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reproductive hormone, oestrogen, while the testes produce the main male reproductive hormone, testosterone."},{"text":"Oestrogen, made in the uterus; testosterone, made in the prostate gland.","correct":false,"explanation":"The uterus and prostate gland are reproductive organs, but they do not make these main reproductive hormones. Oestrogen is made in the ovaries and testosterone in the testes."},{"text":"Progesterone, made in the ovaries; oestrogen, made in the testes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Progesterone is an ovarian hormone but is not the main male reproductive hormone, and the testes do not normally produce oestrogen as their main hormone. The correct pair is oestrogen and testosterone."},{"text":"Testosterone, made in the ovaries; oestrogen, made in the testes.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the hormones’ principal sites of production. Oestrogen is the main female reproductive hormone made in the ovaries, while testosterone is made in the testes."}]},{"id":"748b602f-c139-4706-b3e0-e794f9e70441","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to the reproductive organs and body at puberty?","back":"They become active, and secondary sexual characteristics develop.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They become active, and secondary sexual characteristics develop.","correct":true,"explanation":"At puberty, reproductive organs begin functioning and increased sex-hormone levels produce secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development, body hair and a deeper voice."},{"text":"They become inactive, and secondary sexual characteristics disappear.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses what happens at puberty. The reproductive organs become active, while rising reproductive hormone levels cause secondary sexual characteristics to develop rather than disappear."},{"text":"They become active, and primary sexual characteristics disappear.","correct":false,"explanation":"Primary sexual characteristics are reproductive structures already present, so they do not disappear. At puberty, the organs become active and secondary sexual characteristics develop."},{"text":"They remain inactive, and secondary sexual characteristics remain unchanged.","correct":false,"explanation":"Puberty is marked by reproductive organs becoming active and visible bodily changes occurring. These changes are the development of secondary sexual characteristics under hormonal control."}]},{"id":"0a1960d2-c500-43cd-b5a5-84bd88aada77","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What role does testosterone have besides causing puberty changes?","back":"Testosterone stimulates sperm production.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Testosterone stimulates sperm production.","correct":true,"explanation":"Testosterone supports sperm production in the testes as well as causing male secondary sexual characteristics, making it important for both puberty and male fertility."},{"text":"Testosterone stimulates egg maturation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Egg maturation is stimulated mainly by FSH in the ovaries, not by testosterone. Besides causing male puberty changes, testosterone stimulates sperm production in the testes."},{"text":"Testosterone stimulates ovulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ovulation is triggered by a surge in LH rather than testosterone. Testosterone’s additional reproductive role is to stimulate sperm production in the testes."},{"text":"Testosterone stimulates menstruation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Menstruation follows falling ovarian hormone levels and is not stimulated by testosterone. Testosterone instead supports the production of sperm in the testes."}]},{"id":"444774f1-0510-4b72-bbf4-f1111b812ce3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Give three examples of secondary sexual characteristics.","back":"Body hair, breast development and a deeper voice.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Body hair, breast development and a deeper voice.","correct":true,"explanation":"These are physical features that develop at puberty under the influence of reproductive hormones, so all three are examples of secondary sexual characteristics."},{"text":"Ovulation, menstruation and egg maturation.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are stages or processes of the menstrual cycle, not secondary sexual characteristics. Valid examples include body hair, breast development and a deeper voice."},{"text":"Fertilisation, implantation and pregnancy.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are reproductive events that may occur after puberty, rather than bodily characteristics developed during puberty. Examples include body hair, breast development and a deeper voice."},{"text":"Sperm production, ejaculation and fertilisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are reproductive processes rather than secondary sexual characteristics. Secondary sexual characteristics are physical puberty changes such as body hair, breast development and a deeper voice."