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alleles are inherited from the mother.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses inheritance with maternal contributions such as mitochondrial DNA. For most genes, one allele is inherited from each parent, not both from the mother."},{"text":"Both alleles are inherited from the father.","correct":false,"explanation":"The father does not normally provide both alleles of a gene. An offspring inherits one allele from the father and one corresponding allele from the mother."},{"text":"One allele is inherited from either parent.","correct":false,"explanation":"This suggests that only one parent contributes to the allele pair. In sexual reproduction, one allele is inherited from each parent, giving two alleles altogether."}]},{"id":"1ed35260-2c58-4ce5-a7fe-adcd22e7724a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is an allele?","back":"An **allele** is one of the different forms a gene can take.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An **allele** is one of the different forms a gene can take.","correct":true,"explanation":"An allele is an alternative form of a gene. Different alleles can produce different versions of a characteristic, such as different forms of a protein."},{"text":"An allele is a complete set of chromosomes in a cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"A complete set of chromosomes is a genome or chromosome complement, not an allele. An allele is one alternative form of a particular gene."},{"text":"An allele is the visible characteristic produced by a gene.","correct":false,"explanation":"The visible characteristic is the phenotype. An allele is the inherited version of a gene that can contribute to producing that characteristic."},{"text":"An allele is a protein made by a gene.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genes contain instructions used to make proteins, while alleles are different versions of those genes. An allele may affect which protein is produced or its function."}]},{"id":"9e69cd98-3ad5-4a78-af8a-a3bb930d8de0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When is a dominant allele expressed in the phenotype?","back":"A **dominant allele** is expressed when one or two copies are present.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A **dominant allele** is expressed when one or two copies are present.","correct":true,"explanation":"A dominant allele affects the phenotype whenever at least one copy is present, so both homozygous dominant and heterozygous genotypes express it."},{"text":"A dominant allele is expressed only when two copies are present.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes a recessive allele, not a dominant one. A dominant allele is expressed when one copy is present, including in a heterozygous genotype."},{"text":"A dominant allele is expressed only when no recessive alleles are present.","correct":false,"explanation":"A dominant allele can be expressed alongside one recessive allele in a heterozygous genotype. Two identical dominant alleles are not required."},{"text":"A dominant allele is expressed only after mutation occurs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dominance describes how an allele affects the phenotype in a genotype; it does not require a new mutation. One inherited dominant copy can be sufficient."}]},{"id":"fb98b629-851b-45a3-8195-d55db15114b8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When is a recessive allele expressed in the phenotype?","back":"A **recessive allele** is expressed only when two copies are present.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A **recessive allele** is expressed only when two copies are present.","correct":true,"explanation":"A recessive allele is masked by a dominant allele in a heterozygote, so its phenotype appears only when the individual has two recessive copies."},{"text":"A recessive allele is expressed when one or two copies are present.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the expression pattern of a dominant allele. A recessive allele is normally expressed only when both inherited copies are recessive."},{"text":"A recessive allele is expressed only when one copy is present.","correct":false,"explanation":"Having one recessive copy usually produces a heterozygous genotype, where the dominant allele masks it. Two recessive copies are needed for the recessive phenotype."},{"text":"A recessive allele is never expressed in the phenotype.","correct":false,"explanation":"Recessive alleles can be expressed when inherited in two copies. They are hidden in heterozygotes, rather than being permanently absent from the phenotype."}]},{"id":"2e9ee71b-a1f9-4863-9c11-0f9d599802d1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How are dominant and recessive alleles represented in genetic diagrams?","back":"Dominant alleles use **capital letters**; recessive alleles use the matching lower-case letter.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Dominant alleles use **capital letters**; recessive alleles use the matching lower-case letter.","correct":true,"explanation":"Genetic diagrams conventionally use the same letter for the two alleles, with a capital letter for the dominant allele and the matching lower-case letter for the recessive allele."