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includes only physical wellbeing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical wellbeing is one aspect, but health also includes mental wellbeing. Leaving out mental wellbeing gives an incomplete definition of health."},{"text":"Health includes social wellbeing but not mental wellbeing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social circumstances can influence health, but the definition tested here specifically includes both physical and mental wellbeing, not social wellbeing instead."},{"text":"Health means having no communicable diseases.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being free from communicable disease does not guarantee good health. Health includes physical and mental wellbeing, and non-communicable conditions also affect it."}]},{"id":"ef418c30-918f-40f3-bf4f-a282acba2a18","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does good physical health mean?","back":"The body's organs work properly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The body's organs work properly.","correct":true,"explanation":"Good physical health means the body's organs carry out their functions effectively, allowing normal processes such as breathing, digestion and circulation."},{"text":"The body's organs are all the same size.","correct":false,"explanation":"Organs have different sizes because they perform different functions. Physical health depends on organs functioning properly, not matching one another in size."},{"text":"The body's organs contain no microorganisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Many harmless microorganisms normally live in and on the body. Good physical health concerns organ function, rather than complete removal of microorganisms."},{"text":"The body's organs never change.","correct":false,"explanation":"Organs can change with age, exercise or disease. The relevant measure of physical health is whether they function properly, not whether they remain unchanged."}]},{"id":"33711c6f-1504-4267-b870-464d67879451","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does good mental health mean?","back":"A person can cope with normal everyday demands.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A person can cope with normal everyday demands.","correct":true,"explanation":"Good mental health includes being able to manage the ordinary demands and challenges of daily life without those demands becoming unmanageable."},{"text":"A person can avoid all stressful situations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stressful situations cannot always be avoided. Good mental health is shown by coping with normal everyday demands, rather than experiencing no stress at all."},{"text":"A person can remain happy throughout every day.","correct":false,"explanation":"Everyone experiences a range of emotions, including sadness and frustration. Mental health is about coping with daily demands, not constant happiness."},{"text":"A person can solve every problem without help.","correct":false,"explanation":"Seeking support can be part of healthy coping. Mental health does not require complete independence, only the ability to manage normal everyday demands."}]},{"id":"c5c42ee1-2f3f-4e39-8ff5-3c6bfde52c62","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can someone be in poor health without carrying an infection?","back":"A person may have poor health because of poor diet, high stress or a difficult life situation, even without an infection.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A person may have poor health because of poor diet, high stress or a difficult life situation, even without an infection.","correct":true,"explanation":"Health can be harmed by non-infectious factors such as an unbalanced diet, prolonged stress or difficult circumstances, so infection is not required."},{"text":"A person may have poor health because of poor hygiene, high temperature or inherited pathogens, even without an infection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Poor hygiene may increase infection risk, but the listed explanation incorrectly treats temperature and inherited pathogens as the relevant causes. Diet, stress and life situations can directly harm health."},{"text":"A person may have poor health because of exercise, low stress or a supportive life situation, even without an infection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Regular suitable exercise, low stress and support generally protect health. The recognised non-infectious causes include poor diet, high stress and difficult circumstances."},{"text":"A person may have poor health because of vaccination, low stress or a short-term life situation, even without an infection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vaccination and low stress do not normally cause poor health. The intended examples are harmful influences such as poor diet, high stress and difficult life situations."}]},{"id":"2563aaca-2cae-4a61-a9ad-2ae06ff22467","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a communicable disease spread between organisms?","back":"It is caused by a pathogen, so it can spread between organisms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is caused by a pathogen, so it can spread between organisms.","correct":true,"explanation":"Communicable diseases are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses or fungi, which can be transmitted from one organism to another."},{"text":"It is caused by a hormone, so it can spread between organisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hormones are chemical messengers made by organisms and are not infectious agents. Spread between organisms occurs when a disease is caused by a transmissible pathogen."},{"text":"It is caused by a nutrient, so it can spread between organisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nutrients support growth and energy release but do not reproduce as infectious agents. Communicable disease transmission depends on pathogens moving between organisms."