}]},{"id":"e5013643-5180-4a58-8300-34c9bcc0c2d7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How often is a mature egg usually released?","back":"About every 28 days.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"About every 28 days.","correct":true,"explanation":"A typical menstrual cycle lasts about 28 days, with one mature egg usually released during each cycle, although cycle length can vary between individuals."},{"text":"About every 7 days.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the cycle with a weekly interval. A mature egg is usually released once in an approximately 28-day menstrual cycle, not once each week."},{"text":"About every 14 days.","correct":false,"explanation":"Day 14 is the approximate time of ovulation within a 28-day cycle, not the interval between successive egg releases. Release usually occurs about every 28 days."},{"text":"About every 56 days.","correct":false,"explanation":"This mistakenly combines two typical menstrual cycles. A mature egg is normally released once per cycle, so the usual interval is about 28 days."}]},{"id":"174f4a62-01b9-4a0a-8a2e-31cae57a4300","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is ovulation?","back":"The release of a mature egg from the ovary.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The release of a mature egg from the ovary.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ovulation is the point in the menstrual cycle when a mature egg is released from a follicle in one of the ovaries."},{"text":"The release of a mature egg from the uterus.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the uterus with the organ that contains eggs. Ovulation is the release of a mature egg from an ovary, not from the uterus."},{"text":"The implantation of a fertilised egg in the uterus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Implantation occurs when an embryo attaches to the uterus lining after fertilisation. Ovulation happens earlier and is the release of a mature egg from an ovary."},{"text":"The maturation of an egg inside the ovary.","correct":false,"explanation":"Egg maturation occurs before ovulation and is stimulated by FSH. Ovulation specifically means that the mature egg is released from the ovary."}]},{"id":"7bba0736-1d4d-4060-ba00-79c97fe77715","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When does ovulation usually occur?","back":"Around day 14, halfway through the cycle.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Around day 14, halfway through the cycle.","correct":true,"explanation":"In a typical 28-day menstrual cycle, ovulation occurs at approximately day 14, following the surge in LH near the cycle’s midpoint."},{"text":"Around day 1, at the start of the cycle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Day 1 marks the beginning of menstruation, not the usual time of egg release. Ovulation normally occurs around day 14 of a typical 28-day cycle."},{"text":"Around day 7, a quarter through the cycle.","correct":false,"explanation":"This places ovulation too early, while the uterus lining is still being repaired. In a typical 28-day cycle, ovulation occurs around day 14."},{"text":"Around day 28, at the end of the cycle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Day 28 is near the end of a typical cycle, when hormone levels may fall if fertilisation has not occurred. Ovulation normally occurs around day 14."}]},{"id":"6f799bc3-bed2-4780-ae55-c5b0ac485e75","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens at the start of the cycle if fertilisation has not occurred?","back":"The uterus lining is lost through menstruation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The uterus lining is lost through menstruation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Without fertilisation and pregnancy, progesterone levels fall and the thickened uterus lining breaks down, leaving the body through menstruation at the start of the next cycle."},{"text":"The ovary lining is lost through menstruation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Menstruation does not remove a lining from the ovary. It is the thickened lining of the uterus that breaks down and is lost when pregnancy has not occurred."},{"text":"The uterus lining is thickened through menstruation.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the process: menstruation is the loss of the uterus lining. The lining is subsequently repaired and thickened under the influence of ovarian hormones."},{"text":"The mature egg is implanted through menstruation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Implantation requires a fertilised egg and occurs in the uterus lining. If fertilisation has not occurred, the uterus lining is instead lost through menstruation."}]},{"id":"ec01a1e2-1b29-4afb-a0b0-0f111aa3ce67","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which hormone causes an egg to mature?","back":"FSH from the pituitary gland.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"FSH from the pituitary gland.","correct":true,"explanation":"Follicle-stimulating hormone is released by the pituitary gland and stimulates an ovarian follicle to develop, allowing the egg inside it to mature."},{"text":"LH from the pituitary gland.","correct":false,"explanation":"LH is also released by the pituitary gland, but its surge triggers ovulation rather than initially maturing the egg. Egg maturation is stimulated by FSH."