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place."},{"text":"Global warming is the gradual rise in Earth's average daily rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses global warming with changing precipitation patterns. Global warming is the gradual rise in Earth's average surface temperature, although that warming can subsequently alter rainfall."},{"text":"Global warming is the gradual rise in Earth's average sea level.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rising sea level is a consequence of global warming, not its definition. Global warming is the gradual rise in Earth's average surface temperature."},{"text":"Global warming is the gradual rise in Earth's average atmospheric pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Atmospheric pressure does not define global warming. Global warming is the long-term rise in Earth's average surface temperature caused mainly by increased greenhouse-gas concentrations."}]},{"id":"8d810bb3-073d-414a-ba41-2932d62bc0b0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does increasing greenhouse-gas concentration cause global warming?","back":"Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, causing Earth to warm.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, causing Earth to warm.","correct":true,"explanation":"Greenhouse gases absorb outgoing infrared radiation and re-radiate some of it towards Earth's surface, reducing heat loss to space and increasing global temperatures."},{"text":"Greenhouse gases release heat from the atmosphere, causing Earth to cool.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases reduce heat loss by absorbing outgoing infrared radiation, so increasing their concentration causes Earth to warm."},{"text":"Greenhouse gases block sunlight from the atmosphere, causing Earth to cool.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses greenhouse gases with particles that reflect sunlight. Greenhouse gases absorb outgoing infrared radiation and trap heat in the atmosphere, causing Earth to warm."},{"text":"Greenhouse gases create oxygen in the atmosphere, causing Earth to warm.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greenhouse gases do not warm Earth by producing oxygen. They absorb and re-radiate outgoing infrared radiation, trapping heat that would otherwise escape into space."}]},{"id":"529467f2-33be-415c-9a47-6e6df1d7e5b7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name two greenhouse gases.","back":"Carbon dioxide and methane.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Carbon dioxide and methane.","correct":true,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide and methane both absorb outgoing infrared radiation. Human activities have increased their atmospheric concentrations, strengthening the greenhouse effect."},{"text":"Oxygen and nitrogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen and nitrogen make up most of the atmosphere but are not significant greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide and methane are two important greenhouse gases."},{"text":"Hydrogen and helium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen and helium are not the greenhouse gases responsible for current global warming. Carbon dioxide and methane both trap outgoing infrared radiation in the atmosphere."},{"text":"Nitrogen and argon.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrogen and argon do not significantly absorb the outgoing infrared radiation involved in the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases."}]},{"id":"f24f68f8-fc7f-416e-b269-24b44c3b7c6c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which human activities raise greenhouse-gas levels?","back":"Burning fossil fuels, deforestation and farming.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Burning fossil fuels, deforestation and farming.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fossil-fuel combustion releases carbon dioxide, deforestation reduces carbon dioxide uptake and often releases stored carbon, while farming produces greenhouse gases such as methane."},{"text":"Recycling household waste, reforestation and cycling.","correct":false,"explanation":"These activities generally reduce emissions or increase carbon dioxide uptake rather than raising greenhouse-gas levels. Burning fossil fuels, deforestation and farming are major contributors."},{"text":"Using wind turbines, afforestation and composting.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wind power and afforestation can lower net greenhouse-gas levels, so this reverses their usual effects. Burning fossil fuels, deforestation and farming raise greenhouse-gas levels."},{"text":"Protecting peatlands, recycling and solar power.","correct":false,"explanation":"These actions conserve carbon stores or replace high-emission activities. Burning fossil fuels, deforestation and farming are human activities that increase atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations."}]},{"id":"fa74300b-581a-43fb-b4c4-d6d0813fd6f6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a major source of carbon dioxide?","back":"Burning fossil fuels and wood.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Burning fossil fuels and wood.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fossil fuels and wood contain carbon. Complete combustion combines this carbon with oxygen and releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere."},{"text":"Using wind turbines and solar panels.