},{"text":"It is caused by a genetic mutation, so it can spread between organisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genetic mutations can contribute to inherited or non-communicable conditions, but they do not pass between people as infections. Pathogens cause communicable diseases."}]},{"id":"f6ebc52e-30af-4994-a084-09f180790222","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name three communicable diseases from the notes.","back":"Measles, influenza and chickenpox.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Measles, influenza and chickenpox.","correct":true,"explanation":"These are all communicable diseases because pathogens cause them and they can be transmitted between organisms."},{"text":"Coronary heart disease, influenza and type 2 diabetes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Influenza is communicable, but coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes are non-communicable conditions. The requested list contains three transmissible diseases."},{"text":"Most cancers, asthma and chickenpox.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chickenpox is communicable, whereas most cancers and asthma are not spread between people. They therefore cannot form a correct set of three communicable diseases."},{"text":"Measles, obesity and coronary heart disease.","correct":false,"explanation":"Measles is communicable, but obesity and coronary heart disease are non-communicable. A correct list must contain diseases caused by transmissible pathogens."}]},{"id":"71bb3b2a-afc7-4717-8c8e-b6bd8b8eeff2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why cannot a non-communicable disease be caught from another person?","back":"It cannot spread between people and is not caused by a pathogen.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It cannot spread between people and is not caused by a pathogen.","correct":true,"explanation":"Non-communicable diseases are not transmitted between people because they are not caused by pathogens such as bacteria or viruses."},{"text":"It cannot spread between people because it is caused by a pathogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pathogens are infectious agents that can pass between organisms. The defining reason is that non-communicable diseases are not caused by pathogens."},{"text":"It can spread between people but is not caused by a pathogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"A disease spreading between people would be communicable. Non-communicable diseases neither spread between people nor result from pathogens."},{"text":"It cannot spread between people because it is always inherited.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some non-communicable diseases have inherited risk factors, but others result from lifestyle or environmental causes. Their defining feature is absence of a pathogen."}]},{"id":"1dc5b2e8-0521-4cb5-aab3-7df950993a39","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name three non-communicable diseases from the notes.","back":"Coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes and most cancers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes and most cancers.","correct":true,"explanation":"These conditions are non-communicable: they are not caused by transmissible pathogens and cannot be caught from another person."},{"text":"Measles, influenza and chickenpox.","correct":false,"explanation":"All three listed diseases are communicable because pathogens cause them and they can spread between organisms. They are not examples of non-communicable disease."},{"text":"HIV, malaria and influenza.","correct":false,"explanation":"HIV, malaria and influenza are communicable diseases. Their pathogens can be transmitted by particular routes, so they do not belong in this category."},{"text":"Asthma, measles and food poisoning.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asthma is non-communicable, but measles and many cases of food poisoning are caused by transmissible pathogens. The set therefore mixes two categories."}]},{"id":"6774e5a6-7a3e-4e31-a10b-16fe680d2ff2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can a defect in the immune system increase the risk of infectious disease?","back":"A defective immune system may reduce the number of lymphocytes, making infections such as pneumonia more likely.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A defective immune system may reduce the number of lymphocytes, making infections such as pneumonia more likely.","correct":true,"explanation":"Lymphocytes are white blood cells involved in immune defence. Fewer effective lymphocytes can make it harder to destroy pathogens, increasing infection risk."},{"text":"A defective immune system may reduce the number of red blood cells, making infections such as pneumonia more likely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Red blood cells transport oxygen and are not the main cells responsible for specific immune defence. Reduced lymphocytes are the relevant immune-system defect."},{"text":"A defective immune system may reduce the number of platelets, making infections such as pneumonia more likely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Platelets help blood clot after injury. They do not provide the lymphocyte-based defence that limits pathogens, so this is the wrong cell type."},{"text":"A defective immune system may reduce the number of antibiotics, making infections such as pneumonia more likely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibiotics are medicines, not cells made by the immune system. Reduced lymphocyte numbers weaken immune defence and can increase susceptibility to infection."}]},{"id":"cd30ff62-0265-42fc-ab03-1f05d59e1f9e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can a virus living in cells lead to cancer?","back":"The virus can trigger cancer; for example, HPV can lead to cervical cancer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The virus can trigger cancer; for example, HPV can lead to cervical cancer.","correct":true,"explanation":"Some viruses alter the behaviour of infected cells. Human papillomavirus, or HPV, is an example associated with the development of cervical cancer."