},{"text":"Dominant alleles use lower-case letters; recessive alleles use the matching capital letter.","correct":false,"explanation":"The letter cases are reversed here. By convention, dominant alleles use capitals and recessive alleles use the matching lower-case symbol."},{"text":"Dominant alleles use different letters; recessive alleles use the same letter.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two alleles are represented using the same letter because they are forms of the same gene. Capitalisation distinguishes dominance, not different letters."},{"text":"Dominant alleles use numbers; recessive alleles use the matching letter.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genetic diagrams normally use letters to represent allele forms. Capital and lower-case versions of the same letter identify dominant and recessive alleles."}]},{"id":"6810978c-468c-4621-974c-bbe54fb4c225","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What phenotype does genotype $Bb$ produce?","back":"It shows the **dominant feature**, because one copy of the dominant allele is enough.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It shows the **dominant feature**, because one copy of the dominant allele is enough.","correct":true,"explanation":"The genotype $Bb$ is heterozygous and contains one dominant allele. Because one dominant copy is sufficient, the dominant feature appears in the phenotype."},{"text":"It shows the recessive feature, because the alleles are different.","correct":false,"explanation":"A heterozygous genotype does not automatically show the recessive feature. The dominant allele in $Bb$ masks the recessive allele, so the dominant feature appears."},{"text":"It shows both features, because both alleles are expressed equally.","correct":false,"explanation":"This would describe codominance in a suitable example, not ordinary dominant-recessive inheritance. In $Bb$, the dominant allele determines the feature shown."},{"text":"It shows no feature, because no allele is homozygous.","correct":false,"explanation":"An organism always has a phenotype for the characteristic being considered. Homozygosity is not required for expression; one dominant allele is enough in $Bb$.}]},{"}]},{"id":"502f7740-5842-4760-a367-143446b92b8f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does homozygous mean?","back":"**Homozygous** means carrying two identical alleles, such as $BB$ or $bb$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"**Homozygous** means carrying two identical alleles, such as $BB$ or $bb$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Homozygous describes a genotype containing two identical alleles. The alleles may both be dominant, $BB$, or both be recessive, $bb$."},{"text":"Homozygous means carrying two different alleles, such as $Bb$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses homozygous with heterozygous. Homozygous means the two alleles are identical, such as $BB$ or $bb$, whereas $Bb$ contains different alleles."},{"text":"Homozygous means carrying one allele for two different genes.","correct":false,"explanation":"The term refers to whether two alleles of the same gene match, not to alleles belonging to different genes. Identical pairs such as $BB$ or $bb$ are homozygous."},{"text":"Homozygous means carrying no alleles for a characteristic.","correct":false,"explanation":"Every organism inherits alleles for its genes. Homozygous specifically means having two identical alleles of one gene, rather than lacking alleles altogether."}]},{"id":"60ea22ae-82e6-42e6-8164-df8cd4ca543a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does heterozygous mean?","back":"**Heterozygous** means carrying two different alleles, such as $Bb$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"**Heterozygous** means carrying two different alleles, such as $Bb$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Heterozygous describes a genotype with two different alleles of the same gene. For example, $Bb$ contains one dominant allele and one recessive allele."},{"text":"Heterozygous means carrying two identical alleles, such as $BB$ or $bb$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes homozygous inheritance, not heterozygous inheritance. Heterozygous organisms have two different alleles, such as $Bb$."},{"text":"Heterozygous means carrying only one allele of a gene.","correct":false,"explanation":"A gamete carries one allele, but a diploid organism normally has two alleles for a gene. Heterozygous means those two alleles are different."},{"text":"Heterozygous means carrying two alleles for different characteristics.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heterozygous compares the two alleles of one gene, not alleles controlling separate characteristics. A genotype such as $Bb$ is heterozygous."