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heart muscle, supplying oxygen needed for aerobic respiration and the energy required for continuous contraction."},{"text":"Deoxygenated blood for respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deoxygenated blood is carried away from the heart muscle, not supplied to it. Coronary arteries provide oxygen-rich blood so cardiac muscle can respire aerobically."},{"text":"Oxygen-rich blood for digestion.","correct":false,"explanation":"The heart muscle needs oxygen-rich blood for respiration, not digestion. Digestion occurs in the digestive system and is not the main function supplied by coronary arteries."},{"text":"Nutrients for respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nutrients such as glucose are used in respiration, but coronary arteries specifically supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle for aerobic respiration."}]},{"id":"2ae00934-2475-42e9-af37-61b40a2a6a5c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What builds up inside the coronary arteries in coronary heart disease?","back":"Layers of fatty material.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Layers of fatty material.","correct":true,"explanation":"In coronary heart disease, fatty material accumulates in layers inside the coronary arteries. This build-up forms plaques that narrow the artery and restrict blood flow."},{"text":"Layers of muscle tissue.","correct":false,"explanation":"Muscle tissue does not form the characteristic blockage in coronary heart disease. The correct build-up is fatty material, which narrows the artery and restricts circulation."},{"text":"Layers of calcium crystals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calcium may contribute to some arterial plaques, but the GCSE description of coronary heart disease focuses on layers of fatty material building up inside coronary arteries."},{"text":"Layers of red blood cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Red blood cells normally travel through the bloodstream and do not create the typical CHD blockage. Fatty material builds up in the artery wall and reduces its diameter."}]},{"id":"1bc1539f-aa2e-44e6-9ff4-e2ff5c5fba1d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does fatty material in the coronary arteries reduce oxygen supply to the heart muscle?","back":"It narrows the arteries, reducing blood flow and oxygen delivery.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It narrows the arteries, reducing blood flow and oxygen delivery.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fatty material reduces the internal diameter of coronary arteries. The narrower passage lowers blood flow, so less oxygen reaches the heart muscle for respiration."},{"text":"It widens the arteries, reducing blood flow and oxygen delivery.","correct":false,"explanation":"Widening an artery would generally increase its capacity for blood flow. Fatty material instead narrows coronary arteries, reducing oxygen delivery to heart muscle."},{"text":"It narrows the veins, reducing blood flow and oxygen delivery.","correct":false,"explanation":"The relevant vessels are coronary arteries, which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. Fatty material narrowing veins does not describe the CHD mechanism tested here."},{"text":"It blocks oxygen in the lungs, reducing blood flow and oxygen delivery.","correct":false,"explanation":"CHD reduces oxygen delivery by narrowing coronary arteries, not by blocking oxygen in the lungs. The restricted artery limits blood flow directly to cardiac muscle."}]},{"id":"d43a668d-63fa-4407-bdaf-c42bb676416d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What can a partial blockage of a coronary artery cause?","back":"Chest pain.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Chest pain.","correct":true,"explanation":"A partial coronary artery blockage restricts oxygenated blood reaching the heart muscle. The resulting oxygen shortage can cause chest pain, often called angina."},{"text":"A heart attack.","correct":false,"explanation":"A complete blockage is the typical cause of a heart attack. A partial blockage more commonly causes chest pain because oxygen delivery is reduced rather than stopped."},{"text":"High blood sugar.","correct":false,"explanation":"High blood sugar is associated with diabetes, not the immediate effect of a partial coronary artery blockage. Reduced oxygen supply to the heart causes chest pain."},{"text":"Improved circulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"A blockage cannot improve circulation because it reduces the space available for blood flow. Partial coronary blockage can cause chest pain through reduced oxygen supply."}]},{"id":"b84366f4-284c-4ade-b789-490ad22c66fe","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What can a complete coronary artery blockage cause?","back":"A heart attack.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A heart attack.","correct":true,"explanation":"A complete blockage stops blood flow through part of a coronary artery. The deprived heart muscle lacks oxygen and may be damaged, causing a heart attack."},{"text":"Chest pain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chest pain is commonly associated with a partial blockage and reduced oxygen supply. A complete coronary artery blockage can cause the more serious event, a heart attack."