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down."},{"text":"Metabolism is the movement of substances into and out of a cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes transport across cell membranes, not metabolism. Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or body, including synthesis and breakdown reactions."},{"text":"Metabolism is the exchange of gases between an organism and its surroundings.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gas exchange involves taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide, whereas metabolism includes every chemical reaction occurring in a cell or body."},{"text":"Metabolism is the removal of waste products from the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Waste removal is excretion, not metabolism. Metabolism refers to the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in a cell or body."}]},{"id":"626a6a17-44d5-44ce-b83b-5c2f56e843a9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What controls metabolic reactions?","back":"Enzymes control the reactions of metabolism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Enzymes control the reactions of metabolism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Enzymes are biological catalysts that control metabolic reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for them to occur."},{"text":"Hormones control the reactions of metabolism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hormones can regulate processes in the body, but enzymes directly catalyse and control the chemical reactions that make up metabolism."},{"text":"Antibodies control the reactions of metabolism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies bind to specific foreign molecules as part of the immune response. Enzymes, rather than antibodies, control metabolic reactions."},{"text":"Mineral ions control the reactions of metabolism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mineral ions may support some biological processes, but enzymes are the biological catalysts that control metabolic reactions."}]},{"id":"8dea4f62-a45b-4944-b0b4-9f642457aeb6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What supplies the energy needed for metabolism?","back":"Respiration supplies the energy that powers metabolic reactions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Respiration supplies the energy that powers metabolic reactions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Respiration transfers energy from glucose, producing energy that cells can use to drive metabolic reactions such as synthesis."},{"text":"Photosynthesis supplies the energy that powers metabolic reactions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis makes glucose using light energy, but respiration releases transferable energy from glucose to power metabolic reactions."},{"text":"Digestion supplies the energy that powers metabolic reactions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Digestion breaks large food molecules into smaller soluble molecules for absorption. Respiration releases the energy needed to power metabolic reactions."},{"text":"Excretion supplies the energy that powers metabolic reactions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Excretion removes waste substances from the body and does not supply energy. Respiration provides the energy used by metabolic reactions."}]},{"id":"29fd6496-d01f-40d7-bd55-176feebfc9e4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the process of making larger molecules from smaller ones called?","back":"Synthesis makes larger molecules from smaller molecules.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Synthesis makes larger molecules from smaller molecules.","correct":true,"explanation":"Synthesis is a metabolic process in which smaller molecules are joined to form larger molecules, often requiring energy from respiration."},{"text":"Digestion makes larger molecules from smaller molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"Digestion has the opposite overall effect: it breaks large food molecules into smaller molecules. Joining smaller molecules to make larger ones is synthesis."},{"text":"Diffusion makes larger molecules from smaller molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a higher to a lower concentration. It does not chemically join smaller molecules into larger ones."},{"text":"Decomposition makes larger molecules from smaller molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"Decomposition involves breaking substances down, whereas synthesis joins smaller molecules together to form larger molecules."}]},{"id":"2696a023-b9c7-45e0-89f0-5ec12f48ce62","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why does synthesis require respiration?","back":"Synthesis needs energy from respiration.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Synthesis needs energy from respiration.","correct":true,"explanation":"Joining smaller molecules into larger molecules requires an energy input, which is supplied by respiration in cells."},{"text":"Synthesis needs oxygen from respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration supplies energy for synthesis; oxygen is a reactant in aerobic respiration but is not the energy itself."},{"text":"Synthesis needs carbon dioxide from respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is produced by aerobic respiration and is not the energy source used to build larger molecules during synthesis."},{"text":"Synthesis needs water from respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water is involved in some chemical reactions, but the key requirement for synthesis is energy supplied by respiration."}]},{"id":"1f1a61d1-4d3e-4525-9f97-919aa51238b0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens in an anabolic reaction?","back":"Anabolic reactions use energy to join smaller molecules into a larger molecule.