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species, to the whole ecosystem including abiotic surroundings."},{"text":"Population → individual → ecosystem → community.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses several organisational levels. The correct order is individual, population, community, ecosystem, increasing from one organism to all interacting living and non-living components."},{"text":"Individual → community → population → ecosystem.","correct":false,"explanation":"A community contains populations, so placing community before population confuses a group of species with a group of one species. The correct order is individual, population, community, ecosystem."},{"text":"Ecosystem → community → population → individual.","correct":false,"explanation":"This lists the levels from largest to smallest, opposite to the question. Organisation from smallest to largest is individual, population, community, ecosystem."}]},{"id":"d7122716-ab13-471f-9ce8-8fa0e1038fd9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is an individual in an ecosystem?","back":"One organism, such as a single oak tree or red fox.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"One organism, such as a single oak tree or red fox.","correct":true,"explanation":"An individual is one organism. A single oak tree or red fox is one member of a species within its ecosystem."},{"text":"A group of organisms of the same species in one area.","correct":false,"explanation":"That describes a population, not an individual. An individual is one organism, such as a single oak tree or red fox."},{"text":"All species living and interacting in one habitat.","correct":false,"explanation":"That describes a community. An individual means one organism, whereas a community contains all interacting populations in a habitat."},{"text":"The non-living conditions surrounding an organism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Non-living conditions are abiotic factors, not an individual. An individual is one organism, such as one oak tree or red fox."}]},{"id":"4efeba4b-6bc7-411d-a4c3-d3c08c934176","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What makes a population different from a community?","back":"A population contains one species; a community contains all interacting populations in a habitat.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A population contains one species; a community contains all interacting populations in a habitat.","correct":true,"explanation":"A population consists of organisms of one species in an area, while a community includes all the interacting populations living in that habitat."},{"text":"A population contains many habitats; a community contains one organism in each habitat.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses levels of organisation. A population contains one species, while a community contains all interacting populations in a habitat."},{"text":"A population contains all species; a community contains one species in a habitat.","correct":false,"explanation":"The definitions are reversed. A population contains one species, whereas a community contains all interacting populations in a habitat."},{"text":"A population contains one organism; a community contains one population only.","correct":false,"explanation":"One organism is an individual, and one population is not a whole community. A population contains one species; a community contains all interacting populations."}]},{"id":"b0339d5f-33f2-445a-93d2-e899402c8969","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does an ecosystem include?","back":"A community and the abiotic surroundings it interacts with.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A community and the abiotic surroundings it interacts with.","correct":true,"explanation":"An ecosystem combines the living community with non-living, abiotic surroundings such as light, temperature, water and mineral availability."},{"text":"A population and the biotic surroundings it interacts with.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is too narrow and uses biotic for living rather than non-living factors. An ecosystem includes a community and its abiotic surroundings."},{"text":"An individual and the biotic surroundings it avoids.","correct":false,"explanation":"An individual is only one organism, and biotic surroundings are living factors. An ecosystem includes the whole community and the abiotic surroundings it interacts with."},{"text":"A community and the biotic surroundings it consumes.","correct":false,"explanation":"The key additional component is abiotic, meaning non-living surroundings, not biotic surroundings. An ecosystem includes a community and the abiotic surroundings it interacts with."}]},{"id":"03bc17a8-82b0-4ece-a4bb-892d66c104a1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a habitat?","back":"The place where an organism lives.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The place where an organism lives.","correct":true,"explanation":"A habitat is the place where an organism lives. It provides the conditions and resources the organism needs to survive and reproduce."},{"text":"The population where an organism lives.","correct":false,"explanation":"A population is a group of organisms of one species, not a place. A habitat is the place where an organism lives."},{"text":"The food that an organism consumes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Food is a resource within a habitat, not the habitat itself. A habitat is the place where an organism lives."},{"text":"The community that an organism forms.","correct":false,"explanation":"A community is made up of interacting populations, not a place. The habitat is the place where an organism lives."}]},{"id":"2faf6919-d20e-4253-8147-9811a0e7a7bd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why does every organism need materials from its surroundings?","back":"To survive and reproduce.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To survive and reproduce.","correct":true,"explanation":"Organisms need materials from their surroundings to carry out life processes, stay alive and produce offspring, ensuring continuation of their species."},{"text":"To move and compete.","correct":false,"explanation":"Movement and competition may use resources, but they are not the overall purpose. Organisms need materials from their surroundings to survive and reproduce."},{"text":"To grow and migrate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Growth can require materials, but migration is not a universal need. Every organism needs materials from its surroundings to survive and reproduce."},{"text":"To feed and avoid predators.","correct":false,"explanation":"Feeding and avoiding predators are specific activities, not the complete reason. Organisms obtain materials from their surroundings to survive and reproduce."}]},{"id":"a268445e-a088-4fd2-9082-fe67c5538983","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What four resources do plants take from their habitat?","back":"