},{"text":"A stroke.","correct":false,"explanation":"A stroke results from disrupted blood supply to the brain, whereas a complete coronary artery blockage affects the heart muscle and can cause a heart attack."},{"text":"Faster heart growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"A complete blockage deprives heart muscle of oxygen and damages it; it does not stimulate faster growth. The serious consequence is a heart attack."}]},{"id":"3ae2f205-3531-4074-87e1-c3abd3f0b0b0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is coronary heart disease non-communicable?","back":"It is not caused by a pathogen and cannot pass between people.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is not caused by a pathogen and cannot pass between people.","correct":true,"explanation":"Coronary heart disease develops through factors such as fatty-material build-up and is not caused by a disease-causing microorganism. It therefore cannot be transmitted between people."},{"text":"It is caused by a pathogen but cannot pass between people.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pathogens cause communicable diseases that can potentially spread between people. CHD is non-communicable because it is not caused by a pathogen."},{"text":"It is caused by inherited genes and always passes between people.","correct":false,"explanation":"Inherited risk can contribute to CHD, but genes do not pass between people through infection. The defining reason is that CHD is not caused by a pathogen."},{"text":"It is caused by a pathogen and spreads through the blood.","correct":false,"explanation":"A pathogen spreading through the blood describes an infectious disease mechanism. CHD is non-communicable because no pathogen causes it."}]},{"id":"55e2d76a-b225-4e7b-8f03-31ecb2474871","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why cannot antibiotics cure coronary heart disease?","back":"CHD is not caused by a pathogen.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"CHD is not caused by a pathogen.","correct":true,"explanation":"Antibiotics target bacteria and are ineffective against conditions without a bacterial cause. CHD results from arterial fatty-material build-up, not infection by a pathogen."},{"text":"CHD is caused by a virus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibiotics do not cure CHD, but not because it is caused by a virus. CHD is not caused by a pathogen and involves fatty-material build-up in arteries."},{"text":"CHD is caused by a bacterium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibiotics can treat some bacterial infections, but CHD is not bacterial. Its cause is non-infectious fatty-material accumulation in coronary arteries."},{"text":"CHD is caused by a lack of antibodies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are involved in immune defence, not the underlying cause of CHD. Antibiotics cannot cure it because no pathogen causes the arterial fatty-material build-up."}]},{"id":"aaa6c0a1-6dbe-49c0-acd0-13253ecb92d0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does a stent treat coronary heart disease?","back":"It holds the narrowed artery open, increasing blood flow to the heart muscle.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It holds the narrowed artery open, increasing blood flow to the heart muscle.","correct":true,"explanation":"A stent is placed inside a narrowed coronary artery and keeps it open. This increases blood flow and improves oxygen delivery to the heart muscle."},{"text":"It removes fatty material, increasing blood flow to the heart muscle.","correct":false,"explanation":"A stent does not remove the fatty material itself. It supports the artery walls and holds the narrowed passage open, improving blood flow."},{"text":"It closes the artery, increasing blood flow to the heart muscle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Closing a coronary artery would stop blood flow rather than increase it. A stent works by keeping the narrowed artery open."},{"text":"It replaces a faulty valve, increasing blood flow to the heart muscle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Valve replacement treats faulty heart valves, not narrowed coronary arteries. A stent supports an artery and improves blood flow to cardiac muscle."}]},{"id":"5d5adea0-a92b-4f77-bbbd-46911ca658f8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is one serious risk of having a stent?","back":"A blood clot can form on it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A blood clot can form on it.","correct":true,"explanation":"A stent can damage or irritate the artery lining, encouraging a blood clot to form on its surface. This clot may obstruct blood flow and be dangerous."},{"text":"A fatty layer can dissolve immediately on it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stents do not make fatty material dissolve immediately. Their serious risk is clot formation on the stent, which can obstruct the coronary artery."},{"text":"The heart valve can become infected on it.","correct":false,"explanation":"A stent is placed in a coronary artery, not a heart valve. The important risk is a blood clot forming on the stent and restricting circulation."