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caused by their random motion."},{"text":"Movement of particles from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the concentration gradient and describes movement against diffusion. The correct definition is net movement from higher concentration to lower concentration."},{"text":"Movement of particles from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pressure is not the defining gradient for diffusion in this context. Diffusion is net movement from higher concentration to lower concentration."},{"text":"Movement of particles until all particles have left the region.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion does not require particles to leave an entire region; it reduces concentration differences. The correct definition is net movement from higher concentration to lower concentration."}]},{"id":"e46992fe-ff79-47a4-b29a-b3f624a8842b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a concentration gradient?","back":"The difference in concentration between two regions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The difference in concentration between two regions.","correct":true,"explanation":"A concentration gradient is the difference in concentration between two regions, providing the driving force for net diffusion between them."},{"text":"The total concentration of particles in one region.","correct":false,"explanation":"A gradient requires comparison between regions, so one region alone is insufficient. The correct answer is the difference in concentration between two regions."},{"text":"The distance particles travel across a membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"Distance can affect diffusion rate but does not define a concentration gradient. The correct answer is the difference in concentration between two regions."},{"text":"The amount of energy released when particles collide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Particle collisions and kinetic energy help cause random movement, but they do not define a concentration gradient. It is the difference in concentration between two regions."}]},{"id":"af8c1826-c235-4d41-aa42-9adf59693438","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which way does diffusion move particles?","back":"Diffusion moves particles from higher to lower concentration.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Diffusion moves particles from higher to lower concentration.","correct":true,"explanation":"Particles diffuse down their concentration gradient, so the net movement is from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration."},{"text":"Diffusion moves particles from lower to higher concentration.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes movement up a concentration gradient and would require an energy input. Diffusion moves particles from higher to lower concentration."},{"text":"Diffusion moves particles from higher to equal concentration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal concentration describes the eventual equilibrium, not the destination category used to describe the gradient. Diffusion moves particles from higher to lower concentration."},{"text":"Diffusion moves particles from lower to equal concentration.","correct":false,"explanation":"This begins in the wrong direction and confuses equilibrium with the concentration gradient. Diffusion moves particles from higher to lower concentration."}]},{"id":"4a8434b6-36ae-4a50-aff3-cba86b9eb90c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do particles diffuse?","back":"Particles have kinetic energy, so they move randomly, collide and spread out.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Particles have kinetic energy, so they move randomly, collide and spread out.","correct":true,"explanation":"Kinetic energy makes particles move randomly. Their collisions change their directions, producing a net spread from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration."},{"text":"Particles have chemical energy, so they move in one direction, collide and spread out.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusing particles move randomly rather than in one direction, and their relevant energy is kinetic energy. Random collisions cause spreading down the concentration gradient."},{"text":"Particles have kinetic energy, so they remain still, collide and spread out.","correct":false,"explanation":"Kinetic energy causes particles to move, not remain still. Their random movement and collisions allow particles to spread from higher to lower concentration."},{"text":"Particles have light energy, so they move randomly, collide and gather together.","correct":false,"explanation":"Light energy is not the cause of diffusion, and particles spread rather than gather together. Kinetic energy drives their random movement and collisions."}]},{"id":"2c63f346-1745-43f9-a55d-469f8fe82b66","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does diffusion require no energy from respiration?","back":"Diffusion is passive because it uses the particles' own kinetic energy and requires no energy from respiration.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Diffusion is passive because it uses the particles' own kinetic energy and requires no energy from respiration.","correct":true,"explanation":"Diffusion is passive transport because particles move using their own kinetic energy, without ATP or other energy supplied by respiration."},{"text":"Diffusion is active because it uses the particles' own kinetic energy and requires no energy from respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Active transport requires energy from respiration, whereas diffusion does not. Using particles' own kinetic energy makes diffusion a passive process."