomata."},{"text":"Water absorption and mineral uptake.","correct":false,"explanation":"Roots absorb water and mineral ions from the soil, whereas guard cells regulate stomata. Their two controlled processes are gas exchange and water loss."},{"text":"Sugar transport and cell division.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phloem transports sugars and meristems divide to produce new cells. Guard cells instead control gas exchange and water loss."}]},{"id":"575ee226-1863-4625-b6aa-b02d1a0059a1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does xylem transport to the leaf?","back":"Water and mineral ions from the roots.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Water and mineral ions from the roots.","correct":true,"explanation":"Xylem carries water and dissolved mineral ions upwards from the roots to the leaves, where they are used in photosynthesis and other cellular processes."},{"text":"Dissolved sugars from the roots.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dissolved sugars are transported by phloem, not xylem. Xylem carries water and mineral ions upwards from the roots to the leaves."},{"text":"Carbon dioxide from the roots.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide enters leaves by diffusion through stomata rather than travelling up the xylem. Xylem transports water and mineral ions from roots to leaves."},{"text":"Oxygen from the roots.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is not transported from roots to leaves in the xylem. The xylem carries water and mineral ions, while oxygen diffuses in and out of leaves."}]},{"id":"cb4003a6-aa5a-43d8-8713-47bd22ccfdaa","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does phloem transport from the leaf?","back":"Dissolved sugars to the rest of the plant.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Dissolved sugars to the rest of the plant.","correct":true,"explanation":"Phloem translocates dissolved sugars made in the leaves by photosynthesis to other parts of the plant for respiration, growth, or storage."},{"text":"Water and mineral ions to the rest of the plant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water and mineral ions are transported mainly by xylem from the roots. Phloem carries dissolved sugars from sources such as leaves to areas that need or store them."},{"text":"Carbon dioxide to the rest of the plant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide enters leaves through stomata and is used in photosynthesis; it is not the substance transported by phloem. Phloem carries dissolved sugars."},{"text":"Oxygen to the rest of the plant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis and moves by diffusion, not through phloem. The phloem transports dissolved sugars made in the leaves."}]},{"id":"7a19c8a5-8459-4154-b8a7-e7e8ded68b0b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Xylem and phloem run through a leaf in the [ ].","back":"Xylem and phloem run through a leaf in the veins.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"veins","correct":true,"explanation":"Leaf veins contain vascular bundles made of xylem and phloem. They distribute water and mineral ions to the leaf and transport sugars away from it."},{"text":"stomata","correct":false,"explanation":"Stomata are pores in the epidermis that allow gas exchange, so they do not contain xylem and phloem. These transport tissues run through the veins."},{"text":"guard cells","correct":false,"explanation":"Guard cells surround each stoma and control its opening, but they are not transport vessels. Xylem and phloem are found together in the leaf veins."},{"text":"root hairs","correct":false,"explanation":"Root hairs absorb water and mineral ions from the soil and are found on roots, not leaves. The transport tissues within leaves run through veins."}]},{"id":"f7905c02-9b72-45c4-a488-f9a001a12152","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the correct first microscope step when observing a leaf section?","back":"View it at low power first.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"View it at low power first.","correct":true,"explanation":"Starting at low power gives a wider field of view, making it easier to locate the leaf section before switching to a higher magnification for detail."},{"text":"View it at high power first.","correct":false,"explanation":"Starting at high power gives a narrow field of view and can make locating the specimen difficult. The correct first step is to use low power."},{"text":"Add stain first.","correct":false,"explanation":"Staining can improve contrast, but it is not the first microscope viewing step. Begin by locating the section at low power, then increase magnification if needed."},{"text":"Draw it at high power first.","correct":false,"explanation":"Drawing before locating the specimen and selecting suitable magnification risks missing structures. The section should first be viewed at low power."}]},{"id":"9fd24042-a481-48d9-a13f-b4e7350c1c09","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What should a biological drawing of a leaf section include?","back":"

Clear labels for the epidermis, mesophyll and a vein.
A scale or magnification.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Clear labels for the epidermis, mesophyll and a vein.
A scale or magnification.