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wind turbines and solar panels generate electricity without burning carbon-containing fuel during operation. Burning fossil fuels and wood is a major source of carbon dioxide."},{"text":"Planting new forests and hedgerows.","correct":false,"explanation":"Growing trees and hedgerows remove carbon dioxide through photosynthesis rather than acting as major sources. Burning fossil fuels and wood releases carbon dioxide."},{"text":"Recycling glass bottles and metals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Recycling can reduce the energy and emissions needed to make new materials. Burning fossil fuels and wood directly releases carbon dioxide during combustion."}]},{"id":"4c61b1b8-5980-4a85-b7d3-7fa3479f31d7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are sources of methane?","back":"Cattle, rice fields and rotting waste in landfill.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cattle, rice fields and rotting waste in landfill.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cattle digestion, waterlogged rice fields and anaerobic decomposition in landfill all involve microorganisms that produce and release methane."},{"text":"Solar panels, wind farms and hydroelectric dams.","correct":false,"explanation":"These technologies do not normally produce substantial methane during operation. Major methane sources include cattle, waterlogged rice fields and rotting landfill waste."},{"text":"Forests, grasslands and growing crops in fields.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ordinary plant growth is not a main methane source and usually removes carbon dioxide. Cattle, flooded rice fields and anaerobically rotting landfill waste release methane."},{"text":"Cars, power stations and domestic boilers.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are mainly associated with carbon dioxide released by fossil-fuel combustion. Important methane sources include cattle, rice fields and rotting waste in landfill."}]},{"id":"8113e43a-a00b-4e63-88bf-210d4fc8de92","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a greenhouse gas do?","back":"A greenhouse gas traps heat that would otherwise escape into space.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A greenhouse gas traps heat that would otherwise escape into space.","correct":true,"explanation":"A greenhouse gas absorbs outgoing infrared radiation and re-radiates some towards Earth, retaining energy that would otherwise be lost to space."},{"text":"A greenhouse gas reflects sunlight that would otherwise reach Earth's surface.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses greenhouse gases with reflective aerosols or clouds. A greenhouse gas absorbs outgoing infrared radiation, trapping heat that would otherwise escape into space."},{"text":"A greenhouse gas releases heat that would otherwise remain near Earth's surface.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases retain heat by absorbing outgoing infrared radiation and re-radiating some back towards Earth's surface."},{"text":"A greenhouse gas produces oxygen that would otherwise remain inside plants.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen production occurs during photosynthesis and does not define a greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases trap heat that would otherwise escape from Earth into space."}]},{"id":"0e7ce8ea-1f06-46cd-b25d-3bc1f6b6cb13","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can rising temperatures cause climate change?","back":"Climate change causes more extreme weather and shifting rainfall.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Climate change causes more extreme weather and shifting rainfall.","correct":true,"explanation":"Higher global temperatures alter atmospheric and oceanic circulation, changing rainfall patterns and increasing the frequency or severity of some extreme weather events."},{"text":"Climate change causes identical weather and stable rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the opposite of the expected effect. Rising temperatures alter climate systems, leading to shifting rainfall patterns and more extreme weather in many regions."},{"text":"Climate change causes weaker seasons and constant rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Climate change does not make rainfall constant. Global warming disrupts atmospheric and oceanic patterns, producing shifting rainfall and more extreme weather."},{"text":"Climate change causes uniform temperatures and predictable rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes warming makes climates more uniform and predictable. Instead, it changes circulation and rainfall patterns and can increase extreme weather."}]},{"id":"30fbedfa-4220-46d9-b084-c75bf70a83cf","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can global warming flood low-lying habitats?","back":"Melting ice causes sea levels to rise, flooding low-lying habitats.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Melting ice causes sea levels to rise, flooding low-lying habitats.","correct":true,"explanation":"Melting land ice adds water to the oceans, contributing to rising sea levels that can inundate coastal and other low-lying habitats."},{"text":"Melting ice causes sea levels to fall, flooding low-lying habitats.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the direction of change and contradicts the claimed flooding. Melting land ice adds ocean water, causing sea levels to rise and flood low-lying habitats."},{"text":"Melting ice causes river levels to rise, flooding low-lying habitats.