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Anabolic reactions use energy to join smaller molecules into a larger molecule.","correct":true,"explanation":"Anabolic reactions build larger molecules from smaller ones and require energy. Protein synthesis from amino acids is an example of an anabolic process."},{"text":"Anabolic reactions use energy to join smaller molecules into a smaller molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Anabolic reactions build larger molecules, not smaller ones. Breaking larger molecules down is characteristic of catabolic reactions."},{"text":"Anabolic reactions use energy to break larger molecules into a smaller molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Breaking larger molecules into smaller molecules describes catabolism and usually releases energy. Anabolism uses energy to build larger molecules."},{"text":"Anabolic reactions release energy to join smaller molecules into a larger molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Anabolic reactions require an energy input rather than releasing energy. They use that energy to join smaller molecules into larger ones."}]},{"id":"47c12f4b-2717-4dae-91bc-aede36fa23ff","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens in a catabolic reaction?","back":"Catabolic reactions break larger molecules into smaller molecules and release energy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Catabolic reactions break larger molecules into smaller molecules and release energy.","correct":true,"explanation":"Catabolic reactions break complex molecules into simpler ones. The chemical bonds broken and rearranged can result in energy being released for cellular use."},{"text":"Catabolic reactions break larger molecules into smaller molecules and use energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Catabolic reactions generally release energy as larger molecules are broken down. Using energy to build larger molecules is anabolic activity."},{"text":"Catabolic reactions join smaller molecules into larger molecules and release energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Joining smaller molecules into larger molecules is an anabolic reaction and requires energy, rather than describing catabolism."},{"text":"Catabolic reactions join smaller molecules into larger molecules and use energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes an anabolic reaction. Catabolic reactions break larger molecules into smaller molecules and release energy."}]},{"id":"53ff71d4-10bd-4ddd-9705-78b0168c494a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name three larger carbohydrates made from glucose.","back":"Glucose molecules join to form starch, glycogen and cellulose.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Glucose molecules join to form starch, glycogen and cellulose.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plants store glucose as starch, animals store it as glycogen, and plants also use glucose to make cellulose for cell walls."},{"text":"Glucose molecules join to form starch, glycogen and chitin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch and glycogen are glucose polymers, but chitin is made from modified glucose units and is not one of the three named products here. The correct third product is cellulose."},{"text":"Glucose molecules join to form cellulose, protein and lipid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cellulose is made from glucose, but proteins are made from amino acids and lipids from glycerol and fatty acids. The complete set is starch, glycogen and cellulose."},{"text":"Glucose molecules join to form glycogen, protein and cellulose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycogen and cellulose are made from glucose, but proteins are made by joining amino acids. Starch should replace protein in the correct list."}]},{"id":"94bb62f1-b353-42ac-9a01-abe058cc8faf","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a lipid molecule made from?","back":"A lipid contains one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A lipid contains one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules.","correct":true,"explanation":"A typical lipid molecule is formed from one glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acid molecules."},{"text":"A lipid contains three glycerol molecules and one fatty acid molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"The numbers have been reversed. A typical lipid contains one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules."},{"text":"A lipid contains one glucose molecule and three fatty acid molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose is a carbohydrate and is not the backbone of a lipid. Lipids contain one glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acids."},{"text":"A lipid contains one glycerol molecule and two amino acid molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amino acids join to form proteins, not lipids. A typical lipid contains one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules."}]},{"id":"9916ce49-48bc-46ce-b047-58b7cce39dd7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are amino acids made from?","back":"Amino acids are made from glucose and nitrate ions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Amino acids are made from glucose and nitrate ions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plants use glucose made in photosynthesis and nitrate ions absorbed from the soil to synthesise amino acids."},{"text":"Amino acids are made from glucose and phosphate ions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phosphate ions are needed for substances such as DNA and ATP. Plants use nitrate ions with glucose to make amino acids."},{"text":"Amino acids are made from starch and nitrate ions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch is a storage carbohydrate and must first be broken down into glucose. Amino acids are made using glucose and nitrate ions."