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in the body’s metabolic reactions function most efficiently near this temperature."},{"text":"About 25°C, the temperature at which enzymes work best.","correct":false,"explanation":"A temperature of 25°C is commonly used as room temperature, not normal human core temperature. The body is maintained at about 37°C, where its enzymes work best."},{"text":"About 42°C, the temperature at which enzymes work best.","correct":false,"explanation":"At about 42°C, many human enzymes begin to denature and cells can be damaged. Normal core temperature is kept near 37°C for optimum enzyme activity."},{"text":"About 0°C, the temperature at which enzymes work best.","correct":false,"explanation":"At 0°C, human enzyme-controlled reactions would proceed far too slowly and body tissues would be severely harmed. The regulated core temperature is about 37°C."}]},{"id":"010352a3-2767-49b8-8fd2-507fd4be436b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which part of the body monitors and controls body temperature?","back":"The thermoregulatory centre in the brain.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The thermoregulatory centre in the brain.","correct":true,"explanation":"The thermoregulatory centre in the brain receives information from temperature receptors and coordinates responses that return body temperature towards its normal level."},{"text":"The respiratory centre in the brain.","correct":false,"explanation":"The respiratory centre regulates breathing rather than body temperature. Temperature is monitored and controlled by the thermoregulatory centre in the brain."},{"text":"The temperature receptors in the skin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Skin receptors detect external temperature changes and send nervous impulses, but they do not coordinate the response. Control occurs in the thermoregulatory centre in the brain."},{"text":"The temperature effectors in the skin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Effectors such as sweat glands and blood vessels carry out responses rather than controlling them. The thermoregulatory centre in the brain monitors and coordinates body temperature."}]},{"id":"59d6a796-48f6-443d-8cbe-c72cfd9b8468","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are the thermoregulatory centre's receptors sensitive to?","back":"They are sensitive to the temperature of the blood flowing through the brain.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are sensitive to the temperature of the blood flowing through the brain.","correct":true,"explanation":"Receptors in the thermoregulatory centre directly monitor the temperature of blood passing through the brain, providing information about the body’s core temperature."},{"text":"They are sensitive to the temperature of the air flowing through the lungs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Air temperature in the lungs does not reliably represent core temperature. Receptors in the thermoregulatory centre detect the temperature of blood flowing through the brain."},{"text":"They are sensitive to the temperature of the sweat evaporating from the skin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sweat evaporation is a cooling response, not the quantity monitored by central receptors. These receptors detect the temperature of blood flowing through the brain."},{"text":"They are sensitive to the temperature of the food passing through the stomach.","correct":false,"explanation":"Food temperature may vary temporarily and is not used to regulate core temperature. The thermoregulatory centre’s receptors monitor blood flowing through the brain."}]},{"id":"9a0a722e-53c6-4536-b23d-84331881ddab","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where else are temperature receptors found?","back":"The skin contains temperature receptors that send nervous impulses to it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The skin contains temperature receptors that send nervous impulses to it.","correct":true,"explanation":"Temperature receptors in the skin detect changes in the external environment and send nervous impulses to the thermoregulatory centre, allowing an early response."},{"text":"The liver contains temperature receptors that send nervous impulses to it.","correct":false,"explanation":"The liver produces considerable metabolic heat but is not the expected location of peripheral temperature receptors. These receptors are found in the skin."},{"text":"The pancreas contains temperature receptors that send nervous impulses to it.","correct":false,"explanation":"The pancreas monitors blood glucose and releases hormones rather than detecting environmental temperature. Temperature receptors that signal the thermoregulatory centre are found in the skin."},{"text":"The kidney contains temperature receptors that send nervous impulses to it.","correct":false,"explanation":"The kidneys regulate water and ion balance rather than sensing external temperature. The skin contains the temperature receptors that send impulses to the centre."}]},{"id":"b8588fbd-df74-4587-96b4-c7bedb8d7238","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does thermoregulation maintain a stable body temperature?","back":"The centre detects the change and triggers responses that reverse it, returning temperature towards 37°C.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The centre detects the change and triggers responses that reverse it, returning temperature towards 37°C.","correct":true,"explanation":"Thermoregulation uses negative feedback: the centre detects a departure from normal and activates effectors whose responses oppose the change, returning temperature towards 37°C."},{"text":"The centre detects the change and triggers responses that increase it, moving temperature away from 37°C.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing the original change describes positive feedback, which would make body temperature less stable. Thermoregulation uses negative feedback to reverse the change and restore about 37°C."},{"text":"The centre detects the change and triggers responses that maintain it, keeping temperature away from 37°C.","correct":false,"explanation":"Maintaining an abnormal temperature would not restore the optimum for enzyme activity. The centre triggers responses that reverse the change and return temperature towards 37°C."},{"text":"The centre detects the change and triggers responses that ignore it, allowing temperature to leave 37°C.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ignoring changes would allow dangerous departures from normal body temperature. The thermoregulatory centre instead activates responses that reverse the change and return temperature towards 37°C."