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24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/gcse/biology/aqa/fungal-diseases/flashcards","label":"3.1.4 Fungal diseases","subjectCode":"gcse_biology__aqa","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"8e6c2b26-481c-404c-9e37-83686d03bbce","title":"3.1.4 Fungal diseases Flashcards","topicId":"a8827b29-149f-57e8-b7b3-de45018131f5","topicSlug":"fungal-diseases","cards":[{"id":"b973d440-6e34-427c-80db-482f4c2dc6f9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What type of disease is rose black spot?","back":"A fungal disease of roses.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A fungal disease of roses.","correct":true,"explanation":"Rose black spot is caused by a fungus that infects rose plants, so it is classified as a fungal disease."},{"text":"A bacterial disease of roses.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing fungal and bacterial pathogens leads to this classification. Rose black spot is caused by a fungus, so it is a fungal disease of roses."},{"text":"A viral disease of roses.","correct":false,"explanation":"Viruses cause some plant diseases, but they do not cause rose black spot. The pathogen responsible is a fungus, making it a fungal disease."},{"text":"A deficiency disease of roses.","correct":false,"explanation":"Yellowing leaves can suggest a mineral deficiency, but rose black spot is infectious and caused by a fungus. It is therefore a fungal disease of roses."}]},{"id":"80e40ff1-6067-4ac3-b54f-99dee55df1ea","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What colour spots does rose black spot cause on rose leaves?","back":"Purple or black spots.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Purple or black spots.","correct":true,"explanation":"Rose black spot produces characteristic purple or black spots on rose leaves, which help distinguish the disease from other causes of leaf discolouration."},{"text":"Yellow or white spots.","correct":false,"explanation":"Yellow or white markings may be associated with other plant problems. Rose black spot is identified by the purple or black spots that develop on leaves."},{"text":"Red or orange spots.","correct":false,"explanation":"Red or orange spots are more suggestive of diseases such as rust. Rose black spot instead causes purple or black spots on rose leaves."},{"text":"Green or blue spots.","correct":false,"explanation":"Green or blue spots are not a symptom of rose black spot. Infected rose leaves develop distinctive purple or black spots."}]},{"id":"bae42100-96ca-4f70-ba72-a16c0c5a65b0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to rose leaves affected by rose black spot?","back":"They turn yellow and drop off early.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They turn yellow and drop off early.","correct":true,"explanation":"Infected leaves become yellow and fall before they normally would, reducing the amount of leaf area available to absorb light for photosynthesis."},{"text":"They turn red and remain on the plant.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the characteristic leaf-loss symptom. Affected leaves turn yellow and drop off early, reducing the plant's photosynthetic area."},{"text":"They turn white and grow unusually large.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rose black spot does not make leaves white or unusually large. Infected leaves turn yellow and drop off earlier than healthy leaves."},{"text":"They turn green and become much thicker.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thicker green leaves are not caused by rose black spot. The disease makes affected leaves turn yellow and drop off early."}]},{"id":"8ec3424f-7937-4141-be42-a8aa4499f0f8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does rose black spot reduce a plant's photosynthesis?","back":"It reduces the leaf area available for photosynthesis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It reduces the leaf area available for photosynthesis.","correct":true,"explanation":"Affected leaves drop off early, leaving less leaf area containing chlorophyll to absorb light and carry out photosynthesis."},{"text":"It reduces the root area available for photosynthesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Roots absorb water and minerals but are not the main photosynthetic organs. Rose black spot reduces photosynthesis by reducing the leaf area available."},{"text":"It reduces the flower area available for photosynthesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Flowers are reproductive structures rather than the plant's main photosynthetic surface. Early leaf loss reduces the leaf area available for photosynthesis."},{"text":"It reduces the stem area available for photosynthesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some green stems can photosynthesise, but this is not the main effect of rose black spot. The disease reduces photosynthetic leaf area through early leaf loss."