","correct":true,"explanation":"A biological drawing should identify the main tissues accurately and state its scale or magnification. This allows the structures and their relative sizes to be interpreted."},{"text":"

Clear labels for the nucleus, mesophyll and a vein.
A scale or magnification.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The nucleus is not the key tissue to label in a leaf section drawing. The expected labels are epidermis, mesophyll, and a vein, alongside scale or magnification."},{"text":"

Clear labels for the epidermis, mesophyll and a vein.
A colour key.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A colour key is not required for a standard biological drawing. It should label the epidermis, mesophyll, and a vein, and include a scale or magnification."},{"text":"

Clear labels for the chloroplasts, mesophyll and a vein.
A scale or magnification.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Chloroplasts are cell organelles rather than one of the main tissues shown in a leaf section. The drawing should label the epidermis, mesophyll, and a vein."}]},{"id":"466c4ee2-f787-46a0-b14e-7d6ca92b558f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is meristem tissue found?","back":"At the growing tips of shoots and roots.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"At the growing tips of shoots and roots.","correct":true,"explanation":"Meristem tissue is found in regions where plants grow, especially at the tips of shoots and roots. Its cells can continue dividing to produce new plant tissue."},{"text":"In the middle of mature leaves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mature leaf tissue is specialised and is not the main location of meristems. Meristem tissue occurs at growing shoot and root tips, where new cells are produced."},{"text":"Inside the vascular bundles of stems.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vascular bundles contain xylem and phloem for transport, whereas meristem tissue is located in growing regions. The key locations are shoot and root tips."},{"text":"Around the stomata of leaves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stomata are controlled by guard cells and are involved in gas exchange. Meristem tissue is found at growing tips of shoots and roots, not around stomata."}]},{"id":"75ecd477-6b55-4331-a14f-f1117556559a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does meristem tissue enable plant growth?","back":"Its cells divide rapidly, then grow and differentiate into other cell types.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Its cells divide rapidly, then grow and differentiate into other cell types.","correct":true,"explanation":"Meristem cells repeatedly divide by mitosis. The new cells can then grow and differentiate, becoming specialised tissues that increase the plant's size and complexity."},{"text":"Its cells absorb water rapidly, then become mineral ions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cells cannot turn into mineral ions, and water absorption does not produce new plant cells. Growth depends on meristem cells dividing, then growing and differentiating."},{"text":"Its cells photosynthesise rapidly, then release sugars into the soil.","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis supplies sugars but does not itself create new cells or cause them to become specialised. Meristem growth relies on cell division followed by growth and differentiation."},{"text":"Its cells die rapidly, then leave spaces for expansion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plant growth requires the production of new cells rather than rapid cell death. Meristem cells divide, and their descendants grow and differentiate into other cell types."}]},{"id":"65dcd1b8-6758-4bc6-a180-105365c236e3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Meristem cells can divide and [ ] throughout the plant's life.","back":"Meristem cells can divide and differentiate throughout the plant's life.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"differentiate","correct":true,"explanation":"Meristem cells retain the ability to divide and differentiate throughout the plant's life, allowing them to develop into specialised tissues such as xylem, phloem, and other cells."},{"text":"respire","correct":false,"explanation":"Meristem cells do respire, but respiration is not the process paired with cell division in this statement. The correct process is differentiation into specialised cell types."},{"text":"photosynthesise","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis is carried out by cells containing chloroplasts, but it does not describe how meristem cells become specialised. Meristem cells divide and differentiate."},{"text":"evaporate","correct":false,"explanation":"Evaporation is the change of liquid water into water vapour and is unrelated to cell specialisation. Meristem cells divide and differentiate throughout the plant's life."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"2.3.1 Plant tissues","title":"2.3.1 Plant tissues Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"adb03a88-01d5-580b-9f97-6250ef025ed9","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]