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organelles and many chemical reactions, but the genetic material is housed inside the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell."},{"text":"Inside the cell membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cell membrane controls movement of substances into and out of the cell; it does not contain the cell’s chromosomes or DNA."},{"text":"Inside the mitochondria.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitochondria contain a small amount of their own DNA, but most of a cell’s genetic material is found inside the nucleus."}]},{"id":"85e5f91d-ccf6-4ac6-98f0-ecae279499f5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What shape do the two DNA strands form?","back":"A double helix.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A double helix.","correct":true,"explanation":"The two DNA strands twist around each other to form a double helix, like a twisted ladder with paired bases forming the rungs."},{"text":"A single helix.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA has two strands, so its structure is a double helix. A single helix describes a structure with only one strand."},{"text":"A straight ladder.","correct":false,"explanation":"The paired bases make DNA resemble a ladder, but the two strands twist around each other, giving DNA its double-helix shape."},{"text":"A triple helix.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA is made of two strands, not three. These two strands twist together to form a double helix."}]},{"id":"fb00c715-5a96-40fe-8086-7853fabe5629","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is DNA described as a polymer?","back":"It is a long molecule made from many smaller units joined together.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is a long molecule made from many smaller units joined together.","correct":true,"explanation":"A polymer is a large molecule formed from many repeating smaller units. DNA is built from many nucleotide units joined into a long molecule."},{"text":"It is a small molecule made from one larger unit joined together.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA is a polymer because it contains many smaller nucleotide units, not one large unit or a single small molecule."},{"text":"It is a short molecule made from many proteins joined together.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA’s smaller repeating units are nucleotides, not proteins. Its long chain of joined nucleotides gives it polymer structure."},{"text":"It is a long molecule made from many cells joined together.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cells are not the units that form DNA. DNA is a polymer made from many smaller chemical units called nucleotides."}]},{"id":"f6d9bdc2-4a48-4fc2-b4db-94775d292d6d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How is DNA packaged so it fits inside the nucleus?","back":"DNA is coiled tightly into chromosomes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"DNA is coiled tightly into chromosomes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Long DNA molecules are coiled and condensed into chromosomes, allowing them to fit inside the limited space of the nucleus."},{"text":"DNA is cut into pieces inside the nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA is not packaged by being cut into pieces. It is coiled tightly into chromosomes, which keep the long molecules organised."},{"text":"DNA is dissolved completely in the cytoplasm.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA remains organised in the nucleus rather than dissolving in the cytoplasm. Tight coiling into chromosomes makes it fit inside the nucleus."},{"text":"DNA is wrapped around cell membranes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cell membranes do not package nuclear DNA. The DNA is tightly coiled into chromosomes within the nucleus."}]},{"id":"e7da83a2-d153-44bc-8d01-1c0aaf6c4191","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a chromosome?","back":"One very long molecule of DNA, coiled tightly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"One very long molecule of DNA, coiled tightly.","correct":true,"explanation":"A chromosome is one long DNA molecule that has been tightly coiled and packaged. It carries many genes along its length."},{"text":"One very long molecule of protein, coiled tightly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Proteins help package DNA, but a chromosome’s main genetic molecule is DNA. The chromosome consists of a long DNA molecule coiled tightly."},{"text":"Many short molecules of DNA, kept separate.","correct":false,"explanation":"A chromosome is described as one very long DNA molecule, rather than many separate short DNA molecules kept apart."},{"text":"One very long molecule of RNA, coiled tightly.","correct":false,"explanation":"RNA can carry genetic information in some contexts, but chromosomes in human cells are made from tightly coiled DNA."}]},{"id":"ed10ebc8-8959-4ca2-99a7-2757c819f850","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a gene code for?","back":"A particular protein.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A particular protein.","correct":true,"explanation":"A gene is a section of DNA containing the instructions for making a particular protein, although some genes have other regulatory functions."},{"text":"A particular chromosome.","correct":false,"explanation":"A gene is a section of DNA found on a chromosome; it does not code for an entire chromosome."