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by translocation, not water and mineral ions. Xylem is the tissue that carries water and mineral ions upwards."},{"text":"Epidermis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Epidermal tissue covers and protects the plant rather than providing its main water transport pathway. Xylem carries water and mineral ions upwards."},{"text":"Meristem.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meristem tissue contains dividing cells responsible for plant growth, not long-distance transport. Water and mineral ions move upwards through the xylem."}]},{"id":"a1d7e863-72e1-4a43-ae29-26f126ec78b0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which plant tissue carries dissolved sugars around the plant?","back":"Phloem.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Phloem.","correct":true,"explanation":"Phloem transports dissolved sugars, particularly sucrose, from sources such as leaves to parts of the plant that use or store them."},{"text":"Xylem.","correct":false,"explanation":"Xylem transports water and mineral ions upwards, which makes it easy to confuse with the other transport tissue. Dissolved sugars are carried by phloem."},{"text":"Mesophyll.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mesophyll tissue carries out photosynthesis and produces sugars, but it does not transport them around the plant. That transport occurs through phloem."},{"text":"Epidermis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Epidermal tissue forms a protective outer covering and helps control water loss. Phloem is the specialised tissue that transports dissolved sugars."}]},{"id":"0af80cc8-678c-4dab-a778-e92bdbe43ec7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A root hair cell's long, thin extension provides a [ ] for absorption.","back":"A root hair cell's long, thin extension provides a large surface area for absorption.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"large surface area","correct":true,"explanation":"The long, thin extension greatly increases the cell’s surface area, allowing more water and mineral ions to be absorbed from the surrounding soil."},{"text":"small surface area","correct":false,"explanation":"A small surface area would reduce contact with soil and slow absorption. The extension instead provides a large surface area for water and mineral ion uptake."},{"text":"short diffusion distance","correct":false,"explanation":"A short diffusion distance is provided mainly by the cell’s thin wall, not by the extension’s length. The long extension creates a large surface area."},{"text":"large internal volume","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing internal volume would not maximise contact with soil water. The extension is long and thin specifically to provide a large surface area for absorption."}]},{"id":"971ec572-2ea9-44d1-a7b7-cad1dabffc18","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Water enters root hair cells from dilute soil water by [ ].","back":"Water enters root hair cells from dilute soil water by osmosis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"osmosis","correct":true,"explanation":"Water moves by osmosis from dilute soil water, where water concentration is higher, across the partially permeable membrane into the root hair cell."},{"text":"diffusion","correct":false,"explanation":"Although osmosis is related to diffusion, water crossing a partially permeable membrane down its water concentration gradient is specifically described as osmosis."},{"text":"active transport","correct":false,"explanation":"Active transport uses energy to move mineral ions against a concentration gradient. Water enters root hair cells passively by osmosis instead."},{"text":"translocation","correct":false,"explanation":"Translocation is the transport of dissolved sugars through phloem, not water uptake at roots. Water enters root hair cells from dilute soil water by osmosis."}]},{"id":"df65446a-0e42-4370-8db7-373df4ab1cd3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Root hair cells absorb mineral ions against their concentration gradient by [ ].","back":"Root hair cells absorb mineral ions against their concentration gradient by active transport.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"active transport","correct":true,"explanation":"Active transport uses energy released by respiration to move mineral ions across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient into root hair cells."},{"text":"osmosis","correct":false,"explanation":"Osmosis describes water movement across a partially permeable membrane and cannot transport mineral ions. Ions moving against their gradient require active transport."},{"text":"diffusion","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion moves particles down a concentration gradient and does not require energy. Mineral ions moving against their gradient enter by active transport."},{"text":"transpiration","correct":false,"explanation":"Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from leaves, not the uptake of ions at roots. Mineral ions enter against their gradient by active transport."}]},{"id":"ada482e9-7eff-462a-8451-8b402f5d634d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do root hair cells contain many mitochondria?","back":"They release energy for active transport.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They release energy for active transport.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration, which releases energy needed to transport mineral ions into root hair cells against their concentration gradients."},{"text":"They release water for osmosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitochondria do produce some water during aerobic respiration, but this is not why root hair cells contain many of them. They release energy for active transport."