},{"text":"Diffusion is passive because it uses energy from respiration and requires no particle movement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration supplies energy for active transport, not diffusion, and diffusion depends on particle movement. Particles use their own kinetic energy without respiratory energy."},{"text":"Diffusion is passive because it uses light energy and requires energy from respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion does not use light energy or energy from respiration. It is passive because particles move using their own kinetic energy."}]},{"id":"a446b0ed-de8d-4702-98d0-b44a8eef2087","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What two types of substances can diffuse?","back":"Both gases and dissolved substances called solutes can diffuse.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Both gases and dissolved substances called solutes can diffuse.","correct":true,"explanation":"Diffusion applies to gases and to dissolved substances called solutes. In both cases, particles move randomly down a concentration gradient."},{"text":"Both liquids and dissolved substances called solutes can diffuse.","correct":false,"explanation":"Liquids as whole substances are not the intended category here; dissolved particles are solutes. The two types identified are gases and dissolved solutes."},{"text":"Both gases and solid substances called solutes can diffuse.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solutes are substances dissolved in a solvent, not solid substances as a category. The correct types are gases and dissolved solutes."},{"text":"Both proteins and dissolved substances called solutes can diffuse.","correct":false,"explanation":"Proteins are often too large to cross partially permeable membranes, and they are not a general type of diffusing substance. The correct types are gases and dissolved solutes."}]},{"id":"3fa02cee-ab23-4f1f-9275-905f28949666","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What three factors affect the rate of diffusion?","back":"Concentration gradient, temperature and membrane surface area.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Concentration gradient, temperature and membrane surface area.","correct":true,"explanation":"Diffusion rate is affected by the concentration gradient, temperature and membrane surface area. A larger gradient, higher temperature or larger area generally increases the rate."},{"text":"Concentration gradient, pressure and membrane thickness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pressure and membrane thickness can be relevant in some contexts, but they are not the three factors listed here. The correct factors include temperature and surface area."},{"text":"Particle size, temperature and membrane surface area.","correct":false,"explanation":"Particle size can influence whether a molecule crosses a membrane, but it is not one of the three factors requested. The correct first factor is concentration gradient."},{"text":"Concentration gradient, respiration rate and cell volume.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration rate and cell volume may indirectly affect diffusion in particular cells, but they are not the three stated factors. Temperature and membrane surface area are required."}]},{"id":"dbd965b9-2ab6-4831-88a7-7045ab5ce54c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does a steeper concentration gradient affect diffusion?","back":"A larger concentration difference creates a steeper gradient, increasing the rate of diffusion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A larger concentration difference creates a steeper gradient, increasing the rate of diffusion.","correct":true,"explanation":"A larger difference in concentration gives particles a stronger concentration gradient to move down, so the net rate of diffusion increases."},{"text":"A smaller concentration difference creates a steeper gradient, increasing the rate of diffusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"A smaller difference produces a shallower gradient and usually a slower diffusion rate. A larger concentration difference creates the steeper gradient."},{"text":"A larger concentration difference creates a steeper gradient, stopping diffusion once it begins.","correct":false,"explanation":"A steeper gradient increases the driving force for diffusion rather than stopping it. Diffusion slows as the concentration difference becomes smaller."},{"text":"A larger concentration difference creates a shallower gradient, decreasing the rate of diffusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"A larger concentration difference makes the gradient steeper, not shallower, and increases diffusion rate. The reversal of both relationships causes this answer to be wrong."}]},{"id":"2278bf0b-a6c7-4d92-a046-e71e7fabc9aa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does increasing temperature increase the rate of diffusion?","back":"Higher temperature gives particles more kinetic energy, so they move and diffuse faster.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Higher temperature gives particles more kinetic energy, so they move and diffuse faster.","correct":true,"explanation":"Heating gives particles more kinetic energy, increasing the speed of their random movement and collisions. This increases the rate at which they diffuse."},{"text":"Higher temperature gives particles less kinetic energy, so they move and diffuse slower.","correct":false,"explanation":"Higher temperature increases, rather than decreases, particles' kinetic energy. Faster random movement causes a faster rate of diffusion."},{"text":"Higher temperature gives particles more kinetic energy, so they move and diffuse only against the gradient.","correct":false,"explanation":"Extra kinetic energy increases random movement but does not reverse diffusion. The net movement remains from higher to lower concentration."