},{"text":"A particular cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genes contain instructions for making proteins, which can affect cells. They do not directly code for a complete cell."},{"text":"A particular organ.","correct":false,"explanation":"An organ contains many types of cells and proteins. A gene usually codes for a particular protein, not an entire organ."}]},{"id":"9d4c3be7-6e70-4335-bb53-ca62c4f1adb1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does the base order in a gene determine a protein?","back":"It sets the sequence of amino acids used to build the protein.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It sets the sequence of amino acids used to build the protein.","correct":true,"explanation":"The base sequence in a gene determines the order of amino acids joined together. That sequence makes the protein fold into its specific shape."},{"text":"It sets the sequence of fatty acids used to build the protein.","correct":false,"explanation":"Proteins are built from amino acids, not fatty acids. The gene’s base sequence determines the order in which amino acids are joined."},{"text":"It sets the sequence of glucose molecules used to build the protein.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose is a sugar used in respiration and carbohydrate synthesis. Proteins are assembled from amino acids specified by the gene."},{"text":"It sets the sequence of DNA molecules used to build the protein.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA bases carry the instructions, but the protein itself is built from amino acids. Their sequence is determined by the gene’s base order."}]},{"id":"86f0b2dd-af7e-4aa1-930f-f8fb0c466386","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do genes largely control an organism's characteristics?","back":"Genes code for proteins, which build and run the body.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Genes code for proteins, which build and run the body.","correct":true,"explanation":"Genes influence characteristics by coding for proteins. Proteins form structures and control chemical reactions, affecting how the organism develops and functions."},{"text":"Genes code for carbohydrates, which build and run the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbohydrates provide energy and structural materials, but genes largely control characteristics by coding for proteins that build structures and control reactions."},{"text":"Genes code for organs, which build and run the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genes do not directly code for whole organs. Their protein products influence cell processes, development and the structures that make up organs."},{"text":"Genes code for food molecules, which build and run the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Food molecules are obtained or made through metabolic processes. Genes largely affect characteristics through the proteins they code for."}]},{"id":"fdec5a74-214e-4c2f-8dd9-ea984fc527b8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a single chromosome contain?","back":"Many different genes along its DNA.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Many different genes along its DNA.","correct":true,"explanation":"A chromosome is a long DNA molecule, and different sections of that DNA contain many genes at specific positions along the chromosome."},{"text":"Many different cells along its DNA.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cells do not lie along DNA. A chromosome contains many genes, each occupying a particular section of its long DNA molecule."},{"text":"One single gene at its centre.","correct":false,"explanation":"A chromosome generally contains many genes distributed along its DNA, rather than only one gene located at its centre."},{"text":"Many different proteins joined along its DNA.","correct":false,"explanation":"Proteins are made using instructions in genes. They are not joined along chromosome DNA; the chromosome contains the genes that code for them."}]},{"id":"b161a8ea-9cfb-4725-b64e-368edba9b794","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the fixed position of a gene on a chromosome called?","back":"Its locus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Its locus.","correct":true,"explanation":"The locus is the fixed position of a gene on a chromosome. Different alleles of that gene occupy the same locus."},{"text":"Its allele.","correct":false,"explanation":"An allele is a version of a gene, not the gene’s position. The fixed position on a chromosome is called its locus."},{"text":"Its genome.","correct":false,"explanation":"The genome is all the genetic material of an organism. It does not describe the fixed position of one gene on a chromosome."},{"text":"Its genotype.","correct":false,"explanation":"A genotype is the genetic makeup or allele combination of an organism. The fixed position of a gene is its locus."}]},{"id":"88d4e73f-e1ab-49d6-8571-a00b82c54b5a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are different versions of the same gene called?","back":"Alleles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Alleles.","correct":true,"explanation":"Alleles are different versions of the same gene. They may produce different forms of a characteristic, such as different versions of a protein."},{"text":"Loci.","correct":false,"explanation":"Loci are the fixed positions of genes on chromosomes. They are not different versions of a gene."},{"text":"Chromosomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosomes are long, coiled DNA molecules containing many genes. Different versions of one gene are called alleles."