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although local rivers can flood, the global mechanism concerns oceans. Melting land ice raises sea levels, threatening low-lying coastal habitats."},{"text":"Melting ice causes sea levels to remain stable, flooding low-lying habitats.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stable sea levels would not explain increased coastal inundation. Melting land ice adds water to the oceans, causing sea levels to rise and flood low-lying habitats."}]},{"id":"9365596d-d439-4e59-a6ce-12bb79e0ef5c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might species move as global temperatures rise?","back":"They must move to stay in suitable conditions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They must move to stay in suitable conditions.","correct":true,"explanation":"As temperature and rainfall patterns change, a species' current habitat may become unsuitable, so individuals may move towards areas within their tolerance range."},{"text":"They must move to increase global temperatures.","correct":false,"explanation":"Species movement is a response to warming, not a cause intended to increase it. Species move to remain within suitable environmental conditions."},{"text":"They must move to avoid all competing species.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoiding every competitor is neither possible nor the main climate-related reason for movement. Species relocate to remain in suitable temperature and rainfall conditions."},{"text":"They must move to produce more greenhouse gases.","correct":false,"explanation":"Movement does not help species by increasing greenhouse-gas production. Species shift their ranges to stay in environmental conditions they can tolerate."}]},{"id":"1b9bcd7b-35ca-4677-88fd-2aaaeef419af","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does global warming change where species are found?","back":"Their distribution and migration patterns change.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Their distribution and migration patterns change.","correct":true,"explanation":"Changing temperatures and rainfall alter where suitable habitats occur, so species' geographical distributions and the timing or routes of migration can change."},{"text":"Their population size and genetic code change.","correct":false,"explanation":"Population size may change, but global warming does not directly rewrite a species' genetic code. It changes species distribution and migration patterns."},{"text":"Their feeding level and cell structure change.","correct":false,"explanation":"Climate warming does not generally alter organisms' cell structure or trophic level. It shifts suitable habitats, changing species distribution and migration patterns."},{"text":"Their body shape and chromosome number change.","correct":false,"explanation":"Global warming does not directly change a species' chromosome number or body shape. It alters habitat suitability, changing distribution and migration patterns."}]},{"id":"b2219eb4-9a50-4bb6-adf7-c9b8c73c579b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What may happen to species that cannot move or adapt fast enough?","back":"Species unable to move or adapt quickly enough may die out.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Species unable to move or adapt quickly enough may die out.","correct":true,"explanation":"If environmental conditions move beyond a species' tolerance and it cannot migrate or adapt in time, its population may decline to extinction."},{"text":"Species unable to move or adapt quickly enough may grow larger.","correct":false,"explanation":"Failure to cope with unsuitable conditions does not reliably cause increased body size. Populations instead decline, and species may die out."},{"text":"Species unable to move or adapt quickly enough may become producers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Climate stress cannot change consumers into producers, which would require an entirely different mode of nutrition. Species unable to move or adapt may die out."},{"text":"Species unable to move or adapt quickly enough may reproduce faster.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unsuitable conditions commonly reduce survival and reproductive success rather than guaranteeing faster reproduction. Species that cannot move or adapt quickly enough may die out."}]},{"id":"f1822299-ec03-4c69-aca8-5a5807974ded","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can global warming reduce biodiversity?","back":"Biodiversity falls when species die out.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Biodiversity falls when species die out.","correct":true,"explanation":"Biodiversity includes the variety of species in an area. Extinction removes species permanently, so the number and variety of species fall."},{"text":"Biodiversity rises when species die out.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship. When extinction removes species from an ecosystem, the variety of living organisms decreases, so biodiversity falls."},{"text":"Biodiversity stabilises when species die out.","correct":false,"explanation":"Species extinction removes part of the biological variety rather than keeping it stable. Biodiversity falls when species die out."},{"text":"Biodiversity doubles when species die out.","correct":false,"explanation":"Losing species cannot double their variety. Extinction reduces the number of different species present, so biodiversity falls."}]},{"id":"6b72c1de-a673-4b7c-b3bb-d81ef0e86e2c","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Give two ways climate change can affect living things.","back":"

Extreme weather can alter habitats.