},{"text":"The virus can trigger cancer; for example, HIV can lead to cervical cancer.","correct":false,"explanation":"HIV weakens immune defence but is not the example linked directly to cervical cancer here. HPV is the virus associated with this cancer."},{"text":"The virus can trigger cancer; for example, influenza can lead to cervical cancer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Influenza causes a respiratory infection and is not the virus associated with cervical cancer. The relevant example is HPV affecting infected cells."},{"text":"The virus can trigger cancer; for example, malaria can lead to cervical cancer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Malaria is caused by a parasite rather than a virus and is not linked to cervical cancer. HPV is the relevant viral example."}]},{"id":"7b3b9b5b-7649-4088-8bfd-4942d4fc3397","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can an immune reaction caused by a pathogen lead to another condition?","back":"An immune reaction caused by a pathogen can later trigger allergies such as skin rashes or asthma.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An immune reaction caused by a pathogen can later trigger allergies such as skin rashes or asthma.","correct":true,"explanation":"An immune response can become inappropriately directed or overactive after exposure, producing allergic conditions such as skin rashes or asthma."},{"text":"An immune reaction caused by a pathogen can later trigger defences such as red blood cells or clotting.","correct":false,"explanation":"Red blood cells transport oxygen and clotting prevents bleeding; neither describes the later condition caused by an excessive immune response. Allergies are the relevant outcome."},{"text":"An immune reaction caused by a pathogen can later trigger digestive processes such as absorption or egestion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Absorption and egestion are digestive processes, not conditions caused by an immune reaction. An inappropriate immune response can instead produce allergies."},{"text":"An immune reaction caused by a pathogen can later trigger growth processes such as mitosis or respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitosis and respiration are normal cell processes, not allergic conditions. The relevant consequence of an abnormal immune reaction is an allergy."}]},{"id":"f7459347-b3ff-4ce6-b3c6-08d2df2fbfc7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can severe physical ill health affect mental health?","back":"Severe physical ill health can lead to depression or other mental illness.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Severe physical ill health can lead to depression or other mental illness.","correct":true,"explanation":"Serious physical illness can place substantial emotional and psychological strain on a person, increasing the risk of depression or another mental illness."},{"text":"Severe physical ill health can lead to stronger bones or faster growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Severe illness generally stresses the body rather than strengthening bones or accelerating growth. Its possible mental-health consequence is depression or other mental illness."},{"text":"Severe physical ill health can lead to permanent immunity or improved vision.","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical illness does not generally create permanent immunity or improve vision. Serious illness can instead contribute to depression or other mental illness."},{"text":"Severe physical ill health can lead to higher oxygen transport or better coordination.","correct":false,"explanation":"Severe illness is unlikely to improve oxygen transport or coordination. The recognised effect on mental health includes depression and other mental illness."}]},{"id":"5a35d568-490c-4d0b-99dc-141b1e9c82ff","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does the incidence of a disease measure?","back":"It is the number of people in a population who develop the disease.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is the number of people in a population who develop the disease.","correct":true,"explanation":"Disease incidence counts new cases developing in a population over a stated period, allowing scientists to compare how frequently disease arises."},{"text":"It is the number of people in a population who already have the disease.","correct":false,"explanation":"Counting everyone who has a disease describes prevalence more closely. Incidence specifically measures people who develop new cases during the relevant period."},{"text":"It is the number of people in a population who recover from the disease.","correct":false,"explanation":"Recovery is an outcome after illness and is not what incidence measures. Incidence counts new people developing the disease."},{"text":"It is the number of pathogens in a population that cause the disease.","correct":false,"explanation":"Incidence concerns people and new disease cases, not the number of pathogens. Measuring pathogens would describe an agent or exposure, not disease incidence."}]},{"id":"cd567043-14d4-4b6e-8788-29935ea7d09d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do scientists study a sample rather than the whole population?","back":"Studying every individual would be impossible, so scientists study a representative sample.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Studying every individual would be impossible, so scientists study a representative sample.","correct":true,"explanation":"Populations are often too large to examine completely. A carefully selected representative sample makes investigation practical while still providing useful evidence."