}]},{"id":"2fe401bb-31de-496f-abdf-28b912d86b27","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does reduced photosynthesis make the plant grow less well?","back":"The plant makes less food for growth.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The plant makes less food for growth.","correct":true,"explanation":"Photosynthesis makes glucose, which supplies material and energy for growth. Reduced photosynthesis therefore means that the plant makes less food for growth."},{"text":"The plant absorbs less oxygen for growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses photosynthesis with gas uptake for respiration. Reduced photosynthesis means less glucose is produced, so the plant makes less food for growth."},{"text":"The plant releases less water for growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water loss through transpiration is not food production. Reduced photosynthesis limits glucose production, meaning the plant makes less food for growth."},{"text":"The plant stores less sunlight for growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plants do not store sunlight directly; light energy is used to make glucose. Reduced photosynthesis means the plant makes less food for growth."}]},{"id":"dafeee5c-f735-4bf4-b5c6-e2c4a60d5a96","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What effect does rose black spot have on the plant's flowers?","back":"The plant produces fewer and poorer flowers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The plant produces fewer and poorer flowers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reduced photosynthesis supplies less glucose for growth and reproduction, so the infected plant produces fewer flowers and those flowers are of poorer quality."},{"text":"The plant produces more and larger flowers.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the effect of reduced photosynthesis. With less glucose available for growth and reproduction, the plant produces fewer and poorer flowers."},{"text":"The plant produces brighter and stronger flowers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rose black spot weakens flower production rather than improving it. Reduced food production causes the plant to produce fewer and poorer flowers."},{"text":"The plant produces earlier and longer-lasting flowers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Earlier or longer-lasting flowering is not the expected effect. Reduced photosynthesis limits resources, so the plant produces fewer and poorer flowers."}]},{"id":"83127956-97bc-4309-aae0-1a9c4871da1b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where do rose black spot spores survive over winter?","back":"On fallen leaves and stems.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"On fallen leaves and stems.","correct":true,"explanation":"Rose black spot spores remain on infected fallen leaves and stems over winter, providing a source of infection when new growth appears in spring."},{"text":"On healthy flowers and buds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Healthy flowers and buds are not the main overwintering location. The spores survive on infected fallen leaves and stems, ready to spread in spring."},{"text":"On underground roots and bulbs.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses rose black spot with pathogens that persist in underground structures. Its spores overwinter on fallen leaves and stems."},{"text":"On fruit skins and seeds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fruit skins and seeds are not the recognised overwintering site for rose black spot. The spores survive on infected fallen leaves and stems."}]},{"id":"be501ae0-f892-4cde-b5a1-5ac3bfd6c302","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do rose black spot spores survive over winter?","back":"They are ready to infect new growth in spring.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are ready to infect new growth in spring.","correct":true,"explanation":"Overwintering allows the spores to remain until conditions improve, when they can infect the rose's newly developing leaves and stems in spring."},{"text":"They are ready to produce flowers during winter.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fungal spores do not produce the rose's flowers. They survive winter so that they can infect new plant growth when spring arrives."},{"text":"They are ready to feed the roots in summer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spores are reproductive structures of the fungus, not nutrients for roots. Their survival allows them to infect new growth in spring."},{"text":"They are ready to protect old growth in autumn.","correct":false,"explanation":"The spores spread disease rather than protecting the plant. By surviving winter, they remain ready to infect new growth in spring."}]},{"id":"694612d8-83c3-47e9-a317-ebb2fbecc5ea","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which two environmental factors spread rose black spot?","back":"