Light
Water
Carbon dioxide
Mineral ions

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Light
Water
Carbon dioxide
Mineral ions

","correct":true,"explanation":"Plants require light, water, carbon dioxide and mineral ions for photosynthesis, growth and other life processes."},{"text":"

Oxygen
Water
Glucose
Mineral ions

","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen and glucose are products or useful substances rather than the listed plant resources. Plants take in light, water, carbon dioxide and mineral ions."},{"text":"

Light
Food
Oxygen
Mineral ions

","correct":false,"explanation":"Plants make food by photosynthesis and use oxygen for respiration, but their four habitat resources are light, water, carbon dioxide and mineral ions."},{"text":"

Carbon dioxide
Food
Oxygen
Shelter

","correct":false,"explanation":"Food, oxygen and shelter are typically listed as animal resources. Plants take light, water, carbon dioxide and mineral ions from their habitat."}]},{"id":"0cdf6b91-df2e-4ed3-94e7-480e54b50da5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What four resources do animals obtain from their surroundings or other species?","back":"

Food
Water
Oxygen
Shelter

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Food
Water
Oxygen
Shelter

","correct":true,"explanation":"Animals obtain food, water and oxygen for life processes, while shelter provides protection and suitable conditions for survival."},{"text":"

Light
Water
Carbon dioxide
Mineral ions

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are the four resources plants take from their habitat. Animals obtain food, water, oxygen and shelter from their surroundings or other species."},{"text":"

Food
Carbon dioxide
Mineral ions
Shelter

","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide and mineral ions are associated with plant nutrition, not the animal resource list. Animals obtain food, water, oxygen and shelter."},{"text":"

Glucose
Water
Light
Territory

","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose and light are not the listed animal resources, while territory is involved in competition. The required resources are food, water, oxygen and shelter."}]},{"id":"d1f11833-7509-4eb5-ba16-64c00bda7613","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do organisms compete?","back":"Resources are limited, so there is not enough to meet every organism's needs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Resources are limited, so there is not enough to meet every organism's needs.","correct":true,"explanation":"Competition occurs because resources such as food, light, water, mates and territory are limited, so organisms cannot all obtain everything they need."},{"text":"Resources are unlimited, so every organism seeks to control them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unlimited resources would remove the main cause of competition. Resources are limited, so there is not enough to meet every organism's needs."},{"text":"Resources are harmful, so organisms avoid sharing them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Resources are beneficial necessities, not harmful substances. Organisms compete because resources are limited and cannot meet every organism's needs."},{"text":"Resources are identical, so organisms cannot use different ones.","correct":false,"explanation":"Competition is caused by scarcity, not identical resources. Resources are limited, so there is not enough to meet every organism's needs."}]},{"id":"4e0bfe5b-bea1-4f97-8edd-84a6201aa4df","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which resources do plants compete for?","back":"

Light and space
Water and mineral ions

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Light and space
Water and mineral ions

","correct":true,"explanation":"Plants compete for light and space above ground, and for water and mineral ions from the soil."},{"text":"

Food and space
Water and mates

","correct":false,"explanation":"Food and mates are mainly resources animals compete for. Plants compete for light and space, plus water and mineral ions."},{"text":"

