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region","correct":true,"explanation":"Distribution describes the places where members of a species are found, which may be across a particular habitat or a wider geographical region."},{"text":"food chain","correct":false,"explanation":"A food chain shows feeding relationships between organisms, not where a species is found. The correct term is habitat or region because distribution describes geographical location."},{"text":"population size","correct":false,"explanation":"Population size is the number of organisms in a species, whereas distribution describes their location. The correct answer is habitat or region."},{"text":"ecosystem process","correct":false,"explanation":"An ecosystem process is an interaction or change within an ecosystem, not the area occupied by a species. Distribution means across a habitat or region."}]},{"id":"5e0aa4e3-e015-4788-957f-df54745fc31c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What can happen to a species' distribution when the environment changes?","back":"It may spread into new areas or disappear from unsuitable places.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It may spread into new areas or disappear from unsuitable places.","correct":true,"explanation":"Environmental changes can make previously unsuitable areas habitable, while formerly suitable places may become unsuitable. Therefore, a species may spread into new areas or disappear elsewhere."},{"text":"It must remain in exactly the same places.","correct":false,"explanation":"A changed environment can alter which conditions are suitable, so distribution may change. The correct answer is that it may spread into new areas or disappear from unsuitable places."},{"text":"It will always increase in number everywhere.","correct":false,"explanation":"Environmental change can also remove suitable conditions and cause local disappearance, so an increase everywhere is not expected. Distribution may spread or contract instead."},{"text":"It will become a different species immediately.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changes in distribution concern where organisms live, not instant speciation. The correct outcome is that the species may spread into new areas or disappear from unsuitable places."}]},{"id":"5ac1bbfc-079c-4387-8ca3-112de46ea136","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"As the climate warms, some birds now nest [ ].","back":"As the climate warms, some birds now nest further north.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"further north","correct":true,"explanation":"Warming can make more northerly regions suitable for nesting, so some bird species have shifted their nesting distribution further north."},{"text":"further south","correct":false,"explanation":"Further south would generally be expected if birds were seeking cooler conditions as their current area warmed. The observed climate-related shift described here is further north."},{"text":"deeper underground","correct":false,"explanation":"Nesting deeper underground is not the geographical distribution change linked to this example of climate warming. The correct location is further north."},{"text":"closer to the equator","correct":false,"explanation":"Moving closer to the equator would usually expose birds to warmer conditions, rather than describing the observed northward shift. The correct term is further north."}]},{"id":"23f1f71a-74dd-4197-a4c6-dbf514ab0323","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can a change in temperature affect a species' distribution?","back":"It can shift the species towards cooler or warmer areas.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can shift the species towards cooler or warmer areas.","correct":true,"explanation":"Temperature changes alter habitat suitability. A species may move towards cooler areas if conditions become too warm, or warmer areas if conditions become too cold."},{"text":"It can shift the species towards more polluted areas.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pollution is a separate environmental factor and is not the direct direction predicted from a temperature change. Temperature shifts distribution towards cooler or warmer areas."},{"text":"It can shift the species towards areas with fewer predators.","correct":false,"explanation":"Predator abundance can influence distribution, but it does not describe the direct temperature effect in this question. The species may shift towards cooler or warmer areas."},{"text":"It can shift the species towards areas with less oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen availability is not the relevant temperature-based distribution response here. Changes in temperature can shift a species towards cooler or warmer areas."}]},{"id":"030aa2c5-56d5-44ce-b17c-c54497ca15df","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"If an area becomes drier, species needing moist conditions retreat, while [ ] spread in.","back":"If an area becomes drier, species needing moist conditions retreat, while drought-tolerant species spread in.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"drought-tolerant species","correct":true,"explanation":"Drought-tolerant species can survive with less available water, so they are better suited to a drier area and may spread into it as moisture-dependent species retreat."