},{"text":"They absorb light for photosynthesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Light is absorbed by chloroplasts, and root hair cells underground generally do not photosynthesise. Their many mitochondria release energy for active transport."},{"text":"They store sugars for translocation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitochondria break down sugars during respiration rather than storing them for transport. The released energy powers active transport of mineral ions."}]},{"id":"910391de-3dde-4afb-90b2-b43e59b71472","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does a root hair cell's thin wall aid water absorption?","back":"It gives water a short diffusion distance into the cell.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It gives water a short diffusion distance into the cell.","correct":true,"explanation":"A thin cell wall creates a short pathway between the soil water and cell membrane, increasing the rate at which water can enter the root hair cell."},{"text":"It gives water a large diffusion distance into the cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"A large diffusion distance would slow water uptake rather than aid it. The thin wall provides a short diffusion distance into the root hair cell."},{"text":"It gives water a steep concentration gradient into the cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"The difference in water concentration establishes the gradient; wall thickness does not create it. A thin wall aids uptake by giving water a short diffusion distance."},{"text":"It gives water a large surface area into the cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"The long root hair extension provides a large surface area, not the thinness of its wall. The thin wall specifically creates a short diffusion distance."}]},{"id":"cc8029bb-6b93-47be-9fd3-d21f820cac69","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How are xylem cells arranged to let water flow freely?","back":"They form continuous hollow tubes with no end walls.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They form continuous hollow tubes with no end walls.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mature xylem vessel cells are hollow and lose their end walls, joining to form continuous tubes through which water can flow with little obstruction."},{"text":"They form separate hollow tubes with solid end walls.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solid end walls would obstruct water moving between adjacent cells. Xylem cells lose these walls and form continuous hollow tubes that allow free flow."},{"text":"They form continuous living tubes with porous end walls.","correct":false,"explanation":"This description confuses xylem with phloem sieve tubes, which are living and have porous end walls. Xylem forms continuous hollow tubes with no end walls."},{"text":"They form separate living cells with thick end walls.","correct":false,"explanation":"Separate cells with thick end walls would prevent an unobstructed water column. Xylem cells form continuous hollow tubes after losing their contents and end walls."}]},{"id":"f6987b81-3594-411a-a649-6be24b3decb0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Xylem walls contain [ ], which supports the plant and keeps the tubes open.","back":"Xylem walls contain lignin, which supports the plant and keeps the tubes open.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"lignin","correct":true,"explanation":"Lignin strengthens and waterproofs xylem walls, supporting the plant and preventing the vessels from collapsing while water is pulled through them."},{"text":"cellulose","correct":false,"explanation":"Cellulose is present in all plant cell walls, but the strengthening material deposited in xylem walls is lignin, which keeps the vessels open."},{"text":"chlorophyll","correct":false,"explanation":"Chlorophyll absorbs light in chloroplasts for photosynthesis and is not a structural wall material. Lignin strengthens xylem and prevents its tubes from collapsing."},{"text":"glycogen","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycogen is an animal and fungal storage carbohydrate, not a component of plant transport tissue. Xylem walls contain lignin for strength and support."}]},{"id":"c63d54c3-77b7-4aff-b8ba-f8ab41545134","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In which direction does water move through xylem?","back":"Upwards only, from roots to stems and leaves.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Upwards only, from roots to stems and leaves.","correct":true,"explanation":"Water enters through the roots and is pulled upwards through xylem to replace water lost from leaves, so xylem flow is one-way."},{"text":"Downwards only, from leaves to stems and roots.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the transpiration stream. Water is absorbed at the roots and travels upwards only through xylem to the stems and leaves."},{"text":"Both up and down, between roots and leaves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bidirectional movement is associated with sugar transport in phloem. Water moves through xylem upwards only, from the roots towards stems and leaves."},{"text":"Sideways only, from xylem to phloem tissues.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some local sideways movement can occur between tissues, but it is not the direction of xylem transport. The xylem stream moves water upwards from roots to leaves."}]},{"id":"1ea41d8c-5799-48c9-923e-d5ee7034d03f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What type of cells form phloem columns?","back":"Living, elongated cells joined end to end.