}]},{"id":"208014fb-f7f7-480a-9171-f2594b211ae8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to the blood vessels supplying skin capillaries during vasodilation?","back":"The blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries widen.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries widen.","correct":true,"explanation":"During vasodilation, muscles in the walls of vessels supplying skin capillaries relax, widening the vessels and increasing blood flow near the skin surface."},{"text":"The blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries narrow.","correct":false,"explanation":"Narrowing these vessels is vasoconstriction, a response used to reduce heat loss. During vasodilation, the vessels supplying the skin capillaries widen."},{"text":"The blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries close.","correct":false,"explanation":"Complete closure would reduce rather than increase blood flow near the skin. In vasodilation, the supplying blood vessels widen to promote heat loss."},{"text":"The blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries contract.","correct":false,"explanation":"Contraction of vessel-wall muscle causes narrowing and is associated with vasoconstriction. During vasodilation, this muscle relaxes and the supplying vessels widen."}]},{"id":"f8e1a394-deed-4477-9f0e-aa8d127f970f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does vasodilation increase heat loss?","back":"More blood flows near the skin surface, so more energy is transferred to the environment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"More blood flows near the skin surface, so more energy is transferred to the environment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Vasodilation increases the flow of warm blood through capillaries near the surface, creating greater energy transfer from the skin to the cooler environment."},{"text":"Less blood flows near the skin surface, so more energy is transferred to the environment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Less surface blood flow would reduce energy transfer and occurs during vasoconstriction. Vasodilation brings more warm blood near the surface, increasing heat loss."},{"text":"More blood flows near the skin surface, so less energy is transferred to the environment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing warm blood flow near the surface does not reduce heat transfer. It raises skin temperature, so more energy is transferred to the cooler environment."},{"text":"More blood flows deep inside the body, so more energy is transferred to the environment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Keeping blood deep inside the body limits its exposure to the cooler surroundings. Vasodilation increases heat loss by sending more blood close to the skin surface."}]},{"id":"6c1cc87f-8ef8-45db-a2f0-6431de31c580","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does sweating cool the body?","back":"Sweat evaporates and transfers energy away from the skin.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sweat evaporates and transfers energy away from the skin.","correct":true,"explanation":"Evaporation requires energy to separate water molecules. That energy is taken from the skin as thermal energy, lowering skin and body temperature."},{"text":"Sweat condenses and transfers energy away from the skin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Condensation releases energy rather than taking it from the skin. Cooling occurs when liquid sweat evaporates, using thermal energy from the skin."},{"text":"Sweat freezes and transfers energy away from the skin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sweat does not normally freeze on the body, and freezing is not the cooling mechanism. Sweat cools because it absorbs energy as it evaporates."},{"text":"Sweat melts and transfers energy away from the skin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sweat is already liquid when secreted, so it cannot cool by melting. It cools the body by evaporating and taking energy from the skin."}]},{"id":"83af1e43-ffd1-480c-96ef-a7b9c56b2b7d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to the blood vessels supplying skin capillaries during vasoconstriction?","back":"The blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries narrow.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries narrow.","correct":true,"explanation":"During vasoconstriction, muscles in the walls of vessels supplying skin capillaries contract, narrowing the vessels and reducing surface blood flow and heat loss."},{"text":"The blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries widen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Widening these vessels is vasodilation, which increases heat loss when the body is too hot. During vasoconstriction, the supplying vessels narrow."},{"text":"The blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries open.","correct":false,"explanation":"Opening the vessels would increase blood flow near the surface and promote heat loss. Vasoconstriction instead narrows the vessels supplying skin capillaries."},{"text":"The blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries relax.","correct":false,"explanation":"Relaxation of vessel-wall muscle causes widening and is associated with vasodilation. In vasoconstriction, the muscle contracts and the supplying vessels narrow."}]},{"id":"b2f62182-52f0-4a1f-88d9-42d3fdcbba37","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does vasoconstriction reduce heat loss?","back":"Less blood flows near the skin surface, so less energy is transferred to the environment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Less blood flows near the skin surface, so less energy is transferred to the environment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Vasoconstriction reduces the flow of warm blood near the skin surface, so the temperature gradient at the surface and energy transfer to the environment decrease."},{"text":"More blood flows near the skin surface, so less energy is transferred to the environment.","correct":false,"explanation":"More warm blood at the surface would increase, not decrease, energy transfer. Vasoconstriction reduces heat loss by allowing less blood to flow near the skin."},{"text":"Less blood flows near the skin surface, so more energy is transferred to the environment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reducing surface blood flow conserves energy rather than increasing its transfer. Less warm blood reaches the surface, so less energy passes to the environment."