},{"text":"Higher temperature gives particles more chemical energy, so they move and diffuse faster.","correct":false,"explanation":"The relevant energy is kinetic energy, which affects particle movement. Chemical energy is not the explanation for the increased diffusion rate."}]},{"id":"a20ee04e-c0b3-49c1-a34c-9b3d68c229fe","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does a larger membrane surface area increase diffusion rate?","back":"A larger membrane surface area allows more particles to cross at once, increasing the rate of diffusion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A larger membrane surface area allows more particles to cross at once, increasing the rate of diffusion.","correct":true,"explanation":"More membrane surface provides more space for particles to cross simultaneously, so the total rate of diffusion increases when other conditions remain constant."},{"text":"A larger membrane surface area allows fewer particles to cross at once, increasing the rate of diffusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"A larger area provides more opportunities for crossing, not fewer. This would reduce the rate, whereas the correct explanation links larger area with more particles crossing simultaneously."},{"text":"A larger membrane surface area allows more particles to cross at once, decreasing the rate of diffusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"More particles crossing simultaneously increases the total diffusion rate. The proposed decrease reverses the effect of membrane surface area."},{"text":"A smaller membrane surface area allows more particles to cross at once, increasing the rate of diffusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"A smaller area offers fewer routes across the membrane, so fewer particles can cross at once. A larger membrane surface area increases diffusion rate."}]},{"id":"a4c284d1-6893-4896-98d5-84ef0225cfe7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does oxygen diffuse faster into a rapidly respiring cell?","back":"Respiration uses oxygen, keeping its concentration low inside the cell and maintaining a steep gradient.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Respiration uses oxygen, keeping its concentration low inside the cell and maintaining a steep gradient.","correct":true,"explanation":"Respiration continually removes oxygen inside the cell, keeping its concentration low. This maintains a steep gradient from outside to inside and speeds diffusion."},{"text":"Respiration produces oxygen, raising its concentration inside the cell and reversing the gradient.","correct":false,"explanation":"Aerobic respiration uses oxygen rather than producing it. Its consumption lowers internal oxygen concentration and maintains diffusion into the cell."},{"text":"Respiration uses oxygen, raising its concentration inside the cell and reducing the gradient.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using oxygen removes it from the cell, so its internal concentration falls rather than rises. This maintains, rather than reduces, the inward gradient."},{"text":"Respiration uses carbon dioxide, keeping oxygen concentration high inside the cell and maintaining a steep gradient.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration produces carbon dioxide and uses oxygen. Oxygen consumption keeps its concentration low inside the cell, sustaining the gradient for inward diffusion."}]},{"id":"d78c5457-c184-4d9f-b634-93980edbb446","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does a partially permeable cell membrane affect diffusion?","back":"It lets small molecules pass through but holds back larger molecules such as starch.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It lets small molecules pass through but holds back larger molecules such as starch.","correct":true,"explanation":"A partially permeable membrane permits some small molecules to cross while preventing larger molecules, such as starch, from passing through."},{"text":"It lets large molecules such as starch pass through but holds back small molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the membrane's selectivity. Small molecules can pass through, whereas larger molecules such as starch are held back."},{"text":"It lets all molecules pass through but holds back dissolved substances.","correct":false,"explanation":"A partially permeable membrane is selective, so it does not allow every molecule through. It commonly permits small molecules while blocking larger ones."},{"text":"It holds back small molecules but lets large molecules such as starch pass through.","correct":false,"explanation":"Size selectivity works in the opposite direction. Small molecules can cross the membrane, while large molecules such as starch are held back."}]},{"id":"44af8647-61af-4bca-bd4d-c354942f27c7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to oxygen and carbon dioxide around a respiring cell?","back":"Oxygen diffuses into the cell while carbon dioxide diffuses out at the same time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Oxygen diffuses into the cell while carbon dioxide diffuses out at the same time.","correct":true,"explanation":"Respiration consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, maintaining an inward oxygen gradient and an outward carbon dioxide gradient simultaneously."},{"text":"Oxygen diffuses out of the cell while carbon dioxide diffuses into the cell at the same time.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the gradients around a respiring cell. Oxygen is consumed inside and diffuses in, while produced carbon dioxide diffuses out."},{"text":"Both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into the cell at the same time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration consumes oxygen but produces carbon dioxide, so their gradients point in opposite directions. Oxygen diffuses in while carbon dioxide diffuses out."