},{"text":"The lungs can stop producing oxygen on it.","correct":false,"explanation":"The lungs do not produce oxygen, and a stent does not affect their oxygen production. The relevant complication is a blood clot forming on the stent."}]},{"id":"889352d2-8fe8-4a19-af06-19f7cf1dbcc8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do statins reduce the risk of coronary heart disease?","back":"They lower blood cholesterol, slowing fatty-material build-up.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They lower blood cholesterol, slowing fatty-material build-up.","correct":true,"explanation":"Statins reduce blood cholesterol concentration. This slows the deposition of fatty material in artery walls and lowers the risk of coronary heart disease."},{"text":"They raise blood cholesterol, slowing fatty-material build-up.","correct":false,"explanation":"Raising cholesterol would generally encourage fatty-material deposition, not slow it. Statins lower blood cholesterol to reduce the risk of CHD."},{"text":"They destroy pathogens, slowing fatty-material build-up.","correct":false,"explanation":"Destroying pathogens is the role of antimicrobial treatments, not statins. Statins lower blood cholesterol, which slows fatty-material build-up in arteries."},{"text":"They increase blood pressure, slowing fatty-material build-up.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing blood pressure would not be the protective action of statins. Their relevant effect is lowering blood cholesterol and slowing fatty-material accumulation."}]},{"id":"eb79929c-59c0-4119-8df2-71acd6776974","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why must statins be taken regularly for life?","back":"Stopping them allows blood cholesterol to rise again.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Stopping them allows blood cholesterol to rise again.","correct":true,"explanation":"Statins control cholesterol while they are taken. Stopping treatment can allow blood cholesterol to rise again, increasing the chance of further fatty-material build-up."},{"text":"Stopping them allows blood cholesterol to disappear permanently.","correct":false,"explanation":"Statins do not remove the need to control cholesterol permanently. Their effect depends on continued treatment, so cholesterol can rise again after stopping."},{"text":"Stopping them allows blood oxygen to rise again.","correct":false,"explanation":"Statins affect cholesterol, not the oxygen content of blood directly. Regular use is needed because stopping can allow blood cholesterol to rise again."},{"text":"Stopping them allows fatty material to dissolve immediately.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stopping statins does not dissolve arterial fatty material. It removes the cholesterol-lowering effect, allowing blood cholesterol to rise again."}]},{"id":"c56bb776-7c25-41c6-a658-105f38304c6a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the function of heart valves?","back":"They keep blood flowing in one direction through the heart.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They keep blood flowing in one direction through the heart.","correct":true,"explanation":"Heart valves open and close according to pressure differences. This prevents backflow and ensures blood moves forwards in one direction through the heart."},{"text":"They keep blood flowing in both directions through the heart.","correct":false,"explanation":"Allowing blood to flow both ways would cause backflow and reduce efficient circulation. Valves ensure that blood moves in one direction through the heart."},{"text":"They keep blood flowing in one direction through the lungs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Valves control one-way movement through the heart, although the circulation includes the lungs. Their specific function is preventing backflow inside the heart."},{"text":"They keep blood flowing in random directions through the heart.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random flow would prevent the heart from pumping efficiently. Valves maintain a one-way route by stopping blood from flowing backwards."}]},{"id":"cf76cad0-578c-4e55-bb24-4e7373f763e0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can a faulty heart valve reduce the heart's pumping effectiveness?","back":"

Stiffness prevents the valve opening fully.
A leak lets blood flow backwards.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Stiffness prevents the valve opening fully.
A leak lets blood flow backwards.

","correct":true,"explanation":"A stiff valve may not open fully, restricting forward flow. A leaking valve may not close properly, allowing backflow; both problems reduce the heart’s pumping effectiveness."},{"text":"

Stiffness prevents the valve closing fully.
A leak lets blood flow forwards.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Stiffness mainly prevents a valve opening fully, restricting forward flow. A leak allows blood to flow backwards, so reversing both effects gives the wrong explanation."},{"text":"

Flexibility prevents the valve opening fully.
A leak lets blood flow backwards.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Flexibility helps a valve move normally rather than preventing its opening. Stiffness restricts opening, while a leak allows backward blood flow."},{"text":"

Stiffness increases blood flow through the valve.