},{"text":"Amino acids are made from glucose and sulfate ions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some amino acids contain sulfur, but the GCSE statement identifies glucose and nitrate ions as the raw materials used to make amino acids."}]},{"id":"42a4a165-78c0-4ea5-90b8-d6370f94ae2a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are amino acids used to make?","back":"Amino acids join together to make proteins.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Amino acids join together to make proteins.","correct":true,"explanation":"Proteins are polymers formed when many amino acids join together in specific sequences."},{"text":"Amino acids join together to make lipids.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lipids are made from glycerol and fatty acids. Amino acids join together to form proteins."},{"text":"Amino acids join together to make starch.","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch is a carbohydrate polymer made from glucose molecules. Proteins are formed from joined amino acids."},{"text":"Amino acids join together to make glycogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycogen is a carbohydrate store made from glucose. Joining amino acids produces proteins instead."}]},{"id":"825ff2a7-9bf3-4cb6-afdf-9181b68e794f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is glycogen stored?","back":"Glycogen is a carbohydrate store in the muscles and liver.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Glycogen is a carbohydrate store in the muscles and liver.","correct":true,"explanation":"Animals store excess glucose as glycogen, particularly in the liver and muscles, where it can be accessed when needed."},{"text":"Starch is a carbohydrate store in the muscles and liver.","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch is the main carbohydrate storage molecule in plants. Animals store carbohydrate as glycogen in the liver and muscles."},{"text":"Cellulose is a carbohydrate store in the muscles and liver.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cellulose forms plant cell walls and is not the animal carbohydrate store. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles."},{"text":"Glucose is a carbohydrate store in the muscles and liver.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose is the soluble sugar used in respiration, while glycogen is the stored carbohydrate found mainly in muscles and the liver."}]},{"id":"9a886aa7-6d7d-4829-a24c-18fcb2d19645","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is glycogen useful as a carbohydrate store?","back":"Glycogen can be broken down quickly to provide glucose for respiration.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Glycogen can be broken down quickly to provide glucose for respiration.","correct":true,"explanation":"Glycogen is a compact storage form of glucose that can be hydrolysed rapidly, releasing glucose for respiration when energy is required."},{"text":"Glycogen can be broken down quickly to provide amino acids for protein synthesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycogen is made from glucose and breaks down to release glucose, not amino acids. Amino acids are used for protein synthesis."},{"text":"Glycogen can be broken down slowly to provide fatty acids for respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycogen is broken down quickly to provide glucose. Fatty acids come from the breakdown of lipids, not glycogen."},{"text":"Glycogen can be broken down quickly to provide nitrate ions for protein synthesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrate ions are absorbed from the soil by plants and are not produced by breaking down glycogen. Glycogen releases glucose for respiration."}]},{"id":"9a6e4bb7-e634-4743-a682-6af1e9cd0371","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is excess protein broken down?","back":"Excess protein is broken down in the liver.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Excess protein is broken down in the liver.","correct":true,"explanation":"The liver breaks down excess amino acids through deamination, producing urea for removal from the body."},{"text":"Excess protein is broken down in the kidneys.","correct":false,"explanation":"The kidneys remove urea from the blood and excrete it in urine, but the liver breaks down excess protein."},{"text":"Excess protein is broken down in the pancreas.","correct":false,"explanation":"The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and hormones, but the liver is the organ that breaks down excess amino acids."},{"text":"Excess protein is broken down in the stomach.","correct":false,"explanation":"The stomach begins protein digestion, but excess absorbed protein is broken down in the liver."}]},{"id":"45ebd1b0-7ae9-4f78-9660-7179cec2b8d6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to excess protein that the body cannot store?","back":"The liver converts excess protein into urea, which the kidneys remove in urine.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The liver converts excess protein into urea, which the kidneys remove in urine.","correct":true,"explanation":"The liver deaminates excess amino acids, producing urea. The kidneys filter urea from the blood and excrete it in urine."},{"text":"The liver converts excess protein into glucose, which the kidneys remove in urine.","correct":false,"explanation":"The liver converts excess amino acids into urea, not glucose for urinary removal. The kidneys remove the urea in urine."},{"text":"The liver converts excess protein into ammonia, which the lungs remove in urine.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ammonia is toxic and is converted into urea by the liver. The kidneys, not the lungs, remove urea in urine."