},{"text":"Both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse out of the cell at the same time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Only carbon dioxide is produced and diffuses outward. Oxygen is used in respiration, keeping its internal concentration low so it diffuses into the cell."}]},{"id":"5b5ef8bf-d06b-4d02-bf0e-d2ba5f7a8b9b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a single-celled organism rely on diffusion alone?","back":"A small organism has a large surface area compared with its volume, and substances have only a short distance to travel.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A small organism has a large surface area compared with its volume, and substances have only a short distance to travel.","correct":true,"explanation":"A high surface area to volume ratio provides enough membrane for exchange, while short diffusion distances allow substances to reach all parts quickly."},{"text":"A small organism has a small surface area compared with its volume, and substances have only a short distance to travel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Small organisms have a large, not small, surface area compared with volume. Their short diffusion distances are sufficient, but the ratio stated is reversed."},{"text":"A small organism has a large surface area compared with its volume, and substances have a long distance to travel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the high surface area to volume ratio is correct, small organisms have short diffusion distances. Long distances would make diffusion alone less effective."},{"text":"A small organism has a small surface area compared with its volume, and substances have a long distance to travel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both features are reversed. Small organisms have a large surface area to volume ratio and short distances for substances to travel."}]},{"id":"cd67bf81-e25f-479b-a8c3-32a62f131381","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to surface area to volume ratio as organism size increases?","back":"It decreases as an organism gets larger.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It decreases as an organism gets larger.","correct":true,"explanation":"Volume increases faster than surface area as an organism grows, so the surface area to volume ratio becomes smaller in larger organisms."},{"text":"It increases as an organism gets larger.","correct":false,"explanation":"Surface area does not increase as quickly as volume during growth, so the ratio decreases rather than increases as an organism becomes larger."},{"text":"It stays constant as an organism gets larger.","correct":false,"explanation":"Surface area and volume do not scale at the same rate. Volume increases faster, causing the surface area to volume ratio to decrease."},{"text":"It becomes zero as an organism gets larger.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ratio decreases but does not become zero in a living organism. The important effect is that larger organisms have a smaller surface area to volume ratio."}]},{"id":"14ff4ed0-0b73-413e-aaa8-45be07f7a214","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How is surface area to volume ratio calculated?","back":"Calculate surface area divided by volume.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Calculate surface area divided by volume.","correct":true,"explanation":"The surface area to volume ratio is found by dividing the organism's surface area by its volume, giving a measure of exchange surface relative to size."},{"text":"Calculate volume divided by surface area.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the order of the ratio. Surface area to volume means surface area is divided by volume."},{"text":"Calculate surface area multiplied by volume.","correct":false,"explanation":"A ratio compares quantities by division rather than multiplication. The required calculation is surface area divided by volume."},{"text":"Calculate volume divided by surface area squared.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ratio does not square the surface area, and the quantities are in the wrong order. Calculate surface area divided by volume."}]},{"id":"8332ae81-e15b-4a64-bb08-516e7aff4699","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do large multicellular organisms need specialised exchange surfaces and transport systems?","back":"Diffusion across the outer surface is too slow to supply cells far from the surface.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Diffusion across the outer surface is too slow to supply cells far from the surface.","correct":true,"explanation":"Large organisms have a low surface area to volume ratio and long diffusion distances, so diffusion alone cannot supply every cell quickly enough."},{"text":"Diffusion across the outer surface requires too much energy from cells near the surface.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion is passive, so it does not require cellular energy. Specialised surfaces and transport systems are needed because diffusion to cells deep inside the organism is too slow."},{"text":"Diffusion only occurs across the outer surface of single-celled organisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion occurs in both unicellular and multicellular organisms. The problem for large organisms is that diffusion across their outer surface cannot rapidly reach distant cells."},{"text":"Diffusion across the outer surface is too fast to control in cells near the surface.","correct":false,"explanation":"The limitation is not excessive diffusion near the surface. In large organisms, long distances make diffusion too slow to supply cells located far inside the body."}]},{"id":"0f2e3bec-70f9-4887-b72c-943d6c2b15b4","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What features make an exchange surface effective?","back":"