A leak lets blood flow backwards.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Stiffness restricts the valve opening and therefore reduces forward flow. Although a leak can cause backflow, the first stated effect is incorrect."}]},{"id":"a174ffba-3c7b-490b-9192-0ed92d7376fd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is one advantage of a biological heart valve over a mechanical valve?","back":"It avoids the need for lifelong anti-clotting drugs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It avoids the need for lifelong anti-clotting drugs.","correct":true,"explanation":"Biological valves are less likely than mechanical valves to cause blood clots. Patients therefore generally avoid the need for lifelong anti-clotting medication."},{"text":"It avoids the need for any future replacement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biological valves can wear out after around 12 to 15 years, so they may require replacement. Avoiding lifelong anti-clotting drugs is the relevant advantage."},{"text":"It avoids the need for heart surgery.","correct":false,"explanation":"Implanting a biological valve still requires heart surgery. Its advantage over a mechanical valve is reduced need for lifelong anti-clotting drugs."},{"text":"It avoids the need for oxygenated blood.","correct":false,"explanation":"All heart valves require oxygenated blood to support surrounding heart tissue. The biological valve advantage concerns anti-clotting medication, not oxygen supply."}]},{"id":"9507ef88-d07e-4eae-afe3-916e5c38cb50","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is one disadvantage of a biological heart valve?","back":"It may wear out after about 12 to 15 years.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It may wear out after about 12 to 15 years.","correct":true,"explanation":"Biological valves are made from animal or human tissue and can gradually deteriorate. They may therefore wear out after about 12 to 15 years."},{"text":"It may wear out after about 2 to 5 years.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is too short for the usual GCSE estimate of biological valve durability. The recognised disadvantage is possible wear after about 12 to 15 years."},{"text":"It may last permanently without replacement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biological valves can deteriorate over time and may need replacement. Permanent durability is more closely associated with the advantage of mechanical valves."},{"text":"It may cause pathogens to form in the blood.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pathogens do not form spontaneously because a biological valve is implanted. The main disadvantage tested is that the tissue valve may wear out after 12 to 15 years."}]},{"id":"a342edf7-f836-496d-8c1a-a965542d263d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is one advantage of a mechanical heart valve?","back":"It lasts a long time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It lasts a long time.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mechanical heart valves are durable and generally last much longer than biological valves. Their long lifespan is an important advantage, although anti-clotting drugs are usually required."},{"text":"It wears out after about 12 to 15 years.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wearing out after about 12 to 15 years is a disadvantage of biological valves. Mechanical valves are valued because they last a long time."},{"text":"It needs no anti-clotting drugs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mechanical valves can increase the risk of blood clots, so lifelong anti-clotting drugs are commonly needed. Their advantage is their long durability."},{"text":"It prevents all blood backflow.","correct":false,"explanation":"No replacement valve guarantees that all backflow is impossible. The specific advantage of a mechanical valve is that it lasts a long time."}]},{"id":"93042893-dbd8-405d-8c97-fe4cb3fe9c33","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why must patients with mechanical heart valves take anti-clotting drugs for life?","back":"Mechanical valves increase the risk of blood clots.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mechanical valves increase the risk of blood clots.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mechanical valve surfaces can activate clotting, so blood clots may form and block vessels. Lifelong anti-clotting drugs reduce this risk and help maintain normal blood flow."},{"text":"Mechanical valves increase the risk of heart infections.","correct":false,"explanation":"Infection is a possible complication, but the main reason for lifelong anti-clotting drugs is that mechanical surfaces increase blood-clot formation. The correct answer is blood clots."},{"text":"Mechanical valves increase the risk of immune rejection.","correct":false,"explanation":"A mechanical valve is not living donor tissue, so immune rejection is not the key concern. Its artificial surface can promote blood clots, which anti-clotting drugs help prevent."},{"text":"Mechanical valves increase the risk of high blood pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mechanical valves do not require anti-clotting drugs because they cause high blood pressure. Their surfaces can trigger clotting, so the correct answer is blood clots."