Oxygen and shelter
Food and mineral ions

","correct":false,"explanation":"Shelter and food are listed as animal resources, while plants do not compete for oxygen in this context. The plant resources are light, space, water and mineral ions."},{"text":"

Carbon dioxide and territory
Food and water

","correct":false,"explanation":"Plants use carbon dioxide but do not compete for territory or food as animals do. The expected resources are light and space, water and mineral ions."}]},{"id":"4c5c8a73-8b01-4ee4-b13b-457bb754f111","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which resources do animals compete for?","back":"

Food
Mates
Territory

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Food
Mates
Territory

","correct":true,"explanation":"Animals compete for food needed for energy, mates needed for reproduction and territory providing resources, space or breeding sites."},{"text":"

Light
Water
Mineral ions

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are key resources plants compete for, especially through their roots and leaves. Animals compete for food, mates and territory."},{"text":"

Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Shelter

","correct":false,"explanation":"Animals need oxygen and shelter, but carbon dioxide is not a main competition resource. The listed animal competition resources are food, mates and territory."},{"text":"

Food
Water
Light

","correct":false,"explanation":"Animals may need water, but the recognised competition list includes food, mates and territory. Light is principally a plant competition resource."}]},{"id":"30cb1b36-9754-493f-b0f2-8b81cc1ddff4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can species that use different resources share a habitat?","back":"They compete less strongly because they feed or live in different ways.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They compete less strongly because they feed or live in different ways.","correct":true,"explanation":"Different resource use reduces direct competition. Species can share a habitat more easily when their feeding methods or living requirements do not overlap greatly."},{"text":"They compete more strongly because they feed or live in different ways.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different resource use usually reduces overlap rather than increasing it. Species compete less strongly when they feed or live in different ways."},{"text":"They do not compete at all because they live in the same habitat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sharing a habitat does not eliminate competition, because some resources may still overlap. Different resource use means they compete less strongly."},{"text":"They become the same species because they feed or live in different ways.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different resource use does not change species identity. It reduces competition because the species feed or live in different ways."}]},{"id":"9e5acd47-14f1-4fad-8122-0c5472a85338","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do members of the same species often compete most strongly?","back":"They need exactly the same resources.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They need exactly the same resources.","correct":true,"explanation":"Members of the same species usually have very similar requirements, so they overlap strongly in the resources needed for survival and reproduction."},{"text":"They need completely different resources.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different resource needs reduce direct competition. Members of the same species often compete most strongly because they need exactly the same resources."},{"text":"They occupy exactly the same population.","correct":false,"explanation":"A population is the group containing them, not the reason for competition. Same-species members compete strongly because they need exactly the same resources."},{"text":"They avoid all the same habitats.","correct":false,"explanation":"Members of the same species may share a habitat and compete there. Their strongest competition results from needing exactly the same resources."}]},{"id":"84c60a7c-2800-46cb-a146-e31685127e45","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is interdependence within a community?","back":"Each species relies on other species for resources needed to survive.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each species relies on other species for resources needed to survive.","correct":true,"explanation":"Interdependence means species depend on one another, directly or indirectly, for resources such as food, pollination or suitable habitat conditions."},{"text":"Each species avoids other species to prevent resource sharing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoiding other species is not the definition of interdependence. Interdependence means each species relies on other species for resources needed to survive."},{"text":"Each species competes with its own species for every resource.","correct":false,"explanation":"Competition within a species is a separate interaction. Interdependence describes each species relying on other species for resources needed to survive."},{"text":"Each species produces every resource needed by its community.","correct":false,"explanation":"Species do not usually produce every resource for a community. Interdependence means each species relies on other species for resources needed to survive."}]},{"id":"fbd523aa-743b-4e8d-9248-f54e37761453","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What can happen when one species is removed from a community?","back":"Many other species can be affected because the species are linked.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Many other species can be affected because the species are linked.","correct":true,"explanation":"Removing one species can disrupt food webs and other relationships, changing resources available to many linked species in the community."},{"text":"Many other species become unaffected because the species are linked.","correct":false,"explanation":"Links mean a change can spread through the community, rather than being isolated. Many other species can be affected when one species is removed."},{"text":"Every other species becomes extinct because the species are linked.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing one species can affect others, but it does not automatically make every species extinct. The correct outcome is that many linked species can be affected."},{"text":"The ecosystem becomes abiotic because the species are linked.","correct":false,"explanation":"An ecosystem does not become non-living when one species disappears. Many other species can be affected because living species in a community are linked."}]},{"id":"9052af6a-c841-445d-8b71-cad7f7d7ab50","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How would losing bees affect a meadow?","back":"