Large surface area for more particles to exchange.
Thin membrane for a short diffusion path.
Blood supply and ventilation to maintain steep gradients.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Large surface area for more particles to exchange.
Thin membrane for a short diffusion path.
Blood supply and ventilation to maintain steep gradients.

","correct":true,"explanation":"A large area allows many particles to cross, a thin membrane reduces diffusion distance, and blood flow or ventilation maintains the gradient driving diffusion."},{"text":"

Small surface area for fewer particles to exchange.
Thin membrane for a short diffusion path.
Blood supply and ventilation to maintain steep gradients.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A small surface area limits how many particles can cross at once. Effective exchange surfaces instead have a large surface area, a thin membrane, and mechanisms that maintain steep gradients."},{"text":"

Large surface area for more particles to exchange.
Thick membrane for a long diffusion path.
Blood supply and ventilation to maintain steep gradients.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A thick membrane creates a longer diffusion path and therefore slows exchange. An effective surface combines a large area and steep gradient with a thin membrane."},{"text":"

Large surface area for more particles to exchange.
Thin membrane for a short diffusion path.
Weak blood supply and ventilation to reduce steep gradients.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Weak blood flow and ventilation allow concentrations on each side to become similar, slowing diffusion. Good exchange surfaces maintain a steep gradient through an effective blood supply or ventilation."}]},{"id":"0f35d214-12f6-4062-9ee2-2e40fa3c77a2","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How is the small intestine adapted to absorb digested food?","back":"

Villi and microvilli provide a very large surface area.
A one-cell-thick lining gives a short diffusion path.
A rich blood supply maintains a steep concentration gradient.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Villi and microvilli provide a very large surface area.
A one-cell-thick lining gives a short diffusion path.
A rich blood supply maintains a steep concentration gradient.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Villi and microvilli increase the area for absorption, the thin lining shortens the diffusion path, and rapid blood flow carries absorbed substances away."},{"text":"

Villi and microvilli provide a very large surface area.
A many-cells-thick lining gives a long diffusion path.
A rich blood supply maintains a steep concentration gradient.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A lining several cells thick would lengthen the diffusion path and slow absorption. The intestinal lining is one cell thick, alongside its large surface area and rich blood supply."},{"text":"

Villi and microvilli provide a very small surface area.
A one-cell-thick lining gives a short diffusion path.
A rich blood supply maintains a steep concentration gradient.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Villi and microvilli increase rather than decrease surface area. This large area works with the one-cell-thick lining and rich blood supply to maximise absorption."},{"text":"

Villi and microvilli provide a very large surface area.
A one-cell-thick lining gives a short diffusion path.
A poor blood supply removes the concentration gradient.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A poor blood supply would not quickly remove absorbed nutrients, so the concentration gradient would become shallower. A rich blood supply maintains the steep gradient needed for absorption."}]},{"id":"33ee55d1-3d3c-46ec-818c-5ecb7dc789b6","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How are mammalian lungs adapted for gas exchange?","back":"

Millions of alveoli provide a huge surface area.
Walls are one cell thick and moist.
Blood supply and ventilation maintain the concentration gradient.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Millions of alveoli provide a huge surface area.
Walls are one cell thick and moist.
Blood supply and ventilation maintain the concentration gradient.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Numerous alveoli create a large area, their thin moist walls permit rapid gas diffusion, and blood flow plus ventilation preserve steep oxygen and carbon dioxide gradients."},{"text":"

Millions of alveoli provide a tiny surface area.
Walls are one cell thick and moist.
Blood supply and ventilation maintain the concentration gradient.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Millions of alveoli create a huge, not tiny, surface area. This allows more gas to diffuse simultaneously across their thin, moist walls."},{"text":"

Millions of alveoli provide a huge surface area.
Walls are many cells thick and dry.
Blood supply and ventilation maintain the concentration gradient.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Thick walls increase diffusion distance, while dry walls prevent gases dissolving before diffusion. Alveolar walls are one cell thick and moist for rapid exchange."},{"text":"