},{"text":"Studying every individual would be unnecessary because samples are always identical, so scientists study a representative sample.","correct":false,"explanation":"Samples are not always identical to populations and can be unrepresentative. Sampling is mainly used because studying every individual is impractical or impossible."},{"text":"Studying every individual would be too accurate, so scientists study a representative sample.","correct":false,"explanation":"More complete data are not a problem because they are accurate. Scientists sample because examining an entire population is usually impossible."},{"text":"Studying every individual would be less reliable than asking volunteers, so scientists study a representative sample.","correct":false,"explanation":"Volunteers may introduce bias and are not automatically more reliable. The practical reason for sampling is that studying every individual is impossible."}]},{"id":"f64e8d11-2ac8-4d90-bba4-cb63d8f82491","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What requirement makes a population sample useful?","back":"The sample must be large enough to represent the population.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The sample must be large enough to represent the population.","correct":true,"explanation":"A sufficiently large representative sample is more likely to reflect the population accurately, reducing the effect of unusual individuals or random variation."},{"text":"The sample must be small enough to include only unusual individuals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Selecting only unusual individuals makes the sample biased and unrepresentative. A useful sample must be large enough to reflect the wider population."},{"text":"The sample must be made entirely from the easiest individuals to find.","correct":false,"explanation":"Choosing the easiest individuals introduces sampling bias because they may differ from the wider population. Representation requires an appropriately sized sample."},{"text":"The sample must be identical in size to the whole population.","correct":false,"explanation":"If the sample equalled the whole population, sampling would no longer be needed. It must instead be sufficiently large and representative."}]},{"id":"d8af31f8-d1e8-4ba5-895f-8db532e9dee1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which displays can be used to show disease data?","back":"Frequency tables, bar charts and histograms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Frequency tables, bar charts and histograms.","correct":true,"explanation":"Frequency tables organise counts, bar charts compare separate categories, and histograms display frequencies for continuous data grouped into intervals."},{"text":"Pie charts, line graphs and scatter diagrams.","correct":false,"explanation":"These displays can be useful elsewhere, but they are not the set identified in the notes for showing this disease data."},{"text":"Flow charts, maps and genetic diagrams.","correct":false,"explanation":"Those displays show processes, locations or inheritance rather than the frequency patterns used to present disease data in the notes."},{"text":"Microscope drawings, Punnett squares and food webs.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are biology representations for structures, inheritance and feeding relationships. Frequency tables, bar charts and histograms are the relevant data displays."}]},{"id":"7f5fb8c4-3bd1-4b4e-8359-8cc520342298","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which type of graph is used to look for correlation between two variables?","back":"A scatter diagram.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A scatter diagram.","correct":true,"explanation":"A scatter diagram plots paired values for two variables, making it possible to identify positive, negative or no correlation between them."},{"text":"A bar chart.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bar charts compare separate categories, so they are unsuitable for showing how two continuous variables are related. The correct graph is a scatter diagram, which plots paired measurements."},{"text":"A histogram.","correct":false,"explanation":"A histogram shows the frequency distribution of continuous data, rather than the relationship between two variables. The correct graph is a scatter diagram, using plotted pairs of values."},{"text":"A line graph.","correct":false,"explanation":"Line graphs usually show how one variable changes with another ordered variable, often time. The correct graph is a scatter diagram for investigating correlation between two variables."}]},{"id":"5a9294b7-dbec-46cf-b709-9f77159c272d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A person can have poor health because of poor diet, high stress or a difficult life situation, even when they carry no [ ].","back":"A person can have poor health because of poor diet, high stress or a difficult life situation, even when they carry no infection.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"infection","correct":true,"explanation":"Poor health is not always caused by an infectious agent. Diet, stress and difficult circumstances can damage health even when no infection is present."},{"text":"pathogen","correct":false,"explanation":"A pathogen is an organism or agent that causes communicable disease, but poor health can also have non-infectious causes. The correct term is infection, which a person may lack despite poor health."},{"text":"symptom","correct":false,"explanation":"A symptom is a sign or effect of illness, not something a person carries. The sentence refers to infection, because non-infectious factors can cause poor health without one."},{"text":"vaccine","correct":false,"explanation":"A vaccine is used to stimulate protection against a particular disease and is not something whose presence explains poor health. The correct term is infection."}]},{"id":"9a0e8eb6-d17a-421b-ad89-9ff29dbdd573","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A communicable disease can spread between organisms because it is caused by a [ ].","back":"A communicable disease can spread between organisms because it is caused by a pathogen.