},{"text":"water-dependent species","correct":false,"explanation":"Water-dependent species would be disadvantaged by drying conditions and are more likely to retreat. The correct term is drought-tolerant species."},{"text":"cold-sensitive species","correct":false,"explanation":"Cold sensitivity relates to temperature, not the ability to survive reduced water availability. Drier conditions favour drought-tolerant species."},{"text":"shade-requiring species","correct":false,"explanation":"Shade requirements concern light and temperature exposure, not specifically survival during drought. Species that spread into a drier area are drought-tolerant species."}]},{"id":"40ae1626-5e59-4c16-a676-e25287912400","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might species needing moist conditions retreat from a drier area?","back":"The area no longer provides enough water for them.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The area no longer provides enough water for them.","correct":true,"explanation":"Species needing moist conditions depend on sufficient water for survival and reproduction. If the area becomes drier, it may no longer provide enough water."},{"text":"The area no longer provides enough light for them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Drying directly reduces water availability, not necessarily light. The correct explanation is that the area no longer provides enough water for moisture-dependent species."},{"text":"The area no longer provides enough oxygen for them.","correct":false,"explanation":"A drier area is not necessarily oxygen-poor. These species retreat because there is insufficient water, which is the condition they require."},{"text":"The area no longer provides enough salt for them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Salt availability is not the limiting factor identified in this example. Moisture-dependent species retreat when the area no longer provides enough water."}]},{"id":"29868fd9-2a14-48c0-a153-2833b52de664","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to drought-tolerant species when an area becomes drier?","back":"They may spread into the area.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They may spread into the area.","correct":true,"explanation":"Drought-tolerant species can withstand reduced water availability. As the area becomes drier and less suitable for other species, they may spread into the area."},{"text":"They may disappear from the area.","correct":false,"explanation":"Drought tolerance makes these species more able to survive drying conditions, so disappearance is not the expected distribution change. They may spread into the area."},{"text":"They may become dependent on flooding.","correct":false,"explanation":"Drought-tolerant species are adapted to limited water, not increased dependence on flooding. Drying conditions may allow them to spread into the area."},{"text":"They may stop reproducing everywhere.","correct":false,"explanation":"Drier conditions do not automatically prevent drought-tolerant species from reproducing everywhere. Their suitable distribution may expand into the area."}]},{"id":"c28e266d-4426-4a79-8c89-6c6d82e8d2b8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Changes in atmospheric gases, such as more [ ], can make areas unsuitable for sensitive species.","back":"Changes in atmospheric gases, such as more air pollution, can make areas unsuitable for sensitive species.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"air pollution","correct":true,"explanation":"Increased air pollution changes atmospheric conditions and can damage or stress sensitive species, making some areas unsuitable for them."},{"text":"water vapour","correct":false,"explanation":"Water vapour is a natural atmospheric gas and is not the pollution example intended here. The relevant term is air pollution."},{"text":"soil minerals","correct":false,"explanation":"Soil minerals are not atmospheric gases, so they cannot complete this example of atmospheric change. The correct term is air pollution."},{"text":"sunlight intensity","correct":false,"explanation":"Sunlight intensity is not an atmospheric gas or a type of atmospheric pollution. Increased air pollution can make areas unsuitable for sensitive species."}]},{"id":"5c7fecf8-c96c-48b2-8594-511810814ae8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can increased air pollution affect the distribution of sensitive species?","back":"They may be found in fewer places.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They may be found in fewer places.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sensitive species may be unable to survive or reproduce in polluted locations, causing their distribution to contract so they are found in fewer places."},{"text":"They may be found in more places.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increased pollution usually makes conditions less suitable for sensitive species, reducing rather than expanding their distribution. They may therefore be found in fewer places."},{"text":"They may be found in all places.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pollution does not make every location suitable for sensitive species. Their distribution can contract, meaning they may be found in fewer places."},{"text":"They may be found in the same places only.","correct":false,"explanation":"The distribution can change when pollution increases, with some polluted areas becoming unsuitable. The correct outcome is that sensitive species may be found in fewer places."