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Living, elongated cells joined end to end.","correct":true,"explanation":"Phloem columns consist of living, elongated sieve tube cells arranged end to end, with perforated end walls allowing dissolved sugars to pass between them."},{"text":"Dead, hollow cells with no end walls.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes mature xylem vessels, a common confusion between plant transport tissues. Phloem columns are formed from living, elongated cells joined end to end."},{"text":"Living, rounded cells arranged in layers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rounded cells arranged in layers would not form efficient columns for long-distance transport. Phloem uses living, elongated cells joined end to end."},{"text":"Dead, elongated cells with solid end walls.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phloem cells remain living, and solid end walls would block movement of cell sap. They are elongated cells joined end to end with porous walls."}]},{"id":"b0cdeaa9-7509-415f-905f-2fa028d71a94","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In phloem, cell sap passes between cells through [ ].","back":"In phloem, cell sap passes between cells through pores in the end walls.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"pores in the end walls","correct":true,"explanation":"Phloem sieve tube cells have perforated end walls called sieve plates, and cell sap containing dissolved sugars passes through their pores."},{"text":"gaps in the side walls","correct":false,"explanation":"Phloem cells are joined vertically end to end, so long-distance sap movement occurs through pores in their end walls rather than gaps in side walls."},{"text":"openings with no end walls","correct":false,"explanation":"Having no end walls is a feature of mature xylem vessels. Phloem retains perforated end walls, and sap passes through pores in them."},{"text":"stomata in the cell walls","correct":false,"explanation":"Stomata are pores in the leaf epidermis for gas exchange and water loss, not connections between phloem cells. Sap passes through pores in phloem end walls."}]},{"id":"88701fbb-9ed2-4db6-a6ed-3d40154102d8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the movement of dissolved sugars through phloem called?","back":"Translocation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Translocation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Translocation is the movement of dissolved sugars and other assimilates through phloem from sources, such as leaves, to tissues that use or store them."},{"text":"Transpiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from leaves and drives water movement through xylem. Sugar movement through phloem is called translocation."},{"text":"Osmosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Osmosis is the movement of water across a partially permeable membrane, not long-distance sugar transport. Dissolved sugars move through phloem by translocation."},{"text":"Diffusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion is general particle movement down a concentration gradient, whereas the named process transporting dissolved sugars through phloem is translocation."}]},{"id":"34c2f089-7cde-4155-8ec9-93ee3c79f3d1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In which directions can phloem transport dissolved sugars?","back":"Both up and down the plant.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Both up and down the plant.","correct":true,"explanation":"Phloem carries sugars from sources to sinks, which may be above or below each other, so translocation can occur both up and down the plant."},{"text":"Upwards only through the plant.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses phloem with the one-way upward flow of water in xylem. Phloem can transport dissolved sugars both up and down the plant."},{"text":"Downwards only through the plant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sugars often move down from leaves to roots, but growing shoots and fruits may receive sugars upwards. Phloem transport therefore occurs in both directions."},{"text":"Sideways only across the plant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phloem is organised for transport between sources and sinks throughout the plant, not solely across the stem. Dissolved sugars can move both up and down."}]},{"id":"a74ffa23-34cb-4ec0-bf71-f305804c934c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How is water vapour lost from a leaf during transpiration?","back":"Water evaporates into leaf air spaces, then diffuses through stomata.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Water evaporates into leaf air spaces, then diffuses through stomata.","correct":true,"explanation":"Water evaporates from moist mesophyll cell surfaces into the leaf’s air spaces, then water vapour diffuses out through open stomata down its concentration gradient."},{"text":"Water diffuses into leaf air spaces, then evaporates through stomata.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two stages: liquid water first evaporates from mesophyll surfaces, and the resulting water vapour then diffuses through the stomata."},{"text":"Water evaporates into xylem vessels, then diffuses through phloem.","correct":false,"explanation":"Xylem supplies liquid water and phloem carries sugars; neither is the route out of the leaf. Water evaporates into air spaces, then diffuses through stomata."},{"text":"Water condenses into leaf air spaces, then moves through stomata.","correct":false,"explanation":"Condensation changes vapour into liquid and therefore does not explain water vapour loss. Water evaporates into leaf air spaces before diffusing out through stomata."}]},{"id":"2d6e00be-8ec8-4d90-8b45-efc0ab1747cc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does water loss from leaves produce the transpiration stream?","back":"It pulls replacement water up the xylem.