Shifting rainfall can make conditions unsuitable.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Extreme weather can alter habitats.
Shifting rainfall can make conditions unsuitable.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Extreme weather can physically damage or transform habitats, while altered rainfall changes water availability and may push conditions beyond organisms' tolerance ranges."},{"text":"

Stable weather can preserve habitats.
Constant rainfall can keep conditions unchanged.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes environmental stability rather than harmful effects of climate change. Extreme weather can alter habitats, while shifting rainfall can make conditions unsuitable."},{"text":"

Extreme weather can preserve habitats.
Shifting rainfall can keep conditions unchanged.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The climate factors are relevant, but their effects are reversed. Extreme weather can alter habitats, and shifting rainfall can make conditions unsuitable for resident species."},{"text":"

Mild weather can destroy all habitats.
Stable rainfall can prevent every species surviving.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Mild weather and stable rainfall do not inherently cause these universal effects. Climate change threatens living things through extreme weather and rainfall shifts that alter conditions."}]},{"id":"516a5936-c76c-4fa4-86a7-30ca3c66fdf7","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Give two ways global warming can reduce biodiversity.","back":"

Habitats are flooded by rising sea levels.
Species die out if they cannot adapt or move.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Habitats are flooded by rising sea levels.
Species die out if they cannot adapt or move.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Rising seas can destroy low-lying habitats, while species unable to tolerate, adapt to or escape changed conditions may become extinct, reducing biodiversity."},{"text":"

Habitats are expanded by rising sea levels.
Species multiply if they cannot adapt or move.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both consequences. Rising sea levels flood low-lying habitats, and species unable to adapt or move may die out, reducing biodiversity."},{"text":"

Habitats are flooded by falling sea levels.
Species die out if they successfully adapt or move.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Flooding is linked to rising, not falling, sea levels, while adapting or moving improves survival. Species may die out when they cannot adapt or move."},{"text":"

Habitats are protected by rising sea levels.
Species survive if they cannot adapt or move.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Rising seas threaten rather than protect low-lying habitats. Species that cannot adapt or relocate as conditions change are at risk of dying out."}]},{"id":"72995540-9720-42dc-b8e5-d2f35e7f294c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Global warming is the gradual rise in Earth's average surface temperature caused by increasing levels of [ ].","back":"Global warming is the gradual rise in Earth's average surface temperature caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"greenhouse gases","correct":true,"explanation":"Increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations strengthens the greenhouse effect by trapping more outgoing infrared radiation, causing Earth's average surface temperature to rise gradually."},{"text":"oxygen gases","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is not responsible for the enhanced greenhouse effect because it does not significantly absorb outgoing infrared radiation. The required term is greenhouse gases."},{"text":"fossil fuels","correct":false,"explanation":"Fossil fuels release greenhouse gases when burned, but their atmospheric levels do not directly fill the definition. Global warming is caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases."},{"text":"solar radiation","correct":false,"explanation":"Current global warming is not defined as the result of increasing solar radiation levels. The blank is greenhouse gases, which trap additional heat in the atmosphere."}]},{"id":"6c3e955f-7054-416e-abbc-41f7cf0295a0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Greenhouse gases trap heat that would otherwise escape from Earth into [ ].","back":"Greenhouse gases trap heat that would otherwise escape from Earth into space.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"space","correct":true,"explanation":"Earth’s atmosphere absorbs and re-emits infrared radiation, trapping some heat that would otherwise radiate away into space. This enhanced greenhouse effect contributes to global warming."},{"text":"the oceans","correct":false,"explanation":"The oceans absorb much of the extra heat, but they are not where escaping heat would otherwise go. The correct destination is space, beyond Earth’s atmosphere."},{"text":"the soil","correct":false,"explanation":"Soil can store heat temporarily, but it is part of Earth’s surface rather than the destination of escaping radiation. Heat would otherwise escape into space."