}]},{"id":"442a612e-7f87-40cb-b742-e04f2bbdc01f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do many birds migrate to warmer places in winter?","back":"Winter is a seasonal environmental change that makes warmer places more suitable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Winter is a seasonal environmental change that makes warmer places more suitable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Winter is a predictable seasonal change that brings colder conditions and can reduce food availability. Warmer places may therefore provide more suitable conditions for many birds."},{"text":"Winter is a permanent environmental change that makes warmer places more suitable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Winter repeats every year and is therefore seasonal, not permanent. The correct explanation identifies it as a seasonal environmental change making warmer places more suitable."},{"text":"Winter is a random environmental change that makes warmer places more suitable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Winter follows a regular annual pattern rather than occurring randomly. It is a seasonal environmental change that can make warmer places more suitable."},{"text":"Winter is a local environmental change that makes warmer places more suitable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Winter affects broad regions according to seasonal patterns, rather than being merely a local change. The relevant description is seasonal environmental change."}]},{"id":"fba234e1-b419-49da-95e2-a16200df4005","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] repeat through the year, causing many birds to migrate and return later.","back":"Seasonal changes repeat through the year, causing many birds to migrate and return later.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Seasonal changes","correct":true,"explanation":"Seasonal changes occur repeatedly during the year. They alter conditions such as temperature and food availability, causing many birds to migrate and later return."},{"text":"Permanent changes","correct":false,"explanation":"Permanent changes do not repeat through the year, so they cannot describe the regular cycle causing migration and return. The correct term is seasonal changes."},{"text":"Random changes","correct":false,"explanation":"Random changes lack a predictable yearly pattern. Bird migration and return are linked to repeating seasonal changes."},{"text":"Evolutionary changes","correct":false,"explanation":"Evolutionary changes occur across generations and are not the recurring annual conditions that trigger migration. The correct term is seasonal changes."}]},{"id":"6748d08b-c33c-407f-bb49-96d03bd6c6ff","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What can a new river do to species' distributions?","back":"It can separate areas, changing where species can live.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can separate areas, changing where species can live.","correct":true,"explanation":"A new river can act as a geographical barrier, separating areas and restricting movement. This changes which parts of the environment species can occupy."},{"text":"It can join areas, changing where species can live.","correct":false,"explanation":"A new river usually divides land rather than joining it, creating a barrier to movement. The correct effect is that it can separate areas."},{"text":"It can remove all habitats, changing where species can live.","correct":false,"explanation":"A river may alter or divide habitats, but it does not necessarily remove all habitats. Its key distribution effect is separating areas."},{"text":"It can stop environmental change, changing where species can live.","correct":false,"explanation":"A river is itself a geographical environmental change and cannot stop environmental change generally. It can separate areas and alter where species live."}]},{"id":"e5172d63-d099-4876-b9e3-9af79435ce7f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can clearing land change species' distributions?","back":"It can open up new areas for species to live in.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can open up new areas for species to live in.","correct":true,"explanation":"Clearing land removes vegetation and can create open habitat. Species suited to these conditions may colonise the newly available areas."},{"text":"It can close off new areas for species to live in.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clearing land generally removes barriers or dense vegetation, potentially making areas accessible. The stated effect is that it can open up new areas."},{"text":"It can make every area unsuitable for species to live in.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clearing can harm some habitat specialists but may create suitable open areas for other species. It does not make every area unsuitable."},{"text":"It can prevent all species movement between areas.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clearing land may change movement routes, but it does not necessarily prevent all movement. It can open up new areas for some species to occupy."}]},{"id":"53e32acd-117c-4a48-a8cf-24768b0a10f6","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which three human activities listed in the notes can change species' distributions?","back":"