},{"text":"Oestrogen from the pituitary gland.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oestrogen helps rebuild the uterus lining and regulates FSH and LH, but it is made mainly in the ovaries. Pituitary FSH stimulates egg maturation."},{"text":"Progesterone from the pituitary gland.","correct":false,"explanation":"Progesterone is produced in the ovary and maintains the uterus lining after ovulation. FSH from the pituitary gland causes a follicle and its egg to mature."}]},{"id":"89223071-1a0f-4ec1-b35f-68814b3dbfbb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which hormone triggers ovulation?","back":"LH from the pituitary gland.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"LH from the pituitary gland.","correct":true,"explanation":"A surge in luteinising hormone from the pituitary gland causes the mature follicle to release its egg, triggering ovulation around the middle of the cycle."},{"text":"FSH from the pituitary gland.","correct":false,"explanation":"FSH stimulates follicle development and egg maturation, making it tempting to associate it with release. However, ovulation itself is triggered by an LH surge."},{"text":"Oestrogen from the pituitary gland.","correct":false,"explanation":"High oestrogen levels help stimulate LH release, but oestrogen is made mainly in the ovaries and does not directly trigger ovulation. The trigger is pituitary LH."},{"text":"Progesterone from the pituitary gland.","correct":false,"explanation":"Progesterone is made in the ovary after ovulation and maintains the uterus lining. Ovulation is triggered earlier by a surge of LH from the pituitary gland."}]},{"id":"435d639d-ca5a-4ce6-8ba3-e0dd9fb1c5dd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which hormone is involved in building up and repairing the uterus lining?","back":"Oestrogen builds up and repairs the uterus lining.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Oestrogen builds up and repairs the uterus lining.","correct":true,"explanation":"After menstruation, rising oestrogen from the developing follicle stimulates the uterus lining to repair and thicken in preparation for a possible pregnancy."},{"text":"Progesterone builds up and repairs the uterus lining.","correct":false,"explanation":"Progesterone mainly maintains the thickened uterus lining after ovulation. Oestrogen is the hormone responsible for repairing and building up the lining after menstruation."},{"text":"FSH builds up and repairs the uterus lining.","correct":false,"explanation":"FSH acts mainly on an ovarian follicle to stimulate egg maturation and oestrogen production. It is the resulting oestrogen that repairs and builds up the uterus lining."},{"text":"LH builds up and repairs the uterus lining.","correct":false,"explanation":"LH triggers ovulation and supports formation of the corpus luteum rather than directly rebuilding the uterus lining. Oestrogen builds up and repairs the lining."}]},{"id":"dd7114d0-a688-41ad-92da-1762e1e67450","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which hormone maintains the uterus lining?","back":"Progesterone maintains the uterus lining.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Progesterone maintains the uterus lining.","correct":true,"explanation":"After ovulation, progesterone produced by the corpus luteum keeps the uterus lining thick and suitable for implantation and the early stages of pregnancy."},{"text":"Oestrogen maintains the uterus lining.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oestrogen primarily repairs and builds up the lining after menstruation, which makes it a tempting choice. Progesterone is the hormone that maintains the thickened lining."},{"text":"FSH maintains the uterus lining.","correct":false,"explanation":"FSH stimulates follicle development and egg maturation in the ovary rather than maintaining the uterus lining. Maintenance of the lining is controlled by progesterone."},{"text":"LH maintains the uterus lining.","correct":false,"explanation":"LH triggers ovulation and stimulates development of the corpus luteum, but progesterone produced afterward directly maintains the uterus lining."}]},{"id":"63e85a41-81d5-4aef-9cd3-7d3a80a9e6ba","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Where are the four menstrual-cycle hormones made?","back":"FSH and LH are made in the pituitary gland; oestrogen and progesterone are made in the ovaries.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"FSH and LH are made in the pituitary gland; oestrogen and progesterone are made in the ovaries.","correct":true,"explanation":"The pituitary gland releases FSH and LH to control ovarian activity, while structures in the ovaries produce oestrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle."},{"text":"FSH and LH are made in the ovaries; oestrogen and progesterone are made in the pituitary gland.","correct":false,"explanation":"This completely reverses the production sites. FSH and LH come from the pituitary gland, whereas oestrogen and progesterone are produced in the ovaries."},{"text":"FSH and oestrogen are made in the pituitary gland; LH and progesterone are made in the ovaries.