Water
Wind

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Water
Wind

","correct":true,"explanation":"Water droplets can splash spores between leaves, while wind can carry spores to other parts of a plant or to nearby roses."},{"text":"

Heat
Light

","correct":false,"explanation":"Heat and light influence growing conditions but are not the two agents that carry rose black spot spores. The spores are spread by water and wind."},{"text":"

Soil
Shade

","correct":false,"explanation":"Soil and shade do not describe the main environmental agents carrying spores between leaves. Rose black spot spreads through water and wind."},{"text":"

Frost
Humidity

","correct":false,"explanation":"Humidity may encourage fungal growth, but it does not pair with frost as the main means of spore transport. Water and wind spread the spores."}]},{"id":"207ea2f8-0e4d-4e6a-886f-9cf36229db57","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do rose black spot spores start new infections?","back":"They are carried to healthy leaves.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are carried to healthy leaves.","correct":true,"explanation":"Spores begin a new infection when wind or water transports them onto healthy leaves, where the fungus can germinate and grow."},{"text":"They are carried to dead roots.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dead roots cannot develop the characteristic leaf infection. New infections begin when spores are carried by wind or water to healthy leaves."},{"text":"They are carried to fallen petals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Landing on fallen petals does not explain new leaf infections. Spores start new infections when they are carried onto healthy leaves."},{"text":"They are carried to dry seeds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rose black spot is not mainly spread by spores infecting dry seeds. New infections start when spores reach healthy leaves."}]},{"id":"2be1b014-c076-4cfc-a2df-38e63543b8db","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What chemical treatment can be sprayed onto a plant with rose black spot?","back":"A fungicide.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A fungicide.","correct":true,"explanation":"A fungicide is a chemical treatment designed to kill fungi or inhibit their growth, so it can be sprayed onto plants with rose black spot."},{"text":"A herbicide.","correct":false,"explanation":"A herbicide kills unwanted plants rather than fungal pathogens. Rose black spot is treated chemically using a fungicide."},{"text":"An insecticide.","correct":false,"explanation":"An insecticide targets insect pests, but rose black spot is caused by a fungus. The appropriate chemical treatment is a fungicide."},{"text":"An antibiotic.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibiotics target bacteria rather than fungi and are not the standard treatment for rose black spot. A fungicide should be used."}]},{"id":"d8a8de7c-d753-4640-a65c-5f093bf6f186","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does a fungicide help treat rose black spot?","back":"It kills the fungus causing the disease.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It kills the fungus causing the disease.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fungicides act against fungal cells or their growth, reducing or killing the fungus responsible for rose black spot."},{"text":"It kills the insects carrying the disease.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses fungicides with insecticides, and insects are not the cause of rose black spot. A fungicide kills the fungus causing the disease."},{"text":"It replaces the leaves lost to the disease.","correct":false,"explanation":"A chemical spray cannot replace leaves that have fallen. It helps by killing the fungus responsible for rose black spot."},{"text":"It feeds the plant weakened by the disease.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses fungicide with fertiliser. Fungicide does not provide nutrients; it kills the fungus causing rose black spot."}]},{"id":"007fff59-0ae6-4a23-bc93-17494c8472f5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can removing affected leaves help control rose black spot?","back":"It helps stop the disease spreading.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It helps stop the disease spreading.","correct":true,"explanation":"Affected leaves contain the fungus and its spores. Removing them reduces the sources from which spores can spread to healthy leaves."},{"text":"It helps make the disease reproduce.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing infected material reduces fungal reproduction rather than encouraging it. This helps stop spores spreading the disease to healthy leaves."},{"text":"It helps increase the leaf damage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although leaves are removed, the purpose is not to increase damage. Removing sources of fungal spores helps stop the disease spreading."},{"text":"It helps attract insects to flowers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pollinating insects are unrelated to this control method. Removing infected leaves reduces the available fungal spores and helps stop the disease spreading."}]},{"id":"cee21623-8c5f-4c38-b57a-26aad12559e4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What should be done to removed leaves to help control rose black spot?","back":"They should be destroyed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They should be destroyed.","correct":true,"explanation":"Destroyed leaves cannot continue harbouring the fungus or releasing spores, so destruction prevents the removed material from becoming a source of reinfection."},{"text":"They should be composted.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ordinary composting may allow the fungus and spores to survive, creating another infection source. Removed affected leaves should be destroyed."},{"text":"They should be replanted.","correct":false,"explanation":"Replanting infected leaves would retain the fungus near the rose and allow further spread. The removed leaves should instead be destroyed."},{"text":"They should be stored.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stored infected leaves can continue to harbour spores and later spread disease. Removed leaves should be destroyed to eliminate this infection source."}]},{"id":"ba83b050-a930-4dc1-bbd2-89f988ca6dad","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Rose black spot causes [ ] spots on rose leaves.","back":"Rose black spot causes purple or black spots on rose leaves.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"purple or black","correct":true,"explanation":"Purple or black spots are the characteristic visible symptom that gives rose black spot its name and helps identify infected leaves."