}]},{"id":"4661803b-1ade-4b9e-8e79-15d72f841a89","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which genotype shows a recessive feature?","back":"Only genotype **$bb$** shows the recessive feature.","mcqOptions":null},{"id":"87807688-73d8-4ce2-a22e-1cefdf6ba052","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which genotypes show a dominant feature?","back":"A dominant feature is shown by **$BB$ or $Bb$**.","mcqOptions":null},{"id":"75b4359f-04f9-404f-97ac-79b6869790dd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does an organism's genotype describe?","back":"The **genotype** is the combination of alleles an organism has for a characteristic.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The **genotype** is the combination of alleles an organism has for a characteristic.","correct":true,"explanation":"Genotype means the allele combination inherited for a characteristic, such as $BB$, $Bb$ or $bb$. It describes genetic information rather than the visible feature itself."},{"text":"The genotype is the visible feature an organism shows for a characteristic.","correct":false,"explanation":"The visible feature is the phenotype. Genotype refers to the combination of alleles an organism possesses for that characteristic."},{"text":"The genotype is the environmental effect on an organism's growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Environmental effects can influence phenotype, but they are not the genotype. Genotype is the inherited combination of alleles for a characteristic."},{"text":"The genotype is the number of chromosomes in an organism's cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosome number is a separate genetic property. Genotype specifically describes the alleles an organism has for a particular characteristic."}]},{"id":"a5ef5c65-392a-42ce-b3fd-cbbbe29ad188","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What two factors produce an organism's phenotype?","back":"The phenotype is produced by the **genotype and the environment**.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The phenotype is produced by the **genotype and the environment**.","correct":true,"explanation":"Phenotype is the observable characteristic resulting from interaction between inherited alleles and environmental influences. Both factors can affect how a characteristic develops."},{"text":"The phenotype is produced by the genotype only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genes influence phenotype, but environmental factors can also affect characteristics such as height, mass and plant growth. Phenotype is produced by genotype and environment."},{"text":"The phenotype is produced by the environment only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Environmental conditions can alter characteristics, but inherited alleles also contribute. The phenotype results from both genotype and environment."},{"text":"The phenotype is produced by the chromosome number and the gamete type.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosome number and gamete type do not fully determine an observable characteristic. Phenotype is produced by the organism's genotype interacting with its environment."}]},{"id":"5260f7f4-c85c-498e-a105-3f3e9818d548","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why cannot an organism's genotype always be identified from its appearance?","back":"You cannot distinguish **$BB$ from $Bb$** by appearance because both show the dominant feature.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"You cannot distinguish **$BB$ from $Bb$** by appearance because both show the dominant feature.","correct":true,"explanation":"A dominant allele is expressed in both $BB$ and $Bb$. Since the two genotypes produce the same dominant phenotype, appearance alone cannot reveal which genotype is present."},{"text":"You cannot distinguish $BB$ from $bb$ by appearance because both show the dominant feature.","correct":false,"explanation":"$$BB$ shows the dominant feature, whereas $bb$ shows the recessive feature, so they can usually be distinguished by appearance. The indistinguishable pair is $BB$ and $Bb$."},{"text":"You cannot distinguish $Bb$ from $bb$ by appearance because both show the recessive feature.","correct":false,"explanation":"$$Bb$ contains a dominant allele and shows the dominant feature. Only $bb$ shows the recessive feature, so the relevant ambiguity is between $BB$ and $Bb$."},{"text":"You cannot distinguish $BB$ from $Bb$ by appearance because neither shows a feature.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both $BB$ and $Bb$ do show a feature: the dominant one. Their appearance is the same because each genotype contains a dominant allele."}]},{"id":"95d285f2-42de-4eef-ad59-ace596aed6fc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why should you not assume a characteristic is controlled by one gene?","back":"Most characteristics are controlled by **several genes and the environment**.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Most characteristics are controlled by **several genes and the environment**.","correct":true,"explanation":"Many characteristics are influenced by multiple genes and environmental conditions. Treating them as controlled by one gene can oversimplify continuous variation and produce incorrect predictions."},{"text":"Most characteristics are controlled by one gene and no environmental factors.