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly groups oestrogen with the pituitary hormones and LH with the ovarian hormones. Both FSH and LH are pituitary hormones; both ovarian hormones are oestrogen and progesterone."},{"text":"FSH and progesterone are made in the pituitary gland; oestrogen and LH are made in the ovaries.","correct":false,"explanation":"Progesterone and LH have been assigned to the wrong organs. The pituitary makes FSH and LH, while the ovaries make oestrogen and progesterone."}]},{"id":"73c87b5b-7c05-4d2d-b168-d9cda6c263e4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does FSH stimulate the ovary to do and produce?","back":"FSH makes a follicle develop and the egg inside it mature, while causing oestrogen levels to rise.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"FSH makes a follicle develop and the egg inside it mature, while causing oestrogen levels to rise.","correct":true,"explanation":"FSH acts on an ovarian follicle, stimulating both its development and maturation of the egg. The developing follicle then produces increasing amounts of oestrogen."},{"text":"FSH makes a follicle break down and the egg inside it release, while causing progesterone levels to rise.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses FSH with events surrounding ovulation and the luteal phase. FSH develops the follicle and matures its egg, causing oestrogen levels to rise."},{"text":"FSH makes the uterus lining develop and an embryo implant, while causing progesterone levels to rise.","correct":false,"explanation":"FSH acts on an ovarian follicle, not directly on implantation or the uterus lining. It matures the egg and stimulates follicle development, increasing oestrogen production."},{"text":"FSH makes a follicle develop and the egg inside it release, while causing LH levels to fall.","correct":false,"explanation":"FSH develops the follicle and matures the egg, but egg release is triggered later by LH. Follicle development raises oestrogen levels rather than directly causing LH to fall."}]},{"id":"9547d47e-e451-4d5b-af6c-0f6fdeecd994","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does oestrogen affect FSH and LH?","back":"Rising oestrogen inhibits FSH but, at a high enough level, stimulates LH release.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Rising oestrogen inhibits FSH but, at a high enough level, stimulates LH release.","correct":true,"explanation":"As oestrogen rises it reduces FSH secretion, limiting further follicle stimulation. Sustained high oestrogen then promotes a surge of LH, which triggers ovulation."},{"text":"Rising oestrogen stimulates FSH but, at a high enough level, inhibits LH release.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both feedback effects. Rising oestrogen inhibits FSH, while a sufficiently high oestrogen level stimulates the LH surge needed to trigger ovulation."},{"text":"Rising oestrogen inhibits LH but, at a high enough level, stimulates FSH release.","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the roles of the two pituitary hormones in the feedback response. Oestrogen suppresses FSH but stimulates LH release when its concentration becomes sufficiently high."},{"text":"Rising oestrogen stimulates FSH and, at a high enough level, stimulates LH release.","correct":false,"explanation":"High oestrogen does stimulate LH release, but rising oestrogen does not continue stimulating FSH. It inhibits FSH, helping prevent additional follicles from developing."}]},{"id":"7c4efa7e-2159-4f2e-88da-35827a8ba4cf","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What hormonal event triggers ovulation?","back":"A sharp LH surge around day 14.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A sharp LH surge around day 14.","correct":true,"explanation":"High oestrogen stimulates a rapid rise in LH near the midpoint of a typical cycle. This LH surge causes the mature follicle to release its egg."},{"text":"A sharp FSH surge around day 14.","correct":false,"explanation":"FSH develops the follicle and matures the egg, but it is not the immediate hormonal trigger for egg release. A sharp LH surge triggers ovulation."},{"text":"A sharp oestrogen fall around day 14.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oestrogen rises before ovulation and its high level promotes LH release. The immediate trigger for ovulation is the resulting sharp LH surge around day 14."},{"text":"A sharp progesterone surge around day 14.","correct":false,"explanation":"Progesterone rises mainly after ovulation as the corpus luteum forms, so it cannot be the event that initiates egg release. Ovulation is triggered by an LH surge."}]},{"id":"68805ac0-0055-4e16-8f8f-9db638177581","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What are progesterone's two roles after ovulation?","back":"

Maintains the thick uterus lining.
Inhibits both FSH and LH.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Maintains the thick uterus lining.
Inhibits both FSH and LH.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Progesterone maintains the uterus lining after ovulation, preparing it for implantation. It also inhibits FSH and LH, preventing further follicles from maturing or releasing eggs."},{"text":"

Breaks down the thick uterus lining.
