33:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/057q44qw6_5uu.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/313vt9_f08mnn.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/02eggfg7vwd9q.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0tzbwbomzrnqw.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/14trqrdc9kqx-.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ihhz2u0kvoai.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/11md10s8bxc41.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1j5h__1z96nq5.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0myxz4gywm9of.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2_v9g5x0fx29m.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3z1ylg82-_yrl.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/230359bhbwn7h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/11kq2otno6-oj.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3v26kz_8xjyfu.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/10j6l_dhgof6p.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3_4bswc9ng3be.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3adfywl6-8_k3.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/21l8cb-spx64y.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/40cqw2xvsic28.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2tas4cdfhcka2.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2p5xv3ji4tpih.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2a2ryz-j6u084.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/34kka7--tjqdq.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/10tjkstq_5xfm.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0i8v_bvzchj31.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1qmk7x_kcz83j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1u3eptdza7lch.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2e31ygy8ebm1u.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1w193fj-lcfgs.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3lm048uldjetf.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3ibs-m0_upaf_.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/00k10pkv-tsak.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/12rdo7yi_xy67.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2mo9ebbh204wz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3esn6hsp0zi2j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/05c0se-tq2ipz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/40mvjd0jr_7d7.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/27v_78eh3l1dt.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3l0sm7fu8c2ni.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1hgfhws62t1s5.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2-1ciy1x4js7n.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0g1nv87sz_mxq.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/30u3fsn115_1j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1vjwc_dfj8v1b.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3r8bletse_1-h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/32s6q_rspd3hd.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709"],"Gingerbread"] 35:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/057q44qw6_5uu.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/313vt9_f08mnn.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/02eggfg7vwd9q.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0tzbwbomzrnqw.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/14trqrdc9kqx-.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ihhz2u0kvoai.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/11md10s8bxc41.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1j5h__1z96nq5.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0myxz4gywm9of.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2_v9g5x0fx29m.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3z1ylg82-_yrl.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/230359bhbwn7h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/11kq2otno6-oj.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3v26kz_8xjyfu.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/10j6l_dhgof6p.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3_4bswc9ng3be.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3adfywl6-8_k3.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/21l8cb-spx64y.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/40cqw2xvsic28.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2tas4cdfhcka2.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2p5xv3ji4tpih.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2a2ryz-j6u084.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/34kka7--tjqdq.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/10tjkstq_5xfm.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0i8v_bvzchj31.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1qmk7x_kcz83j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1u3eptdza7lch.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2e31ygy8ebm1u.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1w193fj-lcfgs.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3lm048uldjetf.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3ibs-m0_upaf_.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/00k10pkv-tsak.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/12rdo7yi_xy67.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2mo9ebbh204wz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3esn6hsp0zi2j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/05c0se-tq2ipz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/40mvjd0jr_7d7.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/27v_78eh3l1dt.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3l0sm7fu8c2ni.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1hgfhws62t1s5.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2-1ciy1x4js7n.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0g1nv87sz_mxq.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/30u3fsn115_1j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1vjwc_dfj8v1b.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3r8bletse_1-h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/32s6q_rspd3hd.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709"],"RecordResourceResume"] 36:I[830476,["/_next/static/chunks/057q44qw6_5uu.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/313vt9_f08mnn.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/02eggfg7vwd9q.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0tzbwbomzrnqw.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/14trqrdc9kqx-.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ihhz2u0kvoai.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/11md10s8bxc41.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1j5h__1z96nq5.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0myxz4gywm9of.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2_v9g5x0fx29m.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3z1ylg82-_yrl.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/230359bhbwn7h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/11kq2otno6-oj.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3v26kz_8xjyfu.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/10j6l_dhgof6p.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3_4bswc9ng3be.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3adfywl6-8_k3.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/21l8cb-spx64y.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/40cqw2xvsic28.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2tas4cdfhcka2.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2p5xv3ji4tpih.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2a2ryz-j6u084.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/34kka7--tjqdq.