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes characteristics are determined by a single gene, ignoring environmental influence and interactions between genes. Many characteristics depend on several genes and the environment."},{"text":"Most characteristics are controlled by the environment and no genes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Environmental conditions matter for many characteristics, but inherited genes also contribute. Most characteristics result from several genes interacting with the environment."},{"text":"Most characteristics are controlled by two identical alleles only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Allele identity describes a genotype, not the number of genes controlling a characteristic. Many characteristics involve several genes as well as environmental effects."}]},{"id":"32d71f02-68ba-4e08-8bd9-a984de6cdcf4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a monohybrid cross follow?","back":"A **monohybrid cross** follows the inheritance of one gene.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A **monohybrid cross** follows the inheritance of one gene.","correct":true,"explanation":"The prefix mono- means one. A monohybrid cross investigates how alleles of one gene are inherited between parents and their offspring."},{"text":"A monohybrid cross follows the inheritance of two genes.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cross involving two genes is a dihybrid cross. A monohybrid cross follows inheritance of one gene."},{"text":"A monohybrid cross follows the inheritance of one chromosome.","correct":false,"explanation":"A monohybrid cross concerns one gene, which may be located on a chromosome. It does not follow the inheritance of an entire chromosome."},{"text":"A monohybrid cross follows the inheritance of one phenotype only.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cross follows inheritance of alleles for one gene and can predict both genotypes and phenotypes. It is not defined simply by tracking one phenotype."}]},{"id":"e752da66-46fa-416a-b885-1ec3b29cefee","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a Punnett square used to predict?","back":"A **Punnett square** predicts possible offspring genotypes and phenotypes from a genetic cross.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A **Punnett square** predicts possible offspring genotypes and phenotypes from a genetic cross.","correct":true,"explanation":"A Punnett square combines parental gametes to show possible offspring genotypes. Those genotypes can then be used to predict the corresponding phenotypes."},{"text":"A Punnett square predicts the exact number of offspring with each phenotype.","correct":false,"explanation":"A Punnett square gives expected possibilities or probabilities, not guaranteed exact numbers. Actual offspring numbers may differ by chance."},{"text":"A Punnett square identifies the environmental factors affecting offspring.","correct":false,"explanation":"Punnett squares model inheritance of alleles and predict genotypes and phenotypes. They do not identify environmental causes of variation."},{"text":"A Punnett square predicts only the parents' chromosome numbers.","correct":false,"explanation":"The square is used to combine parental gametes and predict offspring inheritance. It does not determine or predict parental chromosome numbers."}]},{"id":"bea90cf4-b6d9-4b12-a6ac-ea0e2a74c33a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does each gamete carry only one allele of a gene?","back":"Each gamete carries **one allele** because meiosis halves the chromosome number.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each gamete carries **one allele** because meiosis halves the chromosome number.","correct":true,"explanation":"Meiosis produces haploid gametes by halving chromosome number. As homologous chromosome pairs separate, each gamete receives one allele of each gene."},{"text":"Each gamete carries two alleles because meiosis doubles the chromosome number.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meiosis halves chromosome number rather than doubling it. Consequently, a gamete receives one allele of each gene, not two."},{"text":"Each gamete carries one allele because mitosis halves the chromosome number.","correct":false,"explanation":"The conclusion about one allele is right, but the process is meiosis. Mitosis produces genetically similar diploid cells and does not halve chromosome number."},{"text":"Each gamete carries no alleles because chromosomes are destroyed in meiosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosomes are not destroyed during meiosis. They are separated so each gamete receives one chromosome from each homologous pair and therefore one allele of each gene."}]},{"id":"ca1cf9d9-49b8-401a-bbb3-f5e89589141c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What offspring genotypes result from crossing $Bb \\times Bb$?","back":"The possible offspring genotypes are **$BB$, $Bb$, $Bb$ and $bb$**.","mcqOptions":null},{"id":"8ffaa467-30b7-47a9-a5ad-5dd0e89bc9e7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What phenotype ratio is expected from $Bb \\times Bb$?","back":"The phenotype ratio is **$3:1$ dominant to recessive**.