}]},{"id":"1d0f3ba0-2c91-43e1-a6a3-0a85ba72f9ff","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might an artificial heart be used instead of a donor heart?","back":"Donor hearts are scarce and waiting lists are long.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Donor hearts are scarce and waiting lists are long.","correct":true,"explanation":"There are fewer suitable donor hearts than patients who need transplants, creating long waiting lists. An artificial heart can provide support while a suitable donor heart is unavailable."},{"text":"Donor hearts are too strong and waiting lists are long.","correct":false,"explanation":"Donor hearts are not avoided because they are too strong. Artificial hearts may be considered because suitable donor hearts are scarce and waiting lists are long."},{"text":"Donor hearts are easily rejected and waiting lists are short.","correct":false,"explanation":"Donor hearts can be rejected, but this option incorrectly says waiting lists are short. The main reason for using an artificial heart is that donor hearts are scarce and waiting lists are long."},{"text":"Donor hearts are too expensive and waiting lists are short.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cost is not the key reason given for using an artificial heart, and waiting lists are not generally short. Donor hearts are scarce, so patients may wait a long time."}]},{"id":"ec24bb63-71fb-4c23-bc67-8a98daa0a9b7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is one disadvantage of an artificial heart compared with a real donor heart?","back":"It does not work as well as a real heart.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It does not work as well as a real heart.","correct":true,"explanation":"Artificial hearts can maintain circulation, but they may not match the performance, adaptability, or reliability of a healthy biological heart. Therefore, they do not work as well as a real heart."},{"text":"It is rejected more quickly than a real heart.","correct":false,"explanation":"Artificial hearts are not living donor tissue, so immune rejection is not the main disadvantage. The key disadvantage is that an artificial heart does not work as well as a real heart."},{"text":"It cannot pump blood at all as a real heart.","correct":false,"explanation":"An artificial heart must pump blood to keep the patient alive, so saying it cannot pump blood is incorrect. Its disadvantage is reduced performance compared with a real heart."},{"text":"It is always smaller than a real heart.","correct":false,"explanation":"Size is not the general disadvantage being tested, and artificial hearts are not always smaller. They can support circulation but do not work as well as a real heart."}]},{"id":"c31a1383-83a0-40d2-aae4-aaa8ae6bc2a2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are lifelong drugs needed after a donor-heart transplant?","back":"To suppress immune rejection of the donor heart.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To suppress immune rejection of the donor heart.","correct":true,"explanation":"The immune system recognises cells from the donor heart as foreign and may attack them. Lifelong immunosuppressant drugs reduce this immune response and help prevent rejection."},{"text":"To increase immune rejection of the donor heart.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing immune rejection would damage the transplanted heart, not protect it. The drugs are needed to suppress the immune response against the donor heart."},{"text":"To increase the donor heart’s oxygen supply.","correct":false,"explanation":"These drugs do not directly increase oxygen supply to the heart. They reduce the immune system’s attack on foreign tissue, suppressing immune rejection of the donor heart."},{"text":"To prevent the donor heart from beating.","correct":false,"explanation":"A transplanted heart must continue beating to circulate blood, so preventing its heartbeat would be harmful. Lifelong drugs are used to suppress immune rejection instead."}]},{"id":"fc169e74-c557-4fe4-8402-573b891793b4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A stent is carried into a narrowed coronary artery on a tiny [ ], which is inflated to widen the lumen.","back":"A stent is carried into a narrowed coronary artery on a tiny balloon, which is inflated to widen the lumen.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"balloon","correct":true,"explanation":"A small balloon carries the stent to the narrowed section of coronary artery. Inflating it expands the stent and widens the lumen, improving blood flow to the heart muscle."},{"text":"catheter","correct":false,"explanation":"A catheter is the tube used to guide equipment through a blood vessel, but the balloon is inflated to widen the artery and expand the stent. The missing term is balloon."},{"text":"pacemaker","correct":false,"explanation":"A pacemaker controls heart rhythm and is not inflated inside a coronary artery. A balloon is used to expand the stent and widen the narrowed lumen."},{"text":"defibrillator","correct":false,"explanation":"A defibrillator delivers an electrical shock to treat certain abnormal rhythms, so it cannot be inflated in a coronary artery. The stent is carried on a balloon."