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/10tjkstq_5xfm.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0i8v_bvzchj31.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1qmk7x_kcz83j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1u3eptdza7lch.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2e31ygy8ebm1u.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1w193fj-lcfgs.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3lm048uldjetf.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3ibs-m0_upaf_.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/00k10pkv-tsak.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/12rdo7yi_xy67.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2mo9ebbh204wz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3esn6hsp0zi2j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/05c0se-tq2ipz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/40mvjd0jr_7d7.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/27v_78eh3l1dt.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3l0sm7fu8c2ni.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1hgfhws62t1s5.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2-1ciy1x4js7n.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0g1nv87sz_mxq.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/30u3fsn115_1j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1vjwc_dfj8v1b.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3r8bletse_1-h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/32s6q_rspd3hd.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709"],"FlashcardAccessBranch"] 37:I[315438,["/_next/static/chunks/057q44qw6_5uu.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/313vt9_f08mnn.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/02eggfg7vwd9q.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0tzbwbomzrnqw.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/14trqrdc9kqx-.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ihhz2u0kvoai.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/11md10s8bxc41.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1j5h__1z96nq5.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0myxz4gywm9of.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2_v9g5x0fx29m.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3z1ylg82-_yrl.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/230359bhbwn7h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/11kq2otno6-oj.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3v26kz_8xjyfu.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/10j6l_dhgof6p.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3_4bswc9ng3be.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3adfywl6-8_k3.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/21l8cb-spx64y.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/40cqw2xvsic28.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2tas4cdfhcka2.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2p5xv3ji4tpih.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2a2ryz-j6u084.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/34kka7--tjqdq.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/10tjkstq_5xfm.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0i8v_bvzchj31.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1qmk7x_kcz83j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1u3eptdza7lch.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2e31ygy8ebm1u.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1w193fj-lcfgs.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3lm048uldjetf.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3ibs-m0_upaf_.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/00k10pkv-tsak.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/12rdo7yi_xy67.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2mo9ebbh204wz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3esn6hsp0zi2j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/05c0se-tq2ipz.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/40mvjd0jr_7d7.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/27v_78eh3l1dt.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3l0sm7fu8c2ni.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1hgfhws62t1s5.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/2-1ciy1x4js7n.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/0g1nv87sz_mxq.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/30u3fsn115_1j.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1vjwc_dfj8v1b.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/3r8bletse_1-h.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709","/_next/static/chunks/32s6q_rspd3hd.js?dpl=nogit-1792226709"],"TopicFlashcardRunner"] 24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/gcse/biology/aqa/dna-structure-biology-only/flashcards","label":"6.1.5 DNA structure","subjectCode":"gcse_biology__aqa","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"c530248e-85ec-430c-92ec-5aa39f805cb1","title":"6.1.5 DNA structure Flashcards","topicId":"eab18e0b-4f94-5cf1-bff8-1aba6e03f0fd","topicSlug":"dna-structure-biology-only","cards":[{"id":"20886c07-8f38-48a7-a7d9-4c789d3ef510","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What shape does a DNA molecule have?","back":"A double helix - two strands twisted into a spiral.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A double helix - two strands twisted into a spiral.","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA consists of two nucleotide strands that coil around each other, producing the characteristic twisted-ladder shape known as a double helix."},{"text":"A single helix - one strand twisted into a spiral.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing DNA with a single coiled strand overlooks its paired structure. A DNA molecule is a double helix formed from two strands twisted around each other."},{"text":"A double ring - two strands joined into a circle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some DNA molecules are circular overall, but this does not describe their molecular structure. DNA has two strands twisted into a spiral called a double helix."},{"text":"A straight ladder - two parallel strands joined by rungs.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ladder model shows how two DNA strands are connected, but the ladder is twisted rather than straight. This creates DNA's double-helix shape."}]},{"id":"4bc821d6-520d-409e-89e3-003446d354e2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is DNA described as a polymer?","back":"It is a long molecule built from many repeating nucleotides.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is a long molecule built from many repeating nucleotides.","correct":true,"explanation":"A polymer is a large molecule made from many repeating smaller units. DNA qualifies because its repeating monomers are nucleotides."},{"text":"It is a long molecule built from many repeating amino acids.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amino acids are the monomers of proteins, not DNA. DNA is described as a polymer because it consists of many repeating nucleotide units."},{"text":"It is a long molecule built from many repeating fatty acids.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fatty acids contribute to lipid structure rather than forming DNA. DNA is a polymer because many nucleotide monomers are joined into a long molecule."},{"text":"It is a long molecule built from many repeating simple sugars.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although each DNA nucleotide contains a sugar, sugars alone are not its repeating monomers. DNA is a polymer made from repeating nucleotides."}]},{"id":"30819c4c-e44e-46ca-8659-75dc59bbdf86","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What are the three components of a DNA nucleotide?","back":"