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The phenotype ratio is **$3:1$ dominant to recessive**.","correct":true,"explanation":"The cross gives one $BB$, two $Bb$ and one $bb$. Three offspring show the dominant phenotype and one shows the recessive phenotype, giving a $3:1$ ratio."},{"text":"The phenotype ratio is $1:1$ dominant to recessive.","correct":false,"explanation":"A $1:1$ phenotype ratio is associated with a heterozygous individual crossed with a homozygous recessive one. Two heterozygous parents produce a predicted $3:1$ ratio."},{"text":"The phenotype ratio is $1:3$ dominant to recessive.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the expected order and makes the recessive phenotype more common. The cross produces three dominant outcomes for every one recessive outcome."},{"text":"The phenotype ratio is $2:2$ dominant to recessive.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although $2:2$ can be simplified to $1:1$, it is not the outcome of $Bb \\times Bb$. The expected phenotype ratio is $3:1$."}]},{"id":"f877c969-eda2-496e-8427-d791e43a376e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What fraction of offspring are expected to show the dominant feature after $Bb \\times Bb$?","back":"A $3:1$ ratio means **$\\frac{3}{4}$ dominant**.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A $3:1$ ratio means **$\\frac{3}{4}$ dominant**.","correct":true,"explanation":"A $3:1$ ratio contains four equal outcome parts, three of which show the dominant phenotype. Therefore, the expected dominant fraction is $\\frac{3}{4}$."},{"text":"A $3:1$ ratio means $\\frac{1}{4}$ dominant.","correct":false,"explanation":"The fraction $\\frac{1}{4}$ represents the recessive outcome in a $3:1$ ratio. Three of the four expected outcomes are dominant, giving $\\frac{3}{4}$."},{"text":"A $3:1$ ratio means $\\frac{1}{2}$ dominant.","correct":false,"explanation":"A half-and-half result would correspond to a $1:1$ ratio. In a $3:1$ ratio, the dominant phenotype occupies three of four parts."},{"text":"A $3:1$ ratio means $\\frac{4}{3}$ dominant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fractions of offspring cannot exceed one, so $\\frac{4}{3}$ is impossible as a proportion. Three dominant parts out of four give $\\frac{3}{4}$."}]},{"id":"8be6a888-f5d9-45a7-bf5c-58e38f0f6871","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What fraction of offspring are expected to show the recessive feature after $Bb \\times Bb$?","back":"A $3:1$ ratio means **$\\frac{1}{4}$ recessive**.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A $3:1$ ratio means **$\\frac{1}{4}$ recessive**.","correct":true,"explanation":"A $3:1$ ratio has four equal outcome parts, with one part showing the recessive phenotype. Thus, the expected recessive fraction is $\\frac{1}{4}$."},{"text":"A $3:1$ ratio means $\\frac{3}{4}$ recessive.","correct":false,"explanation":"Three of the four parts show the dominant phenotype, not the recessive one. The recessive phenotype is represented by one part, or $\\frac{1}{4}$."},{"text":"A $3:1$ ratio means $\\frac{1}{2}$ recessive.","correct":false,"explanation":"A $\\frac{1}{2}$ recessive fraction would describe an equal $1:1$ outcome. In a $3:1$ ratio, only one of four expected outcomes is recessive."},{"text":"A $3:1$ ratio means $\\frac{1}{3}$ recessive.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ratio has four total parts, not three, so the recessive fraction is one out of four. The correct expected fraction is $\\frac{1}{4}$."}]},{"id":"f2fa108c-cd47-42fa-af5b-b954b3cf0d2e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What percentages correspond to a $3:1$ phenotype ratio?","back":"A $3:1$ ratio corresponds to **75% dominant and 25% recessive**.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A $3:1$ ratio corresponds to **75% dominant and 25% recessive**.","correct":true,"explanation":"There are four total parts in a $3:1$ ratio. Three parts are dominant, giving 75%, and one part is recessive, giving 25%."},{"text":"A $3:1$ ratio corresponds to 25% dominant and 75% recessive.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the dominant and recessive percentages. Three of four outcomes are dominant, so the correct values are 75% dominant and 25% recessive."},{"text":"A $3:1$ ratio corresponds to 50% dominant and 50% recessive.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal percentages represent a $1:1$ ratio, not a $3:1$ ratio. A $3:1$ ratio converts to 75% dominant and 25% recessive."},{"text":"A $3:1$ ratio corresponds to 80% dominant and 20% recessive.","correct":false,"explanation":"These percentages form a $4:1$ ratio rather than $3:1$. Dividing the three dominant parts and one recessive part by four gives 75% and 25%."}]},{"id":"485d7e71-1fd1-4377-9132-46c16bfeeda6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the probability that one offspring from $Bb \\times Bb$ shows the recessive feature?","back":"The probability of the recessive phenotype is **$\\frac{1}{4}$**, or $0.25$ or $25\\%$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The probability of the recessive phenotype is **$\\frac{1}{4}$**, or $0.25$ or $25\\%$.","correct":true,"explanation":"A recessive phenotype appears only when both offspring alleles are recessive. In a $Bb \\times Bb$ cross, one of the four Punnett-square combinations is $bb$, giving a probability of $\\frac{1}{4}$."