},{"text":"Less blood flows deep inside the body, so less energy is transferred to the environment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vasoconstriction redirects blood away from the surface and helps retain it deeper in the body. Heat loss falls because less blood flows near the skin surface."}]},{"id":"d7b20391-7c89-443b-aa26-01116c7d7760","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does stopping sweating help warm the body?","back":"Sweating stops, so less energy is lost through evaporation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sweating stops, so less energy is lost through evaporation.","correct":true,"explanation":"When sweating stops, less water evaporates from the skin. Because evaporation requires energy, reducing it conserves thermal energy and helps body temperature rise."},{"text":"Sweating stops, so more energy is lost through evaporation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stopping sweat production reduces the water available to evaporate, so evaporation cannot increase. Less energy is therefore transferred away from the skin."},{"text":"Sweating increases, so less energy is lost through evaporation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing sweating normally increases evaporation and cooling, provided the sweat can evaporate. To conserve energy when cold, sweating stops and evaporative heat loss falls."},{"text":"Sweating stops, so less energy is gained through evaporation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Evaporation does not supply energy to the body; it removes energy from the skin. Stopping sweating reduces this energy loss and helps warm the body."}]},{"id":"1c74ed15-7df8-4023-870c-68a916157644","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is shivering?","back":"Shivering is the rapid contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Shivering is the rapid contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles.","correct":true,"explanation":"Shivering consists of rapid, involuntary contractions and relaxations of skeletal muscles. This increased muscular activity raises respiration and releases more thermal energy."},{"text":"Shivering is the rapid contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cardiac muscle contracts rhythmically to pump blood and is not responsible for shivering. Shivering uses rapid contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles."},{"text":"Shivering is the rapid contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Smooth muscle controls structures such as the gut and blood vessels, but it does not produce shivering. Shivering involves skeletal muscles contracting and relaxing rapidly."},{"text":"Shivering is the rapid contraction and relaxation of skin muscles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although tiny muscles raise hairs, they do not generate the repeated large-scale activity called shivering. Shivering is produced by rapid activity in skeletal muscles."}]},{"id":"a6509270-3524-4967-b5ec-cf514136fd65","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does shivering raise body temperature?","back":"Shivering needs extra respiration, which releases energy and warms the body.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Shivering needs extra respiration, which releases energy and warms the body.","correct":true,"explanation":"Repeated muscle contractions require additional energy from respiration. Some of the energy released is transferred as thermal energy, raising body temperature."},{"text":"Shivering needs extra photosynthesis, which releases energy and warms the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Human muscle cells cannot photosynthesise. Shivering increases respiration in skeletal muscles, releasing energy that is transferred as heat and warms the body."},{"text":"Shivering needs less respiration, which releases energy and warms the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Muscle contractions increase rather than reduce energy demand. Shivering therefore requires extra respiration, whose released energy helps raise body temperature."},{"text":"Shivering needs extra respiration, which stores energy and cools the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration releases energy rather than storing it, and repeated contractions increase thermal energy production. This is why shivering warms rather than cools the body."}]},{"id":"526285e2-d08f-4ca2-94aa-b02373bf8626","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is it wrong to say that capillaries dilate or constrict?","back":"They have no muscle; the blood vessels supplying them widen or narrow.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They have no muscle; the blood vessels supplying them widen or narrow.","correct":true,"explanation":"Capillary walls are only one cell thick and contain no muscle tissue. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction occur in the muscular blood vessels that supply the capillaries."},{"text":"They have thick muscle; the capillary walls themselves widen or narrow.","correct":false,"explanation":"Capillaries have one-cell-thick walls without muscle, so they cannot actively change diameter this way. The blood vessels supplying them widen or narrow."},{"text":"They have no valves; the blood vessels draining them widen or narrow.","correct":false,"explanation":"The key limitation is the absence of muscle, not valves. Thermoregulatory changes occur in the blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries, not specifically those draining them."},{"text":"They have no muscle; the sweat glands beside them widen or narrow.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sweat glands alter sweat secretion but do not perform vasodilation or vasoconstriction. The muscular blood vessels supplying capillaries are the structures that widen or narrow."}]},{"id":"6d488b61-3196-4662-823b-4e12aa0aae16","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"If body temperature is too high, the thermoregulatory centre triggers [ ].","back":"If body temperature is too high, the thermoregulatory centre triggers vasodilation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"vasodilation","correct":true,"explanation":"When body temperature is too high, vasodilation widens vessels supplying skin capillaries. More warm blood reaches the surface, increasing energy transfer to the environment."},{"text":"vasoconstriction","correct":false,"explanation":"Vasoconstriction reduces surface blood flow and conserves energy, so it is triggered when the body is too cold. Excessive temperature instead triggers vasodilation."