Sugar
Phosphate group
One of four bases

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Sugar
Phosphate group
One of four bases

","correct":true,"explanation":"Every DNA nucleotide contains a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group and one nitrogenous base. The base can be adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine."},{"text":"

Sugar
Phosphate group
One of four amino acids

","correct":false,"explanation":"Amino acids are protein monomers, not nucleotide components. A DNA nucleotide contains a sugar, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases."},{"text":"

Glycerol
Phosphate group
One of four bases

","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycerol is commonly associated with lipids, not DNA nucleotides. Each DNA nucleotide contains deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group and one nitrogenous base."},{"text":"

Sugar
Fatty acid
One of four bases

","correct":false,"explanation":"Fatty acids are components of lipids rather than DNA. The three nucleotide components are a sugar, a phosphate group and one of four bases."}]},{"id":"5a289f85-0f9a-469c-92f6-8aa87ff17241","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The sugar and phosphate groups form the DNA [ ].","back":"The sugar and phosphate groups form the DNA sugar-phosphate backbone.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"sugar-phosphate backbone","correct":true,"explanation":"Alternating sugar and phosphate groups join along the outside of each DNA strand, forming the continuous sugar-phosphate backbone to which the bases attach."},{"text":"complementary base pair","correct":false,"explanation":"A complementary base pair consists of two bases joined across the strands, not sugar and phosphate groups. Those groups form the sugar-phosphate backbone."},{"text":"nucleotide base sequence","correct":false,"explanation":"The base sequence is the order of bases along DNA, not the structure formed by sugars and phosphates. These groups make the sugar-phosphate backbone."},{"text":"hydrogen-bonded rung","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen-bonded base pairs form the rungs between DNA strands. Alternating sugar and phosphate groups instead form the sugar-phosphate backbone along each strand."}]},{"id":"4e515f32-96ae-475e-875f-b7f7ff042900","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where are the bases positioned in a DNA molecule?","back":"The bases point inwards, towards the other strand.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The bases point inwards, towards the other strand.","correct":true,"explanation":"The bases project into the centre of the double helix, where they pair with complementary bases on the opposite DNA strand."},{"text":"The bases point outwards, away from the other strand.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses DNA's arrangement. Sugar and phosphate groups form the outside backbone, while the bases point inwards and pair with the opposite strand."},{"text":"The bases point sideways, along the same strand.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bases do not point along their own strand. They project inwards towards the opposite strand, allowing complementary bases to pair across the molecule."},{"text":"The bases point forwards, ahead of the other strand.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA strands have direction, but bases do not point forwards along that direction. They face inwards towards the other strand to form base pairs."}]},{"id":"ca5fa392-911d-49d6-a564-5e4e2025cdf0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What forms the rungs that hold the two DNA strands together?","back":"Base pairs form the rungs between the strands.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Base pairs form the rungs between the strands.","correct":true,"explanation":"Complementary bases pair across the centre of DNA. These joined base pairs form the rungs of the twisted-ladder model and hold the two strands together."},{"text":"Sugar pairs form the rungs between the strands.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sugars belong to the outer backbone rather than the central rungs. Complementary base pairs span the gap and hold the two DNA strands together."},{"text":"Phosphate pairs form the rungs between the strands.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phosphate groups alternate with sugars along each strand's backbone. The rungs between the two strands are formed by complementary base pairs."},{"text":"Amino acid pairs form the rungs between the strands.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amino acids are used to build proteins and are not structural parts of DNA. Complementary base pairs form the rungs between DNA's strands."}]},{"id":"0c243715-3d2b-43f7-bd9e-455cbfedc660","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which four bases are found in DNA?","back":"