},{"text":"The liver converts excess protein into urea, which the lungs remove in urine.","correct":false,"explanation":"The liver does produce urea, but the kidneys remove it from the blood and excrete it in urine."}]},{"id":"55adb084-f5be-419c-a210-1036f8717c19","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Respiration breaks down [ ] to transfer energy to the cell.","back":"Respiration breaks down glucose to transfer energy to the cell.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"glucose","correct":true,"explanation":"Respiration breaks down glucose and transfers some of its chemical energy to the cell in a usable form."},{"text":"starch","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch is too large to be used directly in respiration and must first be digested into glucose. Respiration then breaks down the glucose."},{"text":"protein","correct":false,"explanation":"Proteins are digested into amino acids and are not the usual respiratory substrate in this statement. Respiration breaks down glucose to transfer energy."},{"text":"fatty acids","correct":false,"explanation":"Fatty acids can be used as respiratory substrates, but this GCSE statement refers specifically to glucose being broken down by respiration."}]},{"id":"4ce31a35-18cd-41f5-b265-39ca68bf5069","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The liver produces [ ] when it breaks down excess protein.","back":"The liver produces urea when it breaks down excess protein.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"urea","correct":true,"explanation":"Excess amino acids are deaminated in the liver. Their nitrogen-containing amino groups are converted into urea, which can be transported safely to the kidneys for excretion."},{"text":"bile","correct":false,"explanation":"Bile is produced by the liver to help digest fats, not as a result of excess protein breakdown. Deamination of excess amino acids produces urea."},{"text":"glycogen","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycogen is a carbohydrate used to store glucose, so it is not the nitrogenous waste from protein breakdown. The liver converts excess amino groups into urea."},{"text":"lipase","correct":false,"explanation":"Lipase is an enzyme that digests lipids and is mainly produced by the pancreas and small intestine. The liver produces urea when it breaks down excess amino acids."}]},{"id":"d4c99852-4ba6-4326-9ba3-1a2778fa082f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] is carried to the kidneys and removed in urine.","back":"Urea is carried to the kidneys and removed in urine.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Urea","correct":true,"explanation":"Urea is transported in the blood from the liver to the kidneys. The kidneys filter it from the blood so that it can leave the body in urine."},{"text":"Bile","correct":false,"explanation":"Bile travels from the liver or gall bladder to the small intestine, where it helps digest fats. Urea is the substance carried to the kidneys and removed in urine."},{"text":"Glycogen","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles as an energy reserve rather than carried to the kidneys for excretion. Urea is removed from the blood into urine."},{"text":"Carbon dioxide","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood to the lungs and removed by exhalation, not in urine. Urea travels to the kidneys and is excreted in urine."}]},{"id":"fc511323-0015-4dc3-b855-dc3e6d5551e5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] are released when lipids are broken down.","back":"Fatty acids and glycerol are released when lipids are broken down.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fatty acids and glycerol","correct":true,"explanation":"Lipids are digested by lipase, which breaks their chemical bonds and produces fatty acids and glycerol. These smaller products can then be absorbed through the small intestine."},{"text":"Amino acids","correct":false,"explanation":"Amino acids are released when protease enzymes digest proteins, not when lipids are broken down. Lipase breaks lipids into fatty acids and glycerol."},{"text":"Simple sugars","correct":false,"explanation":"Simple sugars are produced by the digestion of carbohydrates, so confusing them with lipid products mixes up the food groups. Lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol."},{"text":"Nucleotides","correct":false,"explanation":"Nucleotides are the subunits of nucleic acids rather than the products of lipid breakdown. Digestion of lipids by lipase releases fatty acids and glycerol."}]},{"id":"ebb65b51-7a08-4019-b214-83967d9dc1b0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Sugars such as glucose are used to build [ ].","back":"Sugars such as glucose are used to build carbohydrates.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"carbohydrates","correct":true,"explanation":"Glucose and other simple sugars can be joined together to form larger carbohydrates. Examples include glycogen for energy storage and cellulose for strengthening plant cell walls."},{"text":"proteins","correct":false,"explanation":"Proteins are assembled from amino acids rather than sugars, so this confuses the building blocks of two biological molecules. Sugars such as glucose are used to build carbohydrates."},{"text":"lipids","correct":false,"explanation":"Lipids are built from fatty acids and glycerol, not by joining sugars such as glucose. Glucose molecules can instead be combined to form larger carbohydrates."},{"text":"nucleic acids","correct":false,"explanation":"Nucleic acids such as DNA are assembled from nucleotides, not directly from sugars such as glucose. Glucose is used as a building block for larger carbohydrates."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"4.2.3 Metabolism","title":"4.2.3 Metabolism Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"6fc242d8-6162-50e9-910f-c49fd657c83e","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]