},{"text":"the clouds","correct":false,"explanation":"Clouds can absorb and reflect radiation, but they are within the atmosphere and do not represent the final destination of escaping heat. The correct answer is space."}]},{"id":"6ecc2ea8-95e5-4464-bed0-883856db803a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Carbon dioxide mainly comes from burning [ ] and wood.","back":"Carbon dioxide mainly comes from burning fossil fuels and wood.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"fossil fuels","correct":true,"explanation":"Burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas releases carbon that was stored underground as carbon dioxide. Wood also releases carbon dioxide when burned."},{"text":"oxygen","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen supports combustion but is not the carbon-containing fuel producing the main emissions. Carbon dioxide mainly comes from burning fossil fuels and wood."},{"text":"nitrogen","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrogen is abundant in air but does not provide the carbon that forms carbon dioxide during combustion. The expected answer is fossil fuels, along with wood."},{"text":"water vapour","correct":false,"explanation":"Water vapour is released during combustion but contains no carbon, so it cannot be the main source of carbon dioxide. The correct answer is fossil fuels."}]},{"id":"53ac3191-c0ad-4419-92e6-a7df02adb1de","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Methane is released by cattle, rice fields and rotting waste in [ ].","back":"Methane is released by cattle, rice fields and rotting waste in landfill.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"landfill","correct":true,"explanation":"Rotting waste in landfill often decomposes without oxygen, allowing microorganisms to produce methane. Cattle and rice fields are other important sources of this greenhouse gas."},{"text":"compost","correct":false,"explanation":"Well-managed compost usually contains oxygen and mainly produces carbon dioxide during aerobic decomposition. The GCSE source identified here is rotting waste in landfill."},{"text":"the atmosphere","correct":false,"explanation":"The atmosphere is where methane accumulates after release, not the place where rotting waste is stored and produces it. The correct answer is landfill."},{"text":"freshwater lakes","correct":false,"explanation":"Some wetlands and waterlogged environments release methane, but freshwater lakes are not the waste site named in this statement. Rotting waste releases methane in landfill."}]},{"id":"d447100b-2453-43e8-9799-6517899a954a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Melting ice causes [ ], flooding low-lying habitats.","back":"Melting ice causes sea levels to rise, flooding low-lying habitats.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"sea levels to rise","correct":true,"explanation":"Melting land ice adds water to the oceans, while warming seawater expands. Both processes raise sea levels and can flood low-lying coastal habitats."},{"text":"sea levels to fall","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding meltwater from land ice increases the amount of water in the oceans, so levels rise rather than fall. The correct answer is sea levels to rise."},{"text":"ocean temperatures to fall","correct":false,"explanation":"Global warming generally increases ocean temperatures, and melting ice does not make the overall sea level fall. The relevant consequence is rising sea levels."},{"text":"rainfall to stop","correct":false,"explanation":"Climate change can alter rainfall patterns, but melting ice does not cause rainfall to stop. The direct effect described is rising sea levels and coastal flooding."}]},{"id":"16b5cc5e-42a1-4148-a316-a64758f0aeb2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases trapping heat, not by the hole in the [ ].","back":"Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases trapping heat, not by the hole in the ozone layer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"ozone layer","correct":true,"explanation":"The ozone layer absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation, whereas greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation and trap heat. These are different atmospheric processes, so the ozone hole does not cause global warming."},{"text":"atmosphere","correct":false,"explanation":"Greenhouse gases are present in the atmosphere and cause warming, so saying there is a hole in the atmosphere confuses the location with the specific ozone layer."},{"text":"carbon cycle","correct":false,"explanation":"The carbon cycle describes movement of carbon between organisms, oceans, rocks and the atmosphere. It is not a protective atmospheric layer that can develop a hole."},{"text":"water cycle","correct":false,"explanation":"The water cycle describes evaporation, condensation and precipitation. It is not the atmospheric layer associated with ultraviolet protection and the hole linked to ozone depletion."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"7.3.5 Global warming","title":"7.3.5 Global warming Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"443bc9d1-779d-5506-81ae-f0f40c82b2d9","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]