A - adenine
C - cytosine
G - guanine
T - thymine

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

A - adenine
C - cytosine
G - guanine
T - thymine

","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA contains adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine, represented by A, C, G and T. Their specific pairing helps preserve genetic information."},{"text":"

A - adenine
C - cytosine
G - guanine
U - uracil

","correct":false,"explanation":"Uracil is found in RNA and is a common source of confusion. DNA contains thymine instead, so its four bases are A, C, G and T."},{"text":"

A - adenine
C - creatine
G - guanine
T - thymine

","correct":false,"explanation":"C represents cytosine, not creatine. The four DNA bases are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine, abbreviated A, C, G and T."},{"text":"

A - alanine
C - cytosine
G - guanine
T - thymine

","correct":false,"explanation":"Alanine is an amino acid, whereas A in DNA represents adenine. DNA's bases are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine."}]},{"id":"b8d72ab7-f237-4760-9315-c707b3421339","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The order of bases along a gene acts as a [ ] for making a protein.","back":"The order of bases along a gene acts as a code for making a protein.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"code","correct":true,"explanation":"The sequence of bases stores genetic information as a code. Groups within that sequence ultimately specify the order of amino acids in a protein."},{"text":"catalyst","correct":false,"explanation":"A catalyst speeds up a reaction, which is not the role of a gene's base order. The sequence acts as a code for building a protein."},{"text":"receptor","correct":false,"explanation":"A receptor detects or binds a specific signal and is usually a protein. The order of bases in a gene instead acts as a code."},{"text":"membrane","correct":false,"explanation":"A membrane forms a selective boundary and does not describe stored genetic instructions. A gene's ordered bases provide the code for making a protein."}]},{"id":"ac8ec687-e4d4-497e-8047-f8e82fc3fabe","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"DNA bases are read in groups of [ ], with each group coding for one amino acid.","back":"DNA bases are read in groups of three, with each group coding for one amino acid.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"three","correct":true,"explanation":"The genetic code is read in triplets of three bases. Each three-base group specifies one amino acid during the production of a protein."},{"text":"two","correct":false,"explanation":"Pairs of bases hold DNA strands together, which can make two tempting. However, the genetic code is read in groups of three bases per amino acid."},{"text":"four","correct":false,"explanation":"There are four different DNA bases, but this does not determine the reading-group size. Bases are read in triplets, with three coding for an amino acid."},{"text":"six","correct":false,"explanation":"Six may result from combining two triplets, but each amino acid is specified by one group of three DNA bases, not six."}]},{"id":"cbcb0e35-1e83-4a81-8911-7c3160c51d67","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does the base sequence of a gene determine which protein is made?","back":"The sequence sets the order of amino acids, which determines the protein built.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The sequence sets the order of amino acids, which determines the protein built.","correct":true,"explanation":"Base triplets in a gene specify amino acids. Their sequence therefore determines the amino-acid order, which controls the protein's structure and identity."},{"text":"The sequence sets the order of nucleotides, which determines the protein built.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nucleotides make up DNA itself rather than the protein product. The gene's base sequence specifies the order of amino acids used to build the protein."},{"text":"The sequence sets the order of fatty acids, which determines the protein built.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fatty acids are associated with lipids and are not protein monomers. A gene determines the order of amino acids in the protein."},{"text":"The sequence sets the order of simple sugars, which determines the protein built.","correct":false,"explanation":"Simple sugars are carbohydrates, not the units assembled into proteins. The base sequence determines the order of amino acids, which defines the protein produced."}]},{"id":"71d1559a-0855-4f3e-8a0a-cbec5ae834dc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What base pairs with A in DNA?","back":"T pairs with A.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"T pairs with A.","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA follows complementary base-pairing rules: adenine, A, always pairs with thymine, T, across the two strands."},{"text":"C pairs with A.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cytosine pairs with guanine, not adenine. In DNA, adenine forms a complementary pair specifically with thymine, represented by T."},{"text":"G pairs with A.","correct":false,"explanation":"Guanine's complementary partner is cytosine, so it cannot pair with adenine in standard DNA. Adenine pairs with thymine, T."},{"text":"U pairs with A.","correct":false,"explanation":"Uracil pairs with adenine in RNA, making this a common DNA-RNA confusion. DNA uses thymine, T, as adenine's complementary base."}]},{"id":"7e382e0b-32e1-43a0-ae49-76697c6b1ea7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What base pairs with C in DNA?","back":"G pairs with C.