Millions of alveoli provide a huge surface area.
Walls are one cell thick and moist.
Blood supply and ventilation remove the concentration gradient.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Blood flow and ventilation maintain rather than remove concentration gradients by continually replacing air and blood. These steep gradients increase the rate of gas diffusion."}]},{"id":"218d8f15-e240-4b0d-9b41-b4630cb2fe20","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The bigger the difference in concentration, the steeper the [ ] and the faster diffusion occurs.","back":"The bigger the difference in concentration, the steeper the concentration gradient and the faster diffusion occurs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"concentration gradient","correct":true,"explanation":"The concentration gradient measures the change in concentration between two regions. A steeper gradient drives a greater net movement of particles by diffusion."},{"text":"diffusion distance","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion distance describes how far particles travel, not the difference in concentration. A bigger concentration difference produces a steeper concentration gradient and faster net diffusion."},{"text":"surface area","correct":false,"explanation":"Surface area affects how many particles can diffuse simultaneously, but it does not describe the concentration difference. That difference determines the steepness of the concentration gradient."},{"text":"diffusion rate","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion rate is the resulting speed of net particle movement, not the gradient itself. A larger concentration difference creates a steeper concentration gradient, which increases the rate."}]},{"id":"282bce59-42ef-478e-906b-609ee8149aa1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The higher the temperature, the more [ ] particles have.","back":"The higher the temperature, the more kinetic energy particles have.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"kinetic energy","correct":true,"explanation":"Temperature reflects the average kinetic energy of particles. At higher temperatures, particles move faster, so they spread and diffuse more rapidly."},{"text":"potential energy","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperature is directly related to particles’ average kinetic energy, not their stored potential energy. Higher temperatures therefore make particles move faster and diffuse more rapidly."},{"text":"chemical energy","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical energy is stored in chemical bonds and does not automatically increase with temperature. Heating increases particles’ kinetic energy, making their random movement faster."},{"text":"activation energy","correct":false,"explanation":"Activation energy is the energy barrier for a chemical reaction, not the energy particles gain generally when heated. Higher temperature gives particles more kinetic energy."}]},{"id":"2dacc7db-fb3a-474f-8e1e-7242d0db57c4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A larger surface area allows more particles to [ ].","back":"A larger surface area allows more particles to cross at once.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"cross at once","correct":true,"explanation":"A larger surface provides more places where diffusion can occur, so a greater number of particles can cross simultaneously and the overall exchange rate increases."},{"text":"travel a longer distance","correct":false,"explanation":"Surface area does not increase the distance particles travel; a shorter distance would actually speed diffusion. A larger area allows more particles to cross at once."},{"text":"cross more slowly","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing surface area raises the overall diffusion rate rather than slowing individual crossings. It provides more space through which particles can cross at the same time."},{"text":"gain kinetic energy","correct":false,"explanation":"Particle kinetic energy is increased by raising temperature, not surface area. A larger surface area instead permits more particles to cross at the same time."}]},{"id":"3b399916-fa6a-4b7e-979a-385395ddca72","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The surface area to volume ratio of a 1 cm cube is [ ].","back":"The surface area to volume ratio of a 1 cm cube is 6:1.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"6:1","correct":true,"explanation":"A 1 cm cube has six faces of area 1 cm², giving 6 cm² in total, and a volume of 1 cm³, so the ratio is 6:1."},{"text":"3:1","correct":false,"explanation":"This counts only three pairs of opposite faces rather than all six faces. A 1 cm cube has surface area 6 cm² and volume 1 cm³, giving 6:1."},{"text":"1:6","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses surface area and volume. A 1 cm cube has 6 cm² of surface area for 1 cm³ of volume, so the ratio is 6:1."},{"text":"1:1","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats the cube as having only one face. Its six 1 cm² faces total 6 cm², while its volume is 1 cm³, giving 6:1."}]},{"id":"7b4f0605-0052-412b-a8fc-d8cbb3986e92","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Fish gills have many filaments covered in [ ], increasing their surface area.","back":"Fish gills have many filaments covered in lamellae, increasing their surface area.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"lamellae","correct":true,"explanation":"Lamellae are thin plates arranged along the gill filaments. Their large combined surface area and short diffusion distance enable rapid gas exchange with water."},{"text":"villi","correct":false,"explanation":"Villi increase the absorptive surface of the small intestine, not fish gills. Gill filaments bear many lamellae, which provide a large area for gas exchange."},{"text":"alveoli","correct":false,"explanation":"Alveoli are the gas-exchange structures in mammalian lungs. Fish gill filaments are covered with lamellae, creating a large surface area for diffusion."},{"text":"root hairs","correct":false,"explanation":"Root hairs increase the surface area of plant roots for water and mineral uptake. Fish gill filaments instead carry lamellae for gas exchange."}]},{"id":"71e7eb5c-446b-43e4-a530-1eef3a53c4dc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Root hair cells provide a large surface area for absorbing water and [ ].","back":"Root hair cells provide a large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"mineral ions","correct":true,"explanation":"Root hair cells absorb water by osmosis and mineral ions from the soil, often using active transport when ion concentrations are lower in the soil."},{"text":"starch molecules","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch molecules are too large and insoluble to be absorbed from soil by root hair cells. These cells absorb water and dissolved mineral ions."},{"text":"proteins","correct":false,"explanation":"Plants manufacture proteins from absorbed nitrate ions and sugars rather than taking whole proteins from soil. Root hair cells absorb water and mineral ions."},{"text":"chlorophyll","correct":false,"explanation":"Chlorophyll is produced inside plant cells and functions in photosynthesis; it is not absorbed from soil. Root hair cells take up water and mineral ions."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"1.3.1 Diffusion","title":"1.3.1 Diffusion Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"55507116-1f59-5f32-b511-54c15ac265a3","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]