},{"text":"Nucleotides.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nucleotides are the smaller units that make up DNA. Different versions of the same gene are called alleles."}]},{"id":"3271bebd-7ffe-43be-9ff7-33da891f5550","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the genome of an organism?","back":"Its entire genetic material - all its DNA.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Its entire genetic material - all its DNA.","correct":true,"explanation":"An organism’s genome is its complete genetic material, including all the DNA contained in its chromosomes and any other genetic DNA."},{"text":"Its single gene - one section of DNA.","correct":false,"explanation":"A single gene is only one section of DNA. The genome includes all the organism’s genetic material, including every chromosome."},{"text":"Its largest chromosome - the longest DNA molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"The largest chromosome is only one part of the genetic material. The genome includes all chromosomes and therefore all the organism’s DNA."},{"text":"Its visible characteristics - its physical features.","correct":false,"explanation":"Visible characteristics describe the phenotype. The genome is the organism’s complete genetic material, not the features produced by it."}]},{"id":"63d1cb2a-561e-4e6e-b615-3dfdec7f4a35","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does the genome contain every gene an organism has?","back":"It includes all the DNA in all the organism's chromosomes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It includes all the DNA in all the organism's chromosomes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Because the genome includes all DNA in every chromosome, it contains every gene carried by the organism’s chromosomes."},{"text":"It includes all the proteins in all the organism's cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Proteins are products of gene expression, not the genetic material itself. The genome contains DNA in all the organism’s chromosomes."},{"text":"It includes one gene in each of the organism's cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"A genome contains all the organism’s genetic material, including many genes across its chromosomes, rather than one gene per cell."},{"text":"It includes all the DNA in one of the organism's chromosomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"One chromosome contains only part of an organism’s genome. The genome includes the DNA in all of its chromosomes."}]},{"id":"cd507bb3-c79e-442b-8040-108f4fe6eb9a","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How can understanding the human genome help medicine?","back":"

It identifies genes linked to disease.
It improves understanding and treatment of inherited disorders.

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It identifies genes linked to disease.
It improves understanding and treatment of inherited disorders.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Genome data can reveal genes associated with diseases and inherited disorders, helping researchers understand their causes and develop better tests and treatments."},{"text":"

It identifies all diseases a person will develop.
It guarantees cures for inherited disorders.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Genome information can show risk or genetic links, but it cannot predict every disease or guarantee a cure. It improves understanding and treatment of inherited disorders."},{"text":"

It identifies genes that prevent every disease.
It replaces treatment of inherited disorders.

","correct":false,"explanation":"No genome sequence prevents every disease or replaces treatment. Its medical value comes from identifying disease-linked genes and improving understanding and treatment."},{"text":"

It identifies genes linked to appearance only.
It prevents all infectious disorders.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Genome research is useful for disease-related genes, including inherited disorders, not just appearance. It cannot prevent all infectious diseases."}]},{"id":"acdb9733-8ae1-4cac-ab3a-c40ae58b81c4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can the human genome reveal information about the past?","back":"It can trace human migration patterns.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can trace human migration patterns.","correct":true,"explanation":"Comparing genetic similarities and differences between populations can reveal shared ancestry and provide evidence about how humans migrated across the world."},{"text":"It can identify every individual ancestor.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genome comparisons can provide evidence of ancestry and population movement, but they cannot identify every individual ancestor in a person’s family history."},{"text":"It can determine the exact date of every migration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genetic evidence can indicate migration patterns and approximate historical relationships, but it cannot determine the exact date of every migration."},{"text":"It can reconstruct all historical events.","correct":false,"explanation":"The genome provides biological evidence about ancestry and population movement. It cannot reveal all historical events or non-genetic details of the past."