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"G pairs with C.","correct":true,"explanation":"Complementary base pairing in DNA matches cytosine, C, with guanine, G. This fixed pairing helps determine the sequence of the opposite strand."},{"text":"A pairs with C.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adenine pairs with thymine rather than cytosine. Cytosine's complementary base in DNA is guanine, represented by G."},{"text":"T pairs with C.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thymine pairs with adenine, not cytosine. The fixed complementary pairing rule matches cytosine, C, with guanine, G."},{"text":"U pairs with C.","correct":false,"explanation":"Uracil replaces thymine in RNA but does not pair with cytosine. In DNA, cytosine's complementary partner is guanine, G."}]},{"id":"85a2c2ed-86c5-4d18-a584-c9abbe58ff18","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does one DNA strand determine the sequence of the other?","back":"Complementary base pairing is fixed: A pairs with T and C pairs with G.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Complementary base pairing is fixed: A pairs with T and C pairs with G.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each base has only one complementary partner in DNA. Consequently, knowing one strand's sequence fixes the other sequence through A-T and C-G pairing."},{"text":"Identical base pairing is fixed: A pairs with A and C pairs with C.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA strands are complementary rather than identical copies. Fixed pairing matches A with T and C with G, allowing one strand to determine the other."},{"text":"Random base pairing is fixed: A pairs with C and T pairs with G.","correct":false,"explanation":"Base pairing is specific, not random, and the stated partners are incorrect. In DNA, A pairs with T while C pairs with G."},{"text":"Adjacent base pairing is fixed: A pairs with C and G pairs with T.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bases pair across the two strands, not with adjacent bases along one strand. The complementary rules are A-T and C-G."}]},{"id":"eb3510a1-c7b5-4a61-9c4a-4506e7418533","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The copying of a gene's base sequence into mRNA is called [ ].","back":"The copying of a gene's base sequence into mRNA is called transcription.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"transcription","correct":true,"explanation":"During transcription, the base sequence of a gene is copied into a complementary mRNA molecule, which can carry the genetic instructions out of the nucleus."},{"text":"translation","correct":false,"explanation":"Translation uses the mRNA sequence to assemble amino acids at a ribosome. Copying a gene's DNA sequence into mRNA is transcription."},{"text":"replication","correct":false,"explanation":"Replication copies an entire DNA molecule to produce DNA, commonly before cell division. Producing an mRNA copy of a gene is called transcription."},{"text":"mutation","correct":false,"explanation":"A mutation is a change in genetic material rather than its routine copying into mRNA. The DNA-to-mRNA copying process is transcription."}]},{"id":"8eadadf6-66de-4325-989f-2e379f242d33","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is a gene copied into mRNA before protein synthesis?","back":"Proteins are built in the cytoplasm, so the copy carries the gene's message out of the nucleus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Proteins are built in the cytoplasm, so the copy carries the gene's message out of the nucleus.","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA remains in the nucleus, while ribosomes in the cytoplasm build proteins. mRNA transports a copy of the required genetic instructions to those ribosomes."},{"text":"Proteins are built in the nucleus, so the copy carries the gene's message out of the cytoplasm.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the locations involved. DNA is retained in the nucleus, while proteins are assembled at ribosomes in the cytoplasm using the mRNA copy."},{"text":"Proteins are built in the cell membrane, so the copy carries the gene's message out of the nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cell membrane controls movement into and out of the cell but does not generally build proteins. Ribosomes in the cytoplasm use the mRNA message."},{"text":"Proteins are built in the mitochondria, so the copy carries the gene's message out of the nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although mitochondria contain some ribosomes, GCSE protein synthesis is located at ribosomes in the cytoplasm. mRNA carries the gene's message there from the nucleus."}]},{"id":"49edf08e-94d6-4338-8f66-18669807a3f7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does mRNA differ from DNA?","back":"mRNA is a single strand, whereas DNA has two strands.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"mRNA is a single strand, whereas DNA has two strands.","correct":true,"explanation":"An mRNA molecule consists of one nucleotide strand, while a DNA molecule normally consists of two complementary strands arranged as a double helix."},{"text":"mRNA is a double strand, whereas DNA has one strand.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the structures of the two molecules. mRNA is single-stranded, whereas DNA normally contains two complementary strands."},{"text":"mRNA is a triple strand, whereas DNA has two strands.","correct":false,"explanation":"The triplet genetic code may make three seem plausible, but it refers to groups of bases, not strands. mRNA has one strand and DNA has two."},{"text":"mRNA is a paired strand, whereas DNA has four strands.