},{"text":"shivering","correct":false,"explanation":"Shivering increases muscle respiration and heat production, making it a response to low body temperature. A high body temperature triggers vasodilation instead."},{"text":"piloerection","correct":false,"explanation":"Piloerection raises body hairs to trap an insulating air layer and is associated with cold conditions. When temperature is too high, the centre triggers vasodilation."}]},{"id":"f9a51157-cdb3-4f41-be37-4d1570df99a2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"During vasodilation, more warm blood flows close to the skin surface, allowing more energy to be transferred by [ ].","back":"During vasodilation, more warm blood flows close to the skin surface, allowing more energy to be transferred by radiation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"radiation","correct":true,"explanation":"Warm skin emits infrared radiation to cooler surroundings. Vasodilation raises skin temperature by increasing surface blood flow, so the rate of radiation increases."},{"text":"conduction","correct":false,"explanation":"Conduction requires direct contact and is not the principal process described for energy leaving exposed skin. The expected transfer from warm skin to the surroundings is radiation."},{"text":"convection","correct":false,"explanation":"Convection transfers energy through the movement of fluids and may contribute near the skin, but this statement specifically identifies increased infrared energy transfer by radiation."},{"text":"evaporation","correct":false,"explanation":"Evaporation explains cooling by sweat, not the direct effect of bringing warm blood close to the surface. Vasodilation increases energy transfer by radiation."}]},{"id":"858ac9b4-e022-4a24-b2fb-ae06ec383ee5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Sweat cools the body because liquid water takes energy from the skin as it [ ].","back":"Sweat cools the body because liquid water takes energy from the skin as it evaporates.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"evaporates","correct":true,"explanation":"Evaporation requires energy to separate water molecules. Sweat absorbs this energy from the skin, transferring thermal energy away and lowering body temperature."},{"text":"condenses","correct":false,"explanation":"Condensation releases energy rather than taking it from the skin. The correct process is evaporation, which absorbs energy as liquid sweat becomes water vapour."},{"text":"freezes","correct":false,"explanation":"Freezing releases latent energy and does not normally occur on warm skin. Sweat cools the body when it evaporates, taking energy from the skin."},{"text":"boils","correct":false,"explanation":"Sweat does not need to reach its boiling point to change into vapour. It evaporates at skin temperature, absorbing energy from the skin in the process."}]},{"id":"d381fad1-b7c1-4b46-ad5f-cf00ebdcfb9f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In humid weather, sweat cannot [ ], making cooling harder.","back":"In humid weather, sweat cannot evaporate easily, making cooling harder.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"evaporate easily","correct":true,"explanation":"Humid air already contains a high concentration of water vapour, so sweat evaporates less easily. Reduced evaporation means less energy is transferred away from the skin."},{"text":"condense easily","correct":false,"explanation":"The cooling mechanism depends on liquid sweat becoming water vapour, not vapour becoming liquid. In humid weather, sweat cannot evaporate easily because the air contains abundant water vapour."},{"text":"freeze easily","correct":false,"explanation":"Humidity does not normally prevent sweat from freezing, because sweat on hot skin would not freeze anyway. It prevents sweat from evaporating easily, reducing cooling."},{"text":"boil easily","correct":false,"explanation":"Sweat cools by evaporation below its boiling point, so boiling is not required. High humidity makes sweat unable to evaporate easily because the air already contains much water vapour."}]},{"id":"22fe6b65-f4df-4e3d-8412-78d52a7161b8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Respiration is [ ], so it releases energy that warms the body.","back":"Respiration is exothermic, so it releases energy that warms the body.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"exothermic","correct":true,"explanation":"Respiration transfers energy from glucose to the surroundings and living processes. Because energy is released overall, respiration is classified as an exothermic reaction."},{"text":"endothermic","correct":false,"explanation":"Endothermic reactions take in energy overall, which reverses the relationship described. Respiration is exothermic because breaking down glucose releases energy that can warm the body."},{"text":"isothermic","correct":false,"explanation":"An isothermal process occurs at constant temperature and does not describe respiration's energy transfer. Respiration is exothermic because it releases energy from glucose."},{"text":"energy-neutral","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration produces a net release of energy rather than no energy change. It is exothermic, with some released energy transferred as heat that helps warm the body."}]},{"id":"4d18a810-a0e4-48d6-8704-2879dc6c8a57","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A temperature change is detected and then reversed to return the body towards normal; this is [ ].","back":"A temperature change is detected and then reversed to return the body towards normal; this is negative feedback.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"negative feedback","correct":true,"explanation":"Negative feedback counteracts a detected departure from the normal level. Temperature-control responses reverse the change and return body temperature towards its optimum."},{"text":"positive feedback","correct":false,"explanation":"Positive feedback amplifies a change instead of reversing it. Returning temperature towards normal uses negative feedback, because the body's responses oppose the initial temperature change."},{"text":"feedforward control","correct":false,"explanation":"Feedforward control anticipates a disturbance before the controlled condition changes. Detecting an existing temperature change and opposing it is negative feedback."},{"text":"open-loop control","correct":false,"explanation":"Open-loop control does not use the measured outcome to adjust a response. Temperature regulation uses negative feedback, detecting deviations and triggering responses that reverse them."}]},{"id":"8ad79d82-eb5b-4fcc-98b7-b97d1a593a2e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Describe two responses when the body is too hot.","back":"