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It pulls replacement water up the xylem.","correct":true,"explanation":"Evaporation from leaves creates tension in the continuous water column, pulling replacement water upwards through the xylem from the roots."},{"text":"It pushes replacement water down the xylem.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both the direction and mechanism of the transpiration stream. Water loss creates tension that pulls replacement water up the xylem."},{"text":"It pulls dissolved sugars up the phloem.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phloem transports dissolved sugars by translocation and is not the transpiration stream. Water loss pulls replacement water upwards through the xylem."},{"text":"It pushes replacement water through the stomata.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stomata are the exit route for water vapour, not tubes supplying replacement liquid water. Leaf water loss pulls replacement water up through the xylem."}]},{"id":"a1e25395-0854-44a1-b777-b5648dcc3cd9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Stomata are found mostly on the [ ] of a leaf.","back":"Stomata are found mostly on the underside of a leaf.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"underside","correct":true,"explanation":"The underside usually contains most of a leaf’s stomata. This sheltered position reduces exposure to sunlight and moving air, helping limit excessive water loss."},{"text":"upper surface","correct":false,"explanation":"The upper surface is more exposed to sunlight and air, so stomata there would increase water loss. Most stomata are on the underside of a leaf."},{"text":"edge","correct":false,"explanation":"The leaf edge is not the main site of gas exchange and contains relatively few stomata. Most stomata are distributed across the underside of the leaf."},{"text":"petiole","correct":false,"explanation":"The petiole attaches the leaf blade to the stem and is not where most stomata occur. Stomata are found mainly on the underside of the leaf blade."}]},{"id":"6c6018af-7309-4e9e-8e3b-129f6b42c01c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do guard cells respond when water is scarce?","back":"They close the stomata, reducing water loss.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They close the stomata, reducing water loss.","correct":true,"explanation":"When water is scarce, guard cells lose water and become less turgid, closing the stomata. This reduces water-vapour diffusion from the leaf."},{"text":"They open the stomata, reducing water loss.","correct":false,"explanation":"Opening stomata would increase rather than reduce water loss by allowing more water vapour to escape. Guard cells close the stomata when water is scarce."},{"text":"They close the stomata, increasing water loss.","correct":false,"explanation":"Closing stomata restricts the route through which water vapour leaves, so it decreases rather than increases water loss. Guard cells close stomata to conserve water."},{"text":"They open the stomata, increasing water uptake.","correct":false,"explanation":"Guard cells regulate gas exchange and water loss, not water uptake by roots. When water is scarce, they close the stomata to reduce transpiration."}]},{"id":"3dee9835-24e0-4f1e-895d-3c78138ae281","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does higher temperature increase transpiration?","back":"Water gains energy, so it evaporates and diffuses faster.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Water gains energy, so it evaporates and diffuses faster.","correct":true,"explanation":"Higher temperature gives water molecules more kinetic energy. Evaporation from mesophyll cells and diffusion of water vapour through stomata therefore occur more rapidly."},{"text":"Water loses energy, so it evaporates and diffuses slower.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses temperature’s effect on molecular energy. At higher temperatures, water gains kinetic energy, causing it to evaporate and diffuse faster."},{"text":"Water gains energy, so it condenses and diffuses faster.","correct":false,"explanation":"Condensation changes water vapour into liquid and is favoured by cooling, not heating. Higher temperature makes water evaporate and diffuse faster from the leaf."},{"text":"Water gains energy, so it evaporates and diffuses slower.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although heating does increase evaporation, greater kinetic energy also speeds diffusion rather than slowing it. Water therefore evaporates and diffuses faster at higher temperatures."}]},{"id":"c4a091ba-c588-45e2-85dc-fe3a7a2f1963","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does higher humidity decrease transpiration?","back":"It creates a smaller water-vapour gradient out of the leaf.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It creates a smaller water-vapour gradient out of the leaf.","correct":true,"explanation":"Humid air already contains substantial water vapour, reducing the concentration difference between the leaf and surrounding air. This smaller gradient slows diffusion from the leaf."},{"text":"It creates a steeper water-vapour gradient out of the leaf.","correct":false,"explanation":"A steep gradient occurs when surrounding air is dry, not humid. Higher humidity reduces the difference in water-vapour concentration, creating a smaller gradient out of the leaf."},{"text":"It creates a larger carbon-dioxide gradient out of the leaf.","correct":false,"explanation":"Humidity directly affects the water-vapour gradient, not the carbon-dioxide gradient. Humid air reduces the water-vapour concentration difference between the leaf and its surroundings."},{"text":"It creates a smaller water-vapour gradient into the leaf.