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither molecule has the stated strand arrangement. mRNA is a single strand, while DNA is formed from two complementary strands in a double helix."}]},{"id":"baa6d548-9a63-4cc1-a04e-777a1c9c5d9f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"After leaving the nucleus, mRNA attaches to a [ ].","back":"After leaving the nucleus, mRNA attaches to a ribosome.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"ribosome","correct":true,"explanation":"A ribosome attaches to the mRNA and reads its base sequence, joining amino acids in the specified order to build a protein."},{"text":"nucleus","correct":false,"explanation":"The nucleus is where mRNA is made from a gene, but mRNA leaves it before protein synthesis. The correct structure is a ribosome, which reads the mRNA code."},{"text":"mitochondrion","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitochondria release energy through aerobic respiration and do not read mRNA to assemble proteins. After leaving the nucleus, mRNA attaches to a ribosome."},{"text":"cell membrane","correct":false,"explanation":"The cell membrane controls movement of substances into and out of the cell, rather than making proteins. mRNA attaches to a ribosome for translation."}]},{"id":"184993de-db0a-47ac-b2df-cd46e5401804","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens during translation?","back":"At a ribosome, the mRNA code is used to join amino acids in order.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"At a ribosome, the mRNA code is used to join amino acids in order.","correct":true,"explanation":"During translation, a ribosome reads the mRNA base sequence and links amino acids in the order specified, producing a polypeptide that folds into a protein."},{"text":"At a nucleus, the DNA code is used to join amino acids in order.","correct":false,"explanation":"The nucleus stores DNA and is involved in transcription, not the direct assembly of amino acids. Translation occurs at a ribosome using the mRNA code."},{"text":"At a ribosome, the DNA code is used to copy the gene in order.","correct":false,"explanation":"A ribosome translates mRNA into a chain of amino acids; it does not copy DNA or produce another gene. Copying a gene into mRNA occurs during transcription."},{"text":"At a mitochondrion, the mRNA code is used to release energy in order.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitochondria are associated with aerobic respiration and energy release, whereas translation assembles amino acids. The mRNA is read by a ribosome during this process."}]},{"id":"1121dea9-9c8b-4122-9c73-aa07143f7a13","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What determines the order of amino acids in a protein?","back":"The base sequence of the gene determines their order.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The base sequence of the gene determines their order.","correct":true,"explanation":"The sequence of bases in a gene determines the sequence of bases in mRNA, which is read in triplets to specify the order of amino acids."},{"text":"The number of chromosomes in the cell determines their order.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosome number describes how much genetic material a cell has, but does not specify a protein's amino acid sequence. The gene's base sequence provides that information."},{"text":"The shape of the ribosome determines their order.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ribosomes provide the site for translation but do not contain the instructions for amino acid order. Those instructions are encoded by the gene's base sequence."},{"text":"The amount of glucose in the cell determines their order.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose provides energy for cell processes but does not encode protein instructions. The order of amino acids is determined by the base sequence of the relevant gene."}]},{"id":"0e701088-5daa-4532-8616-577428886937","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why must a protein fold into a particular three-dimensional shape?","back":"Its unique shape allows it to perform its function, such as acting as an enzyme or hormone.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Its unique shape allows it to perform its function, such as acting as an enzyme or hormone.","correct":true,"explanation":"A protein's specific three-dimensional shape determines how it interacts with other molecules. This allows it to carry out a particular function, such as catalysing reactions as an enzyme."},{"text":"Its unique shape allows it to store genetic information, such as acting as an enzyme or hormone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Proteins do not store the cell's genetic information; DNA does. Protein shape is important because it enables a protein to carry out its specific biological function."},{"text":"Its unique shape allows it to perform every function, such as acting as an energy store or chromosome.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different protein shapes allow different specialised functions, not every possible cell function. Energy storage and genetic information are not the roles described by enzyme and hormone proteins."},{"text":"Its unique shape allows it to be copied accurately, such as acting as an enzyme or hormone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protein shape does not control accurate copying of genetic material. It controls how the protein interacts with molecules, enabling specialised roles such as enzyme or hormone activity."}]},{"id":"fd5138e4-b886-449f-a8a0-f5d11f76b1b7","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What are the three types of point mutation?","back":"