Stimulates both FSH and LH.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both effects of progesterone. Progesterone maintains the thick uterus lining and inhibits FSH and LH; its decline, rather than its presence, allows the lining to break down."},{"text":"

Triggers the release of an egg.
Inhibits both FSH and oestrogen.

","correct":false,"explanation":"LH, not progesterone, triggers ovulation. After ovulation, progesterone maintains the thick uterus lining and inhibits both FSH and LH, helping prevent another egg from maturing."},{"text":"

Repairs the uterus lining.
Stimulates both FSH and oestrogen.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Oestrogen helps rebuild the uterus lining before ovulation, while FSH stimulates follicle development. Progesterone instead maintains the thick lining and inhibits both FSH and LH."}]},{"id":"aef9c4fc-f14b-473b-be26-145d1ede8540","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does menstruation occur when fertilisation has not happened?","back":"If the egg is not fertilised, progesterone falls, the lining breaks down, and menstruation begins.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"If the egg is not fertilised, progesterone falls, the lining breaks down, and menstruation begins.","correct":true,"explanation":"Without fertilisation, the structure producing progesterone degenerates. Progesterone levels therefore fall, so the uterus lining is no longer maintained and is shed during menstruation."},{"text":"If the egg is not fertilised, progesterone rises, the lining breaks down, and menstruation begins.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the hormonal change: high progesterone maintains the uterus lining rather than breaking it down. Without fertilisation, progesterone falls, causing the lining to be shed."},{"text":"If the egg is not fertilised, oestrogen peaks, the lining breaks down, and menstruation begins.","correct":false,"explanation":"A peak in oestrogen occurs before ovulation and helps build the uterus lining. Menstruation begins when progesterone falls after an egg has not been fertilised."},{"text":"If the egg is not fertilised, LH surges, the lining breaks down, and menstruation begins.","correct":false,"explanation":"The LH surge triggers ovulation near the middle of the cycle; it does not cause menstruation. Menstruation occurs later because progesterone falls and the lining is no longer maintained."}]},{"id":"365ea5ef-b16e-44df-a7d3-2a508acb2318","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to progesterone if the egg is fertilised?","back":"If the egg is fertilised, progesterone stays high to maintain the lining and support pregnancy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"If the egg is fertilised, progesterone stays high to maintain the lining and support pregnancy.","correct":true,"explanation":"Following fertilisation, progesterone remains at a high level. This prevents the uterus lining from breaking down, allowing implantation and supporting the developing pregnancy."},{"text":"If the egg is fertilised, progesterone falls rapidly to maintain the lining and support pregnancy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Falling progesterone would cause the uterus lining to break down, so it could not support pregnancy. After fertilisation, progesterone stays high to maintain the lining."},{"text":"If the egg is fertilised, FSH stays high to maintain the lining and support pregnancy.","correct":false,"explanation":"FSH stimulates an ovarian follicle to mature rather than maintaining the uterus lining. After fertilisation, progesterone stays high, preserving the lining and supporting pregnancy."},{"text":"If the egg is fertilised, LH rises sharply to maintain the lining and support pregnancy.","correct":false,"explanation":"A sharp LH rise triggers ovulation before fertilisation and is not responsible for maintaining the lining. Progesterone stays high after fertilisation to support pregnancy."}]},{"id":"d079b19e-9c99-4617-8844-b6e616eee16e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"FSH is highest [ ], when it starts an egg maturing.","back":"FSH is highest early in the cycle, when it starts an egg maturing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"early in the cycle","correct":true,"explanation":"FSH is highest early in the menstrual cycle because it stimulates a follicle containing an egg to mature and encourages the ovary to produce oestrogen."},{"text":"during ovulation","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing FSH with LH makes this tempting, but an LH surge drives ovulation. FSH is highest early in the cycle, when it begins stimulating egg maturation."},{"text":"late in the cycle","correct":false,"explanation":"Progesterone is prominent later in the cycle after ovulation, while FSH is inhibited. FSH is highest early in the cycle to start an egg maturing."