Vasodilation increases blood flow near the skin.
Sweating increases evaporation and energy transfer.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Vasodilation increases blood flow near the skin.
Sweating increases evaporation and energy transfer.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Vasodilation brings more warm blood close to the body surface, increasing energy transfer to the environment. Sweating removes additional energy from the skin through evaporation."},{"text":"

Vasoconstriction reduces blood flow near the skin.
Shivering increases respiration and energy release.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are cold-weather responses that conserve or generate energy, so they would worsen overheating. A hot body instead uses vasodilation and sweating to increase energy transfer away."},{"text":"

Vasodilation decreases blood flow near the skin.
Sweating reduces evaporation and energy transfer.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The response names are relevant, but both mechanisms have been reversed. Vasodilation increases surface blood flow, while sweating increases evaporation and transfers energy away from the body."},{"text":"

Vasoconstriction increases blood flow near the skin.
Sweating stops, preventing evaporative energy transfer.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Stopping sweat and limiting surface blood flow conserve energy, which is appropriate when cold rather than hot. Overheating causes vasodilation and increased sweating to promote cooling."}]},{"id":"7b116ad7-f0cc-4653-b7eb-16d03fc64df8","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Describe three responses when the body is too cold.","back":"

Vasoconstriction reduces blood flow near the skin.
Sweating stops, reducing evaporative loss.
Shivering releases energy through respiration.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Vasoconstriction reduces blood flow near the skin.
Sweating stops, reducing evaporative loss.
Shivering releases energy through respiration.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Vasoconstriction and stopping sweat reduce energy transfer to the surroundings. Shivering causes rapid muscle contractions, increasing respiration and releasing energy that warms the body."},{"text":"

Vasodilation increases blood flow near the skin.
Sweating increases, raising evaporative loss.
Muscles relax, decreasing respiration.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These changes increase energy loss or reduce energy production, so they are responses to overheating. Cold conditions instead cause vasoconstriction, stopped sweating and shivering."},{"text":"

Vasoconstriction increases blood flow near the skin.
Sweating stops, increasing evaporative loss.
Shivering absorbs energy through respiration.