Substitution - one base is swapped
Insertion - an extra base is added
Deletion - a base is removed

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Substitution - one base is swapped
Insertion - an extra base is added
Deletion - a base is removed

","correct":true,"explanation":"The three point mutations are substitution, insertion and deletion. They involve swapping one base, adding an extra base or removing a base from the DNA sequence."},{"text":"

Replication - one base is copied
Transcription - an extra base is added
Translation - a base is removed

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are stages or processes of gene expression, not the three types of point mutation. Point mutations are substitution, insertion and deletion."},{"text":"

Substitution - one amino acid is swapped
Insertion - an extra chromosome is added
Deletion - a gene is removed

","correct":false,"explanation":"Point mutations alter individual DNA bases, not directly amino acids, whole chromosomes or complete genes. The relevant changes are swapping, adding or removing a base."},{"text":"

Substitution - one base is doubled
Insertion - a base is rearranged
Deletion - a chromosome is removed

","correct":false,"explanation":"Doubling and rearranging bases, or removing a chromosome, do not define the three standard point mutations. They are substitution, insertion and deletion of individual bases."}]},{"id":"1f0428bf-6e7d-43e3-aa25-d0624b47b07b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can an insertion or deletion affect many amino acids?","back":"It shifts how all following bases are read in groups of three.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It shifts how all following bases are read in groups of three.","correct":true,"explanation":"The genetic code is read in triplets. Adding or removing a base shifts the reading frame, so every subsequent triplet may change and many amino acids can be affected."},{"text":"It shifts how all following bases are read in groups of two.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reading bases in pairs would misrepresent the genetic code and can tempt a student to confuse codons with DNA base pairs. Codons are groups of three bases."},{"text":"It shifts how all following bases are read in groups of four.","correct":false,"explanation":"The genetic code is not read in groups of four. An insertion or deletion can affect later codons because bases are read in groups of three."},{"text":"It shifts how all following bases are read in groups of one.","correct":false,"explanation":"Individual bases do not each code for one amino acid. The ribosome reads the sequence as codons, with each codon containing three bases."}]},{"id":"1dafc62b-0fe4-4faa-a302-5f4939f2d35c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Most mutations do not change the protein, or change it so slightly that its [ ] is unaffected.","back":"Most mutations do not change the protein, or change it so slightly that its function is unaffected.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"function","correct":true,"explanation":"Most mutations have no effect, or only a very small effect, on a protein's function. The altered protein can still fold and work sufficiently for the cell."},{"text":"location","correct":false,"explanation":"A mutation may alter a protein's sequence, but the key consequence described is whether the protein still works. The missing term is function, not location."},{"text":"colour","correct":false,"explanation":"Some proteins can affect visible traits, but colour is not the general property considered here. Most mutations leave the protein's function unaffected."},{"text":"temperature","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperature can influence protein activity, but it is not the property referred to in the sentence. The relevant outcome is whether the protein's function changes."}]},{"id":"22efab42-24ab-4555-82d9-c16e223f07fe","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can a mutation change an enzyme's function?","back":"It can alter the enzyme's shape, so its active site no longer fits the substrate.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can alter the enzyme's shape, so its active site no longer fits the substrate.","correct":true,"explanation":"A mutation can change the amino acid sequence and therefore the enzyme's three-dimensional shape. If the active site changes, the substrate may no longer bind successfully."},{"text":"It can alter the enzyme's colour, so its active site no longer fits the substrate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Colour change does not explain why substrate binding fails. A mutation can change the enzyme's shape, altering the active site so it no longer matches the substrate."