Flowers set fewer seeds.
Animals then have less food from the plants and fruit.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Flowers set fewer seeds.
Animals then have less food from the plants and fruit.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Bees pollinate flowers, so losing them reduces seed formation. Fewer plants and fruits then provide less food for animals in the meadow."},{"text":"

Flowers set more seeds.
Animals then have more food from the plants and fruit.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the pollination relationship. Losing bees means fewer flowers are pollinated, so they set fewer seeds and animals have less food from plants and fruit."},{"text":"

Flowers set fewer seeds.
Animals then have more food from the plants and fruit.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The first effect is correct, but fewer seeds generally reduce later plant and fruit production. Animals therefore have less food, not more, from plants and fruit."},{"text":"

Flowers set more seeds.
Animals then have less food from the plants and fruit.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The second effect follows reduced pollination, but the first is reversed. Losing bees causes flowers to set fewer seeds, which then gives animals less food."}]},{"id":"b5ba8268-17fe-4b7c-82fa-c9ef9885f5f6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What characterises a stable community?","back":"Species and environmental factors are in balance, so population sizes stay roughly constant.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Species and environmental factors are in balance, so population sizes stay roughly constant.","correct":true,"explanation":"A stable community has balanced species interactions and environmental conditions. Births, deaths, immigration and emigration therefore produce only small fluctuations in population sizes over time."},{"text":"Species and environmental factors are in conflict, so population sizes increase continuously.","correct":false,"explanation":"Competition occurs within communities, but continuous population growth does not characterise stability. In a stable community, species and environmental factors are balanced, keeping populations roughly constant."},{"text":"Species and environmental factors are in decline, so population sizes decrease steadily.","correct":false,"explanation":"A steady decrease indicates environmental change or an unbalanced community, not stability. Stable communities maintain a balance that keeps population sizes roughly constant over time."},{"text":"Species and environmental factors are in isolation, so population sizes change unpredictably.","correct":false,"explanation":"Species in a community interact rather than existing in isolation, and unpredictable population changes suggest instability. Balance between organisms and environmental factors keeps populations roughly constant."}]},{"id":"a90a0c68-97c1-4f6f-80aa-d0f19dd3dd98","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which two examples are stable communities in the notes?","back":"An oak woodland and a tropical rainforest.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An oak woodland and a tropical rainforest.","correct":true,"explanation":"Oak woodlands and tropical rainforests contain established networks of interacting species. Under relatively consistent conditions, these interactions keep their populations in approximate balance."},{"text":"A wheat field and a fish farm.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wheat fields and fish farms are managed systems that depend on human inputs, so they are not the examples given. The notes identify an oak woodland and a tropical rainforest."},{"text":"An orchard plantation and a cattle pasture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plantations and pastures are simplified agricultural ecosystems maintained through human management. The stable-community examples in the notes are an oak woodland and a tropical rainforest."},{"text":"A garden lawn and a greenhouse crop.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lawns and greenhouse crops require regular human maintenance and are not the named examples. An oak woodland and a tropical rainforest are the stable communities listed."}]},{"id":"fade81ce-666f-4867-9178-c477be37a31f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Plants compete for [ ], space, water and mineral ions from the soil.","back":"Plants compete for light, space, water and mineral ions from the soil.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"light","correct":true,"explanation":"Light is needed for photosynthesis, so plants compete when shading limits how much reaches their leaves. They also compete for space, water and mineral ions."},{"text":"oxygen","correct":false,"explanation":"Plants use oxygen for respiration, but it is not the resource listed in this competition set. They compete for light because light availability limits photosynthesis."},{"text":"glucose","correct":false,"explanation":"Plants normally manufacture glucose through photosynthesis rather than absorbing and competing for it. The missing resource is light, which provides the energy needed for photosynthesis."