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transpiration involves water vapour diffusing out of the leaf, not into it. Higher humidity creates a smaller water-vapour gradient from inside to outside."}]},{"id":"67862a0f-4b93-4568-8083-0a250e4e41a8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does increased air movement increase transpiration?","back":"It removes water vapour, maintaining a steep concentration gradient.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It removes water vapour, maintaining a steep concentration gradient.","correct":true,"explanation":"Moving air carries water vapour away from the leaf surface, preventing a humid boundary layer from forming. This maintains rapid outward diffusion down a steep gradient."},{"text":"It traps water vapour, maintaining a steep concentration gradient.","correct":false,"explanation":"Trapped water vapour would make the air near the leaf more humid and reduce the gradient. Air movement removes vapour, maintaining a steep concentration gradient."},{"text":"It removes water vapour, maintaining a shallow concentration gradient.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing water vapour keeps its concentration low outside the leaf, making the gradient steep rather than shallow. This steep gradient increases the rate of diffusion."},{"text":"It removes carbon dioxide, maintaining a steep concentration gradient.","correct":false,"explanation":"The increased transpiration is caused by removal of water vapour, not carbon dioxide. Moving air maintains a steep water-vapour concentration gradient from the leaf."}]},{"id":"166b1ecc-cb5b-48f2-a18e-c040405585cd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does brighter light increase transpiration?","back":"More stomata open for photosynthesis, so more water is lost.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"More stomata open for photosynthesis, so more water is lost.","correct":true,"explanation":"Brighter light increases photosynthesis, so guard cells open more stomata to admit carbon dioxide. Water vapour also escapes through these openings, increasing transpiration."},{"text":"More stomata close for photosynthesis, so less water is lost.","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, so stomata generally open rather than close in brighter light. The additional open stomata allow more water vapour to escape."},{"text":"More stomata open for respiration, so less water is lost.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stomata open in bright light mainly to supply carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, not respiration. Opening them increases, rather than decreases, water loss."},{"text":"More stomata close for respiration, so more water is lost.","correct":false,"explanation":"Closing stomata would restrict water-vapour escape and reduce water loss. Brighter light promotes stomatal opening for photosynthesis, causing more water to be lost."}]},{"id":"2c5b0621-c137-4e82-87d3-5e81310a7072","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a potometer, transpiration rate is estimated from the [ ].","back":"In a potometer, transpiration rate is estimated from the distance an air bubble moves in a set time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"distance an air bubble moves in a set time","correct":true,"explanation":"Water uptake pulls an air bubble along the potometer’s capillary tube. Measuring the distance moved in a known time provides an estimate of transpiration rate."},{"text":"volume of oxygen released in a set time","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen production measures photosynthesis rather than transpiration. A potometer estimates transpiration from the distance an air bubble moves through its capillary tube in a set time."},{"text":"number of stomata opened in a set time","correct":false,"explanation":"A potometer does not count stomata, and opening cannot be measured this way. It estimates transpiration from the distance an air bubble moves in a set time."},{"text":"mass of glucose produced in a set time","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose production indicates photosynthetic activity and is not measured by a potometer. The instrument tracks the distance an air bubble moves in a set time."}]},{"id":"339e1856-7d18-4054-adbe-b0f035ed4e1f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How is stomatal density estimated from a nail-varnish leaf impression?","back":"Count the stomata visible per unit area under a microscope.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Count the stomata visible per unit area under a microscope.","correct":true,"explanation":"The impression reproduces the leaf surface, allowing stomata to be counted in a known microscope field area. Dividing the count by area gives stomatal density."},{"text":"Count the guard cells visible per unit area under a microscope.","correct":false,"explanation":"Each stoma usually has two guard cells, so counting guard cells would approximately double the intended value. Stomatal density requires counting stomata per unit area."},{"text":"Count the stomata visible along the leaf edge under a microscope.","correct":false,"explanation":"A count along an edge gives a value per unit length, not a surface density. Stomatal density is estimated by counting stomata per unit area."},{"text":"Count the veins visible per unit area under a microscope.","correct":false,"explanation":"Leaf veins transport substances but do not provide a measure of stomatal density. The nail-varnish impression is used to count stomata visible per unit area."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"2.3.2 Plant organ system","title":"2.3.2 Plant organ system Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"619164b2-6644-5fdd-8a00-f70c7d985a6d","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]