},{"text":"It can alter the enzyme's location, so its active site no longer fits the substrate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing where an enzyme is found could affect access to a substrate, but it does not directly change active-site fit. The mutation may alter the enzyme's shape."},{"text":"It can alter the enzyme's substrate supply, so its active site no longer fits the substrate.","correct":false,"explanation":"A mutation in the enzyme does not necessarily change how much substrate is available. It can change the enzyme's shape, which may make the active site unsuitable."}]},{"id":"35ce5002-b7b7-49b5-8d9b-e921ad518622","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What can non-coding DNA do?","back":"It can switch genes on and off.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can switch genes on and off.","correct":true,"explanation":"Some non-coding DNA contains regulatory regions that control whether particular genes are transcribed. This allows genes to be switched on or off in response to cell needs."},{"text":"It can switch genes into proteins.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genes are not converted into proteins by non-coding DNA. Regulatory non-coding DNA controls whether genes are switched on or off."},{"text":"It can switch genes into chromosomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosomes are structures containing DNA, including genes; genes are not changed into chromosomes. Non-coding DNA can regulate gene activity by switching genes on or off."},{"text":"It can switch genes into amino acids.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amino acids are joined to make proteins during translation, rather than being produced by switching genes into amino acids. Non-coding DNA regulates gene expression."}]},{"id":"bd28f462-1e19-4593-9a78-37e021465c17","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can variation in non-coding DNA affect protein production?","back":"It can change whether a gene is expressed and how much protein is made.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can change whether a gene is expressed and how much protein is made.","correct":true,"explanation":"Regulatory variation in non-coding DNA can affect transcription. A gene may be expressed more, less or not at all, changing the amount of protein produced."},{"text":"It can change whether a gene is replicated and how much chromosome is made.","correct":false,"explanation":"Replication copies DNA and does not directly describe how much protein is produced. Non-coding variation can alter gene expression and therefore protein quantity."},{"text":"It can change whether a gene is translated and how much DNA is made.","correct":false,"explanation":"Translation makes protein from mRNA, while DNA production is not the outcome asked about. Non-coding DNA can regulate whether a gene is expressed and protein is made."},{"text":"It can change whether a gene is mutated and how much glucose is made.","correct":false,"explanation":"A mutation and glucose production are not the relevant regulatory outcomes. Variation in non-coding DNA can change gene expression and the amount of protein produced."}]},{"id":"cb9630af-b92f-45a4-be52-634cbc2ff6e8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can cells with the same DNA become different specialised cell types?","back":"Different non-coding regions switch different genes on and off.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Different non-coding regions switch different genes on and off.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cells in an organism generally contain the same DNA, but different regulatory regions activate or silence different genes. This produces different proteins and specialised cell functions."},{"text":"Different coding regions switch different genes into chromosomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Coding regions contain instructions for proteins, while non-coding regulatory regions help control gene activity. Genes are not switched into chromosomes; they are already part of DNA."},{"text":"Different ribosomes switch different genes on and off.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins but do not usually decide which genes are active. Different non-coding DNA regions regulate gene switching in specialised cells."},{"text":"Different cells remove different genes from the nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Specialised cells usually retain the same genetic information rather than removing different genes. Their differences result mainly from different genes being switched on or off."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"6.1.5 DNA structure","title":"6.1.5 DNA structure Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"eab18e0b-4f94-5cf1-bff8-1aba6e03f0fd","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]