},{"text":"yellow or white","correct":false,"explanation":"Yellow or white spots are not the characteristic lesions of rose black spot. The disease produces purple or black spots on rose leaves."},{"text":"red or orange","correct":false,"explanation":"Red or orange spots may suggest another disease, such as rust. Rose black spot causes purple or black spots on the leaves."},{"text":"green or blue","correct":false,"explanation":"Green or blue spots are not a recognised symptom of rose black spot. Infected rose leaves develop purple or black spots."}]},{"id":"326ea677-81ba-4b5b-8fd1-e42fc15b8a5c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Affected rose leaves turn yellow and [ ].","back":"Affected rose leaves turn yellow and drop off early.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"drop off early","correct":true,"explanation":"Rose black spot damages infected leaves, causing them to turn yellow and fall from the plant earlier than healthy leaves normally would."},{"text":"remain attached longer","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the effect of the infection. Affected leaves turn yellow and drop off early rather than remaining attached for longer."},{"text":"grow unusually large","correct":false,"explanation":"Rose black spot does not stimulate extra leaf growth. Affected leaves turn yellow and drop off early, reducing the plant's photosynthetic area."},{"text":"become much thicker","correct":false,"explanation":"Leaf thickening is not the characteristic response to rose black spot. Infected leaves turn yellow and drop off early."}]},{"id":"61c93c61-aff7-4e7b-ae74-acc08bd166d6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Rose black spot harms the plant mainly by reducing the leaf area available for [ ].","back":"Rose black spot harms the plant mainly by reducing the leaf area available for photosynthesis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"photosynthesis","correct":true,"explanation":"The fungus damages leaves, reducing the surface area that captures light and absorbs carbon dioxide. This limits photosynthesis, so the plant produces less glucose for growth and other processes."},{"text":"respiration","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration releases energy from glucose and does not require leaf area to capture light. The reduced leaf surface mainly limits photosynthesis, which is the correct process affected by rose black spot."},{"text":"transpiration","correct":false,"explanation":"Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from leaves, so it is not the main process needing leaf area to make food. The correct answer is photosynthesis, which uses light to produce glucose."},{"text":"germination","correct":false,"explanation":"Germination is the process by which a seed begins to grow and is unrelated to leaf area in an established rose plant. Damaged leaves mainly reduce photosynthesis and food production."}]},{"id":"45eff756-f010-4dab-8cdc-36823836df77","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"With less photosynthesis, the plant makes less food and grows [ ].","back":"With less photosynthesis, the plant makes less food and grows less well.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"less well","correct":true,"explanation":"Less photosynthesis means less glucose is made. Because glucose supplies materials and energy for growth, the plant grows less well when rose black spot reduces its healthy leaf area."},{"text":"more quickly","correct":false,"explanation":"A reduction in food production cannot normally speed up growth. Less photosynthesis provides less glucose for energy and building new tissues, so the plant grows less well."},{"text":"without roots","correct":false,"explanation":"The disease reduces healthy leaf area and therefore food production; it does not remove the plant’s roots. The resulting shortage of glucose makes the plant grow less well."},{"text":"equally well","correct":false,"explanation":"The plant cannot maintain normal growth when damaged leaves make less food. Reduced photosynthesis limits glucose available for energy and new tissues, so it grows less well."}]},{"id":"d2e932a8-6cca-4b8b-a820-291d17239056","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Rose black spot is spread by water and by [ ].","back":"Rose black spot is spread by water and by wind.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"wind","correct":true,"explanation":"Fungal spores can be carried from infected leaves to healthy plants by moving air. Rose black spot is therefore spread by both water and wind."},{"text":"insects","correct":false,"explanation":"Some plant diseases are transferred by insect vectors, but rose black spot is commonly spread when fungal spores are moved by water and wind. Insects are not the expected route here."},{"text":"the plant’s roots","correct":false,"explanation":"Root contact does not explain how fungal spores commonly travel between rose plants. Splashing water and wind carry the spores to new leaves, so wind is the correct answer."},{"text":"sunlight","correct":false,"explanation":"Sunlight supplies energy for photosynthesis but cannot transport fungal spores between plants. Spores are dispersed by water and wind, with wind carrying them through the air."}]},{"id":"72b91665-b72a-45ca-ad96-4c87325050a4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A chemical used to kill the fungus causing rose black spot is called a [ ].","back":"A chemical used to kill the fungus causing rose black spot is called a fungicide.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"fungicide","correct":true,"explanation":"A fungicide is a chemical treatment designed to kill fungi or inhibit their growth. It can therefore be used against the fungus that causes rose black spot."},{"text":"herbicide","correct":false,"explanation":"An herbicide targets unwanted plants or weeds, not fungal pathogens. The chemical used to kill the fungus causing rose black spot is a fungicide."},{"text":"insecticide","correct":false,"explanation":"An insecticide is intended to kill insects, so it would not specifically target the fungus causing this disease. The appropriate treatment is a fungicide."},{"text":"fertiliser","correct":false,"explanation":"Fertiliser supplies mineral ions or other nutrients to support plant growth, but it does not kill fungal pathogens. A fungicide is the chemical used against the causative fungus."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"3.1.4 Fungal diseases","title":"3.1.4 Fungal diseases Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"a8827b29-149f-57e8-b7b3-de45018131f5","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]