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"pathogen","correct":true,"explanation":"A pathogen is a disease-causing organism or agent. Because pathogens can pass between organisms, diseases they cause are described as communicable."},{"text":"antibody","correct":false,"explanation":"An antibody is a protein made by the immune system to recognise a foreign antigen; it does not cause a disease to spread. The correct term is pathogen."},{"text":"toxin","correct":false,"explanation":"Some toxins can cause illness, but a toxin is a poisonous substance rather than the general cause required here. Communicable disease is caused by a pathogen that can transmit between organisms."},{"text":"hormone","correct":false,"explanation":"Hormones are chemical messengers controlling body processes and are not infectious agents. The correct term is pathogen, because communicable diseases are caused by transmissible disease-causing organisms or agents."}]},{"id":"da780820-0d88-4dcc-ada2-dedbacdb7097","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"HIV lowers the number of [ ], allowing infections such as pneumonia to take hold.","back":"HIV lowers the number of lymphocytes, allowing infections such as pneumonia to take hold.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"lymphocytes","correct":true,"explanation":"HIV damages the immune system by reducing lymphocyte numbers. This weakens immune responses, so normally controlled infections such as pneumonia can become serious."},{"text":"red blood cells","correct":false,"explanation":"Red blood cells transport oxygen and are not the main immune cells targeted in this GCSE description. The correct answer is lymphocytes, whose loss weakens defence against infection."},{"text":"platelets","correct":false,"explanation":"Platelets help blood clot after injury and do not provide the immune response affected in this example. HIV lowers lymphocyte numbers, making infections harder to control."},{"text":"nerve cells","correct":false,"explanation":"Nerve cells transmit electrical impulses and are not the white blood cells responsible for this immune defence. The correct answer is lymphocytes, which HIV reduces."}]},{"id":"959fe863-d981-453b-bc4f-37e0371160ac","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Scientists study disease incidence by counting how many people in a population [ ] the disease.","back":"Scientists study disease incidence by counting how many people in a population develop the disease.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"develop","correct":true,"explanation":"Disease incidence measures the number of new cases arising in a population during a specified period, so scientists count people who develop the disease."},{"text":"recover from","correct":false,"explanation":"Counting recovery measures an outcome after illness, not the number of new cases. Incidence is based on how many people develop the disease in the population."},{"text":"are vaccinated against","correct":false,"explanation":"Vaccination coverage measures prevention, not new disease cases. Disease incidence counts people who develop the disease, usually within a defined population and time period."},{"text":"die from","correct":false,"explanation":"Deaths measure mortality, which is different from incidence. Incidence counts new people developing the disease, including those who may later recover or die."}]},{"id":"2520245a-b2d1-4f18-8c5a-079935d9dc85","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A scatter diagram is used to look for a correlation between two [ ].","back":"A scatter diagram is used to look for a correlation between two variables.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"variables","correct":true,"explanation":"A scatter diagram displays paired measurements for two variables. The pattern of points can then show whether changes in one variable are associated with changes in the other."},{"text":"organisms","correct":false,"explanation":"Organisms may provide the subjects being measured, but correlation is assessed between measured variables. The correct term is variables, represented by the two axes."},{"text":"populations","correct":false,"explanation":"Populations can be studied using scatter diagrams, but they are not the two quantities whose relationship is being tested. The correct term is variables."},{"text":"categories","correct":false,"explanation":"Categories are qualitative groups commonly compared with bar charts, whereas correlation requires two measured variables. The correct term is variables."}]},{"id":"dab0ea64-7aa9-4c5f-8914-cfccf7cf60b2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A disease sample must be large enough to be [ ] of the population.","back":"A disease sample must be large enough to be representative of the population.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"representative","correct":true,"explanation":"A representative sample reflects the characteristics of the whole population, reducing the risk that conclusions about disease are distorted by selecting unusual individuals."},{"text":"randomised","correct":false,"explanation":"Random selection can help avoid selection bias, but randomness alone does not guarantee that the sample reflects the population. The required term is representative."},{"text":"identical","correct":false,"explanation":"A sample does not need to be identical to the entire population, which would usually be impossible. It needs to be representative of the population's relevant characteristics."},{"text":"statistically significant","correct":false,"explanation":"Statistical significance describes how unlikely a result is due to chance, not whether the selected group reflects the population. The correct term is representative."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"2.2.5 Health issues","title":"2.2.5 Health issues Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"2a6ebf47-2bbf-568b-9d64-45d12b2e38e7","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]