","correct":false,"explanation":"All three effects are reversed: vasoconstriction reduces surface blood flow, stopping sweat reduces evaporation, and shivering releases energy through increased respiration. Together these warm or conserve heat."},{"text":"

Vasodilation reduces blood flow near the skin.
Sweating increases, reducing evaporative loss.
Shivering stops, increasing respiration.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the names and effects of temperature responses. When cold, vasoconstriction reduces surface blood flow, sweating stops to limit evaporation, and shivering increases respiration."}]},{"id":"4d81ee05-c530-486c-a854-68547676184b","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Explain how a cold environment causes the body to reduce energy loss.","back":"

Vasoconstriction sends less warm blood near the surface.
Less energy is transferred from the blood to the environment.
Stopping sweating prevents most evaporative energy loss.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Vasoconstriction sends less warm blood near the surface.
Less energy is transferred from the blood to the environment.
Stopping sweating prevents most evaporative energy loss.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Narrowing skin arterioles reduces warm blood flow near the surface, lowering energy transfer to the surroundings. Stopping sweat also limits energy loss through evaporation."},{"text":"

Vasodilation sends more warm blood near the surface.
More energy is transferred from the blood to the environment.
Increased sweating causes greater evaporative energy loss.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are cooling responses to a hot environment and would increase energy loss. In the cold, vasoconstriction reduces surface blood flow and sweating stops to conserve energy."},{"text":"

Vasoconstriction sends more warm blood near the surface.
More energy is transferred from the blood to the environment.
Stopping sweating increases evaporative energy loss.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The consequences of both responses have been reversed. Vasoconstriction sends less warm blood near the surface, and stopping sweating reduces evaporation, so less energy leaves the body."},{"text":"

Vasodilation sends less warm blood near the surface.
Less energy is transferred from the blood to the environment.
Increased sweating prevents most evaporative energy loss.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the response names and mechanisms. Vasoconstriction reduces surface blood flow, while stopping rather than increasing sweating prevents most evaporative energy loss."}]},{"id":"89b0af2a-cd04-4a2e-a88b-968e9a03c16f","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Explain how a runner's body responds after overheating on a hot day.","back":"

Body temperature rises.
Vasodilation and heavy sweating transfer energy away.
Temperature returns towards 37°C by negative feedback.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Body temperature rises.
Vasodilation and heavy sweating transfer energy away.
Temperature returns towards 37°C by negative feedback.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The raised temperature is detected and triggers vasodilation and sweating, both of which increase energy transfer away. Negative feedback then returns temperature towards the 37°C set point."},{"text":"

Body temperature rises.
Vasoconstriction and stopped sweating retain energy.
Temperature moves further above 37°C by positive feedback.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These responses conserve energy and would intensify overheating rather than correct it. Vasodilation and heavy sweating cool the body, returning temperature towards 37°C by negative feedback."},{"text":"

Body temperature falls.
Vasodilation and heavy sweating transfer energy away.
Temperature returns towards 37°C by negative feedback.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Running on a hot day initially raises rather than lowers body temperature. This rise triggers vasodilation and heavy sweating, and negative feedback restores temperature towards 37°C."},{"text":"

Body temperature rises.
Vasodilation and heavy sweating retain energy.
Temperature returns towards 37°C by positive feedback.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Vasodilation and sweating transfer energy away rather than retaining it. The return towards 37°C is negative feedback, because the responses oppose the original temperature rise."}]},{"id":"72512d5e-ef91-4f71-93a9-fc0ca64093cc","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Explain how the body responds when someone stands outside in the cold.","back":"

Body temperature falls.
Vasoconstriction and stopped sweating reduce energy loss.
Shivering increases respiration, releasing energy to warm the body.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Body temperature falls.
Vasoconstriction and stopped sweating reduce energy loss.
Shivering increases respiration, releasing energy to warm the body.

","correct":true,"explanation":"A fall in temperature triggers responses that conserve and generate energy. Vasoconstriction and stopped sweating reduce losses, while shivering increases respiration and releases energy."},{"text":"

Body temperature rises.
Vasodilation and increased sweating raise energy loss.
Muscle relaxation decreases respiration, cooling the body further.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are responses to overheating, not cold exposure. In the cold, temperature falls, vasoconstriction and stopped sweating conserve energy, and shivering releases energy through respiration."},{"text":"

Body temperature falls.
Vasodilation and increased sweating reduce energy loss.
Shivering decreases respiration, absorbing energy from the body.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Vasodilation and sweating increase energy loss, while shivering increases rather than decreases respiration. The correct cold responses are vasoconstriction, stopped sweating and energy-releasing shivering."},{"text":"

Body temperature falls.
Vasoconstriction and stopped sweating increase energy loss.
Shivering increases respiration, transferring energy away from the body.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The responses are named correctly but their effects are reversed. Vasoconstriction and stopped sweating reduce energy loss, while shivering releases energy that warms the body."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"5.2.4 Control of body temperature","title":"5.2.4 Control of body temperature Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"65b6738c-845e-5f76-9689-19597a63b983","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]