}]},{"id":"afbb9217-738b-4b21-aa14-97da3bdad584","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"DNA is packaged into structures called [ ].","back":"DNA is packaged into structures called chromosomes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"chromosomes","correct":true,"explanation":"Chromosomes are structures made from DNA coiled tightly. This packaging allows the long DNA molecules to fit inside the nucleus."},{"text":"alleles","correct":false,"explanation":"Alleles are different versions of the same gene, not structures that package DNA. DNA is packaged into structures called chromosomes."},{"text":"loci","correct":false,"explanation":"A locus is the fixed position of a gene on a chromosome. It is not a DNA-packaging structure; chromosomes perform that role."},{"text":"proteins","correct":false,"explanation":"Proteins are molecules coded for by genes and can help package DNA, but the structures called chromosomes contain the tightly coiled DNA."}]},{"id":"c68a1efb-d120-443c-bdc3-78029f49a101","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A short section of DNA that codes for a particular protein is called a [ ].","back":"A short section of DNA that codes for a particular protein is called a gene.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"gene","correct":true,"explanation":"A gene is a short section of DNA containing the instructions for making a particular protein, which can influence a characteristic."},{"text":"allele","correct":false,"explanation":"An allele is a different version of a gene, not the section of DNA itself. The correct term is gene because genes code for particular proteins."},{"text":"chromosome","correct":false,"explanation":"A chromosome is a long, coiled DNA molecule containing many genes. The correct term is gene because the question describes one protein-coding section."},{"text":"genome","correct":false,"explanation":"A genome is all the genetic material of an organism, rather than one protein-coding section. The correct term is gene because genes contain these instructions."}]},{"id":"3e639941-a64b-4133-b8f7-d008504daa9b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The gene for a particular characteristic is found at the same fixed position, called its [ ].","back":"The gene for a particular characteristic is found at the same fixed position, called its locus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"locus","correct":true,"explanation":"A locus is the fixed position of a gene on a chromosome. The same gene is located at the same locus in corresponding chromosomes."},{"text":"allele","correct":false,"explanation":"An allele is one version of a gene, not its position on a chromosome. The correct term is locus because the question describes a fixed location."},{"text":"gene","correct":false,"explanation":"A gene is a section of DNA coding for a protein or characteristic, not the position where it is found. The correct term is locus."},{"text":"chromosome","correct":false,"explanation":"A chromosome carries many genes but is not the fixed position of one gene. The correct term is locus, which identifies a gene’s location."}]},{"id":"2a70dc5f-1464-4d6f-87aa-bdfd42fe8ebf","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Different versions of the same gene are called [ ].","back":"Different versions of the same gene are called alleles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"alleles","correct":true,"explanation":"Alleles are different versions of the same gene. For example, a gene for a characteristic may have alleles that produce contrasting forms of that characteristic."},{"text":"genes","correct":false,"explanation":"Genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins, whereas different versions of one gene are called alleles. The wording asks specifically about those alternative versions."},{"text":"loci","correct":false,"explanation":"Loci are fixed positions on chromosomes, not alternative versions of a gene. The correct term is alleles because the question describes different forms of one gene."},{"text":"chromosomes","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosomes are long DNA molecules containing many genes, not different versions of one gene. The correct term is alleles for alternative forms of the same gene."}]},{"id":"ab83a35f-77f1-4630-803a-8cc0e8cc271c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The whole human genome has been read by the [ ].","back":"The whole human genome has been read by the Human Genome Project.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Human Genome Project","correct":true,"explanation":"The Human Genome Project was the international scientific project that determined the sequence of the whole human genome."},{"text":"Human Proteome Project","correct":false,"explanation":"The proteome concerns the proteins made by cells, not the complete DNA sequence. The correct term is Human Genome Project, which read the human genome."},{"text":"International HapMap Project","correct":false,"explanation":"The International HapMap Project studied common patterns of genetic variation between people, rather than reading the whole genome. The correct project was the Human Genome Project."},{"text":"Human DNA Replication Project","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA replication describes how DNA is copied and was not the project that sequenced human genetic material. The correct name is Human Genome Project."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"6.1.4 DNA and the genome","title":"6.1.4 DNA and the genome Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"bd5f08f6-9175-58fd-abd7-4bdf5bca0b45","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]