},{"text":"warmth","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperature affects plant growth, but individual plants do not usually compete directly for warmth. They compete for light when neighbouring plants shade one another."}]},{"id":"8dd89e96-90b4-4262-a74f-80b28ca5506d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Animals compete for food, [ ] and territory.","back":"Animals compete for food, mates and territory.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"mates","correct":true,"explanation":"Animals compete for mates because reproductive opportunities can be limited. Successful competitors are more likely to reproduce and pass their alleles to offspring."},{"text":"light","correct":false,"explanation":"Light is primarily a resource for which plants compete to photosynthesise. The missing animal resource is mates, which are required for sexual reproduction."},{"text":"minerals","correct":false,"explanation":"Mineral ions are commonly listed as a resource for which plants compete through their roots. Animals instead compete for mates as well as food and territory."},{"text":"water","correct":false,"explanation":"Animals may compete for water in some habitats, but it is not the missing term in this statement. The stated resources are food, mates and territory."}]},{"id":"498984f7-eaa5-475e-b27b-bdeba9ff0a19","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Species rely on one another for food, shelter, [ ] and seed dispersal.","back":"Species rely on one another for food, shelter, pollination and seed dispersal.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"pollination","correct":true,"explanation":"Many flowering plants rely on animals to transfer pollen between flowers. Animals may receive food such as nectar, making pollination an important interdependence between species."},{"text":"respiration","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration is a chemical process carried out by individual organisms, not a service one species generally provides another. The missing interdependence is pollination."},{"text":"excretion","correct":false,"explanation":"Excretion removes metabolic waste from an organism and is not the reproductive service described. Species can rely on one another for pollination, which transfers pollen between flowers."},{"text":"digestion","correct":false,"explanation":"Digestion breaks down food within an organism, so it is not normally provided between species. Pollination is the missing process linking plants with their pollinators."}]},{"id":"4367763b-d877-4721-af65-1999f665bff6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a stable community, population sizes stay roughly [ ] over time.","back":"In a stable community, population sizes stay roughly constant over time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"constant","correct":true,"explanation":"Population sizes in a stable community fluctuate slightly but remain roughly constant over time because species interactions and environmental factors are in balance."},{"text":"increasing","correct":false,"explanation":"Continuous population growth would eventually change resource availability and disrupt the community’s balance. In a stable community, population sizes remain roughly constant over time."},{"text":"decreasing","correct":false,"explanation":"A sustained decline suggests that deaths or emigration exceed births or immigration, indicating imbalance. Stable-community populations instead stay roughly constant, despite small fluctuations."},{"text":"unpredictable","correct":false,"explanation":"Large unpredictable changes indicate instability or changing environmental conditions. Balanced interactions in a stable community keep population sizes roughly constant over time."}]},{"id":"aca5c747-67a7-4779-987f-501044594ac8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The non-living parts of an ecosystem are called [ ] factors.","back":"The non-living parts of an ecosystem are called abiotic factors.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"abiotic","correct":true,"explanation":"Abiotic factors are the non-living physical and chemical components of an ecosystem, including temperature, light intensity, moisture levels, soil pH and wind intensity."},{"text":"biotic","correct":false,"explanation":"Biotic factors involve living organisms, such as predators, competitors and pathogens. Non-living conditions such as temperature and light are instead described as abiotic factors."},{"text":"biotic-independent","correct":false,"explanation":"Biotic-independent is not the ecological term for non-living conditions. Factors such as temperature, water availability and light intensity are correctly classified as abiotic."},{"text":"interspecific","correct":false,"explanation":"Interspecific describes interactions occurring between different species, such as competition. The non-living parts of an ecosystem are called abiotic factors."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"7.1.1 Communities","title":"7.1.1 Communities Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L39"}]}],"topicId":"4926dd42-f0a9-5d43-b684-63bfee2fea09","walled":"$L3a"}],"$L3b","$L3c"]