},{"text":"The probability of the recessive phenotype is $\\frac{1}{2}$, or $0.5$ or $50\\%$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This counts the two heterozygous outcomes as recessive, but $Bb$ shows the dominant phenotype. Only the $bb$ combination is recessive, so the correct probability is $\\frac{1}{4}$, or $25\\%$."},{"text":"The probability of the recessive phenotype is $\\frac{3}{4}$, or $0.75$ or $75\\%$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the probability of the dominant phenotype, not the recessive one. Three combinations show at least one $B$, while only one combination is $bb$, so the recessive probability is $\\frac{1}{4}$."},{"text":"The probability of the recessive phenotype is $1$, or $1$ or $100\\%$.","correct":false,"explanation":"A recessive phenotype is not guaranteed because each parent can pass either allele. The four outcomes include only one $bb$ combination, making the correct probability $\\frac{1}{4}$, or $25\\%$."}]},{"id":"cc09b8a4-f267-4381-91b4-45e706723b85","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might real offspring numbers not match the expected ratio exactly?","back":"These are **expected proportions**, not exact counts; chance causes real results to vary.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"These are **expected proportions**, not exact counts; chance causes real results to vary.","correct":true,"explanation":"Inheritance probabilities predict the pattern expected over many offspring, but random fertilisation can produce a different ratio in a smaller sample. Larger samples usually tend to approach the expected proportions."},{"text":"These are guaranteed proportions, not exact counts; chance causes real results to vary.","correct":false,"explanation":"The word guaranteed incorrectly suggests that every family must match the ratio. Genetic ratios are expected proportions produced by probability, so chance can make actual offspring numbers differ."},{"text":"These are expected proportions, not exact counts; mutation causes real results to vary.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutation is not the usual reason for small deviations from an expected inheritance ratio. Random chance in which gametes combine causes variation, while the correct description is expected proportions, not exact counts."},{"text":"These are exact counts, not expected proportions; chance causes real results to vary.","correct":false,"explanation":"A ratio from a genetic cross describes probability rather than fixed numbers of offspring. Treating it as an exact count ignores random variation, so the correct idea is expected proportions, not exact counts."}]},{"id":"310ec4ff-4d4b-4700-942e-0859e45fd631","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a recessive child still occur after three dominant children?","back":"Each offspring is a **fresh probability event**, so previous offspring do not change the next outcome.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each offspring is a **fresh probability event**, so previous offspring do not change the next outcome.","correct":true,"explanation":"The alleles inherited by one child do not affect the gametes involved in a later conception. Every cross has the same probabilities, so a recessive child can follow any sequence of dominant children."},{"text":"Each offspring is a dependent probability event, so previous offspring do not change the next outcome.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calling the events dependent is the misconception: previous children do not alter the parents’ alleles or the next gamete combination. Each offspring is a fresh probability event with unchanged probabilities."},{"text":"Each offspring is a fresh probability event, so previous offspring make the next outcome more likely.","correct":false,"explanation":"The previous outcomes do not create a balancing effect or increase the chance of a recessive child. Each conception remains independent, so earlier dominant children do not change the next probability."},{"text":"Each offspring is a fresh probability event, so previous offspring prevent the next outcome.","correct":false,"explanation":"A run of dominant children does not prevent a later recessive child. Independent inheritance means the next offspring can still receive two recessive alleles with the same probability as before."}]},{"id":"138e17cb-fd46-455a-9650-79fc85b0d21b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What can be worked out from a genetic family tree?","back":"A family tree can show whether an allele is **dominant or recessive** and help predict genotypes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A family tree can show whether an allele is **dominant or recessive** and help predict genotypes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Patterns of affected and unaffected relatives across generations can indicate whether an allele is dominant or recessive. The information can also constrain which genotypes family members may carry."