}]},{"id":"257632ae-9b0c-463a-bf0c-8d7143d2d731","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Statins lower harmful [ ] and slow fatty-material build-up.","back":"Statins lower harmful LDL cholesterol and slow fatty-material build-up.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"LDL cholesterol","correct":true,"explanation":"LDL cholesterol can contribute to fatty deposits in artery walls. Statins reduce LDL levels in the blood, helping slow the build-up that can narrow coronary arteries."},{"text":"HDL cholesterol","correct":false,"explanation":"HDL cholesterol is generally associated with transporting cholesterol away from tissues, so statins are not described as lowering harmful HDL. The correct term is LDL cholesterol."},{"text":"blood glucose","correct":false,"explanation":"Blood glucose is the concentration of sugar in the blood and is mainly controlled by insulin and other diabetes treatments. Statins lower harmful LDL cholesterol."},{"text":"adrenaline","correct":false,"explanation":"Adrenaline is a hormone involved in the fight-or-flight response and is not the fatty substance targeted by statins. Statins lower harmful LDL cholesterol."}]},{"id":"8d02c345-3259-4f60-abfa-7ab46e4dc831","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A badly faulty heart valve can be replaced with a [ ].","back":"A badly faulty heart valve can be replaced with a biological or mechanical valve.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"biological or mechanical valve","correct":true,"explanation":"A faulty heart valve can be replaced with tissue from a biological valve or with a manufactured mechanical valve. The choice depends on the patient’s circumstances and the advantages of each type."},{"text":"biological or artificial artery","correct":false,"explanation":"An artery is a blood vessel, whereas the faulty structure being replaced is a valve. The correct replacement is a biological or mechanical valve."},{"text":"mechanical or artificial lung","correct":false,"explanation":"A lung is an organ involved in gas exchange, not a flap controlling blood flow through the heart. A badly faulty valve can be replaced with a biological or mechanical valve."},{"text":"donor heart or artificial kidney","correct":false,"explanation":"A whole donor heart and an artificial kidney are not valve replacements. The missing term must name the structures that replace the faulty valve: a biological or mechanical valve."}]},{"id":"ac909e9a-92c6-4cc5-9497-225cd8db7581","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An artificial heart can keep a patient alive while they wait for a [ ].","back":"An artificial heart can keep a patient alive while they wait for a transplant.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"transplant","correct":true,"explanation":"An artificial heart can take over the pumping function temporarily, keeping the patient alive until a suitable donor organ becomes available for a heart transplant."},{"text":"vaccination","correct":false,"explanation":"A vaccination trains the immune system to prevent a disease and is not a replacement for a failing heart. An artificial heart can support the patient while awaiting a transplant."},{"text":"blood test","correct":false,"explanation":"A blood test provides diagnostic information but cannot replace the pumping action of the heart. The artificial heart is used while the patient waits for a transplant."},{"text":"course of antibiotics","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibiotics treat bacterial infections and do not provide a new pumping system for a failing heart. An artificial heart can keep the patient alive while awaiting a transplant."}]},{"id":"7936ac2c-da31-47b9-8d86-c2ad3470ce55","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The best CHD treatment depends partly on how ill the patient is, treatment access, and long-term [ ].","back":"The best CHD treatment depends partly on how ill the patient is, treatment access, and long-term side effects.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"side effects","correct":true,"explanation":"CHD treatments can have unwanted effects that matter over long periods. Considering long-term side effects helps doctors choose the most suitable balance of benefit and risk for each patient."},{"text":"blood type","correct":false,"explanation":"Blood type can be crucial for matching a donor organ, but it is not the factor named in this statement about choosing the best CHD treatment. The correct term is side effects."},{"text":"short-term popularity","correct":false,"explanation":"A treatment’s popularity over a short period does not determine its suitability for an individual patient. Long-term side effects are an important factor in treatment decisions."},{"text":"daily calorie intake","correct":false,"explanation":"Calorie intake may affect general health and lifestyle, but it is not the factor completing this sentence about treatment choice. Doctors must consider long-term side effects."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"2.2.4 Coronary heart disease: a non-communicable disease","title":"2.2.4 Coronary heart disease: a non-communicable disease Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"3d8b2627-43a7-5b90-b2bb-9ab2a09b3e2a","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]