},{"text":"during menstruation only","correct":false,"explanation":"FSH may begin rising around menstruation, but its role and peak are not restricted to bleeding. It is highest early in the cycle as a follicle matures."}]},{"id":"1a25772c-2c26-4ad5-afd6-50d39cd7da97","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Oestrogen rises to a peak just before [ ].","back":"Oestrogen rises to a peak just before day 14.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"day 14","correct":true,"explanation":"In a typical 28-day cycle, oestrogen peaks just before day 14. This high concentration stimulates the LH surge that triggers ovulation around day 14."},{"text":"day 1","correct":false,"explanation":"Day 1 marks the start of menstruation, when oestrogen and progesterone are relatively low. Oestrogen rises as the follicle develops and peaks just before day 14."},{"text":"day 21","correct":false,"explanation":"Day 21 is associated with the progesterone peak after ovulation, not the oestrogen peak before it. Oestrogen reaches its main peak just before day 14."},{"text":"day 28","correct":false,"explanation":"Near day 28, oestrogen and progesterone fall if fertilisation has not occurred. Oestrogen instead peaks just before day 14 and helps trigger the LH surge."}]},{"id":"ac1ef38b-ed6e-4aed-a0ba-34e838907b16","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Progesterone rises after ovulation and peaks around [ ].","back":"Progesterone rises after ovulation and peaks around day 21.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"day 21","correct":true,"explanation":"Progesterone rises after ovulation because the empty follicle produces it. In a typical 28-day cycle, its concentration peaks around day 21 while maintaining the uterus lining."},{"text":"day 7","correct":false,"explanation":"Day 7 is before ovulation, so progesterone remains relatively low because the empty follicle has not formed. Progesterone rises after ovulation and peaks around day 21."},{"text":"day 14","correct":false,"explanation":"Day 14 is associated with ovulation and the LH surge. Progesterone rises only after ovulation, reaching its highest concentration approximately one week later, around day 21."},{"text":"day 28","correct":false,"explanation":"By day 28, progesterone usually falls if fertilisation has not happened, allowing menstruation to begin. Its post-ovulation peak occurs earlier, around day 21."}]},{"id":"e15b8368-ba61-4e91-81ce-ed045b5c5bdc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The empty follicle produces [ ] after ovulation.","back":"The empty follicle produces progesterone after ovulation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"progesterone","correct":true,"explanation":"After releasing the egg, the empty follicle forms the corpus luteum and produces progesterone. This hormone maintains the thick uterus lining and inhibits FSH and LH."},{"text":"oestrogen","correct":false,"explanation":"The developing follicle mainly produces oestrogen before ovulation, which makes this a common mix-up. After ovulation, the empty follicle mainly produces progesterone to maintain the uterus lining."},{"text":"FSH","correct":false,"explanation":"FSH is released by the pituitary gland, not by the empty follicle, and stimulates follicle maturation. The empty follicle produces progesterone after ovulation."},{"text":"LH","correct":false,"explanation":"LH is released by the pituitary gland and triggers ovulation; it is not produced by the emptied follicle. After ovulation, that follicle produces progesterone."}]},{"id":"ce4c0ffa-e0f1-4401-a971-9d7d83a3d94f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Falling progesterone at the end of the cycle lets [ ] and the cycle repeat.","back":"Falling progesterone at the end of the cycle lets FSH rise and the cycle repeat.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"FSH rise","correct":true,"explanation":"Progesterone inhibits FSH, so falling progesterone removes this inhibition. FSH can then rise and stimulate another follicle containing an egg to mature, beginning the next cycle."},{"text":"LH fall","correct":false,"explanation":"LH is already relatively low after its ovulatory surge, so its decline does not restart follicle development. Falling progesterone removes inhibition of FSH, allowing FSH to rise."},{"text":"oestrogen fall","correct":false,"explanation":"A fall in oestrogen does not stimulate a new follicle to mature. Falling progesterone removes its inhibitory effect on FSH, allowing FSH to rise and restart the cycle."},{"text":"progesterone rise","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the actual change and would continue inhibiting FSH. At the end of an unfertilised cycle, progesterone falls, allowing FSH to rise and another follicle to mature."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"5.3.4 Hormones in human reproduction","title":"5.3.4 Hormones in human reproduction Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"c1c3c687-95c1-5661-b597-29f09d9428d8","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]