Deforestation
Farming
Pollution

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Deforestation
Farming
Pollution

","correct":true,"explanation":"Deforestation, farming and pollution are the three human activities listed because each can alter habitats or environmental conditions and therefore change species' distributions."},{"text":"

Reforestation
Farming
Pollution

","correct":false,"explanation":"Reforestation is not the activity listed in the notes; the first activity is deforestation. Farming and pollution are correctly identified."},{"text":"

Deforestation
Migration
Pollution

","correct":false,"explanation":"Migration is a natural movement response, not one of the three human activities listed. The missing human activity is farming."},{"text":"

Deforestation
Farming
Seasonal change

","correct":false,"explanation":"Seasonal change is a natural environmental process rather than a human activity in the list. The third listed human activity is pollution."}]},{"id":"8647a526-7f9e-4216-a63d-b1e9a760771b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does environmental change affect besides the number of organisms?","back":"It affects where organisms can live.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It affects where organisms can live.","correct":true,"explanation":"Environmental change can alter habitat suitability, so it affects the locations where organisms can survive and reproduce as well as changing their numbers."},{"text":"It affects the age of every organism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Environmental change may affect survival and reproduction, but it does not directly determine the age of every organism. It also affects where organisms can live."},{"text":"It affects the names of organisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Environmental conditions do not change the names given to organisms. They can alter habitat suitability and therefore where organisms can live."},{"text":"It affects the number of ecosystems on Earth only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Environmental change affects local habitat suitability and species distribution, not only the total number of ecosystems. It affects where organisms can live."}]},{"id":"a5ea71cf-9840-411a-a9d2-ccde9d1e9b84","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can deforestation shift where species are found?","back":"It changes or removes parts of their habitat.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It changes or removes parts of their habitat.","correct":true,"explanation":"Deforestation removes trees and alters the physical conditions of woodland. This changes or removes parts of the habitat, shifting where dependent species can be found."},{"text":"It changes or removes parts of their food chain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deforestation can disrupt food chains, but the direct description of the space and conditions species require is their habitat. Habitat changes shift their distribution."},{"text":"It changes or removes parts of their genetic code.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deforestation does not directly remove parts of an organism's genetic code. It changes or removes parts of the habitat in which the species lives."},{"text":"It changes or removes parts of their season.","correct":false,"explanation":"A season is a recurring period of the year, not the living place of a species. Deforestation changes or removes parts of the species' habitat."}]},{"id":"be1db8dd-2dd8-4197-973b-02ceefef2181","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might a species disappear from a place after environmental change?","back":"The place may no longer provide suitable conditions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The place may no longer provide suitable conditions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Environmental change can alter factors such as temperature, food supply, water availability or shelter. If these no longer meet the species’ needs, it may disappear from that place."},{"text":"The place may provide more suitable conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"More suitable conditions would usually support survival or allow the species to become more common. Disappearance is more likely when environmental change makes conditions unsuitable for survival or reproduction."},{"text":"The place may no longer contain any environmental conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"A changed environment still has conditions, even if they are different. The key issue is that the conditions may no longer meet this species’ requirements, rather than disappearing completely."},{"text":"The place may provide identical conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"If conditions remain identical, environmental change has not created a direct reason for the species to disappear. Loss is linked to conditions becoming unsuitable for survival or reproduction."}]},{"id":"13fd1810-d206-4d6c-86fa-eb1c5677d16c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can human interaction change a species' distribution?","back":"It can change habitats, shifting where the species is found.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can change habitats, shifting where the species is found.","correct":true,"explanation":"Human activities such as building, farming or deforestation can alter or destroy habitats. This changes where the species can survive, so its distribution may shift to other areas."},{"text":"It can preserve habitats, shifting where the species is found.","correct":false,"explanation":"Preserving habitats generally maintains suitable places for a species rather than changing its distribution through habitat alteration. Distribution may shift when human activity changes or removes suitable habitat."},{"text":"It can change inherited genes, shifting where the species is found.","correct":false,"explanation":"Human interaction can affect selection pressures, but the direct environmental mechanism described here is habitat change. Altering inherited genes is not the immediate explanation for a distribution shift."},{"text":"It can increase habitats, shifting where the species is found.","correct":false,"explanation":"Creating additional habitat might expand a species’ distribution, but this is not the general mechanism being tested. Human interaction can also reduce or alter habitat, changing where the species is found."}]},{"id":"ffdb2c62-2dbc-4d0f-b790-2cb5f9231c7c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How could a warmer climate change where a bird species nests?","back":"The bird may shift its nesting range towards cooler areas, such as further north.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The bird may shift its nesting range towards cooler areas, such as further north.","correct":true,"explanation":"A warmer climate makes previously suitable nesting areas hotter. Moving towards cooler regions, such as further north, can help the bird remain within its preferred temperature range."},{"text":"The bird may shift its nesting range towards warmer areas, such as further south.","correct":false,"explanation":"Moving south into warmer areas would generally increase the temperature stress caused by climate warming. The expected shift is towards cooler regions, such as further north."},{"text":"The bird may shift its nesting range towards drier areas, such as further east.","correct":false,"explanation":"Climate warming does not necessarily make drier areas suitable, and compass direction alone does not identify the relevant response. The key predicted movement is towards cooler conditions."},{"text":"The bird may shift its nesting range towards lower areas, such as further downhill.","correct":false,"explanation":"Altitude can affect temperature, but moving downhill usually leads to warmer conditions, not cooler ones. With a warmer climate, the bird is expected to move towards cooler areas."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"7.2.4 Impact of environmental change (HT only)","title":"7.2.4 Impact of environmental change (HT only) Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L39"}]}],"topicId":"a9bba20a-888e-54ea-8964-9071720177fb","walled":"$L3a"}],"$L3b","$L3c"]