},{"text":"A family tree can show whether an allele is dominant or sex-linked and help predict genotypes.","correct":false,"explanation":"A pedigree can provide evidence for sex linkage, but that is not the alternative to dominance or recessiveness in this statement. It can show whether an allele is dominant or recessive and help predict genotypes."},{"text":"A family tree can show whether an allele is inherited or acquired and help predict genotypes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dominant and recessive describe allele expression and inheritance patterns; inherited versus acquired is not the relevant classification of an allele in a genetic pedigree. The tree helps identify dominance and predict genotypes."},{"text":"A family tree can show whether an allele is common or rare and help predict genotypes.","correct":false,"explanation":"How frequently an allele appears in a family does not establish whether it is dominant or recessive. Pedigree patterns are used to infer dominance and predict possible genotypes."}]},{"id":"8846de86-4ce2-4e30-963b-559697a3c961","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For $Bb \\times Bb$, which alleles can each parent's gametes carry?","back":"For $Bb \\times Bb$, each parent produces gametes carrying $B$ or $b$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For $Bb \\times Bb$, each parent produces gametes carrying $B$ or $b$.","correct":true,"explanation":"A gamete receives one allele from a heterozygous parent. Since each parent has genotype $Bb$, each can produce gametes carrying either $B$ or $b$."},{"text":"$$BB$ or $bb$","correct":false,"explanation":"These are diploid offspring genotypes, not alleles carried by individual gametes. Each gamete contains one allele, so a $Bb$ parent produces gametes carrying either $B$ or $b$."},{"text":"$$Bb$ only","correct":false,"explanation":"A gamete is haploid and carries one allele, not the parent’s complete pair. A $Bb$ parent can pass on either $B$ or $b$, so the possible gamete alleles are $B$ or $b$."},{"text":"$$B$ and $b$ together","correct":false,"explanation":"A single gamete receives only one allele from the parent during meiosis. The two alleles separate, producing gametes carrying either $B$ or $b$, rather than both together."}]},{"id":"d458aae3-59a2-413f-86f8-ecc7bc381fd1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where are the parents' gametes placed in a Punnett square?","back":"In a Punnett square, put one parent's gametes along the top and the other's down the side.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In a Punnett square, put one parent's gametes along the top and the other's down the side.","correct":true,"explanation":"In the standard Punnett-square layout, one parent’s possible gametes are written along the top and the other parent’s possible gametes down the side. The boxes then show possible offspring genotypes."},{"text":"along the bottom","correct":false,"explanation":"Writing gametes along the bottom is not the stated standard layout for this Punnett square. One parent’s gametes go along the top, while the other parent’s gametes go down the side."},{"text":"down the side","correct":false,"explanation":"The side position is used for the other parent’s gametes in the standard layout. The parent selected in the question has gametes placed along the top."},{"text":"inside the four boxes","correct":false,"explanation":"The four inner boxes contain the possible offspring genotypes formed by combining parental gametes. The gametes themselves are placed along the top and down the side."}]},{"id":"772f965c-14fc-4e26-8a5b-c87518a3d516","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many dominant offspring are expected out of 40 from $Bb \\times Bb$?","back":"For $40$ offspring from $Bb \\times Bb$, about $30$ dominant offspring are expected.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For $40$ offspring from $Bb \\times Bb$, about $30$ dominant offspring are expected.","correct":true,"explanation":"A $Bb \\times Bb$ cross gives a $3:1$ dominant-to-recessive phenotype ratio. Three quarters of $40$ is $30$, so about $30$ dominant offspring are expected."},{"text":"$$10$ dominant","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses the one-quarter recessive proportion as though it represented dominant offspring. Three quarters show the dominant phenotype, so $\\frac{3}{4} \\times 40 = 30$ dominant offspring."},{"text":"$$20$ dominant","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly applies an even $1:1$ split to the phenotypes. The cross produces three dominant combinations for every one recessive combination, giving an expectation of $30$ dominant offspring."},{"text":"$$40$ dominant","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes every offspring shows the dominant phenotype and ignores the $bb$ outcome. One quarter are expected to be recessive, leaving three quarters, or about $30$ of $40$, dominant."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"6.1.6 Genetic inheritance","title":"6.1.6 Genetic inheritance Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"e5024f0f-f44a-5a65-9e88-c349c5d430e9","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]