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directly or indirectly."},{"text":"It can only affect one organism during its lifetime.","correct":false,"explanation":"Communicable diseases can spread between organisms, so limiting a disease to one organism describes a non-communicable condition instead. The correct idea is transmission from one organism to another."},{"text":"It is caused by a faulty gene in an organism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Faulty genes cause inherited or genetic disorders, which are not passed between organisms as infections. A communicable disease can spread from one organism to another."},{"text":"It is always caused by a lack of nutrients.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nutrient deficiencies can cause non-communicable health problems, but they are not infectious. A communicable disease is defined by its ability to spread from one organism to another."}]},{"id":"94e517f6-df81-41c7-998b-15bbe0618652","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are pathogens?","back":"Microorganisms that cause disease.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Microorganisms that cause disease.","correct":true,"explanation":"Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease. The main pathogen groups studied at GCSE are viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi."},{"text":"Antibodies that destroy microorganisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are defence proteins produced by the immune system, not pathogens. Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease in a host."},{"text":"Medicines that kill microorganisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Medicines such as antibiotics may kill or inhibit some microorganisms, but they are treatments rather than pathogens. Pathogens themselves are microorganisms that cause disease."},{"text":"Cells that transport oxygen around the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Red blood cells transport oxygen and are part of the body, so they are not pathogens. Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms."}]},{"id":"25a9e1eb-e5b4-4c92-9ab5-229fc7a6e0c5","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What are the four types of pathogen?","back":"

Viruses
Bacteria
Protists
Fungi

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Viruses
Bacteria
Protists
Fungi

","correct":true,"explanation":"The four pathogen groups are viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi. Each group contains microorganisms capable of causing infectious disease."},{"text":"

Viruses
Animals
Protists
Fungi

","correct":false,"explanation":"Animals are not one of the four pathogen groups in the GCSE classification. The correct groups are viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi."},{"text":"

Bacteria
Plants
Protists
Fungi

","correct":false,"explanation":"Plants are not included as a pathogen group in this classification. The four groups are viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi."},{"text":"

Viruses
Bacteria
Algae
Fungi

","correct":false,"explanation":"Algae are not one of the four named pathogen groups for this GCSE topic. Protists, rather than algae, complete the list alongside viruses, bacteria and fungi."}]},{"id":"3bd1c0c2-b67f-4833-a243-0db89b011362","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to bacteria and viruses once inside the body?","back":"They reproduce rapidly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They reproduce rapidly.","correct":true,"explanation":"Once inside the body, bacteria and viruses reproduce rapidly, increasing the number of pathogens and making tissue damage or disease symptoms more likely."},{"text":"They become harmless immediately.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pathogens do not automatically become harmless inside the body. They reproduce rapidly, which increases their population and can lead to illness."},{"text":"They stop all body cells dividing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pathogens may damage cells or interfere with body processes, but their key activity after entering is rapid reproduction. They do not stop all body cells dividing."},{"text":"They turn into antibodies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are made by immune cells; pathogens do not transform into them. Bacteria and viruses reproduce rapidly once inside the body."}]},{"id":"f7057f12-fddd-43ee-ab75-be53adf71cd7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do many bacteria make people feel ill?","back":"They produce toxins that damage tissues.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They produce toxins that damage tissues.","correct":true,"explanation":"Many bacteria release toxins as they grow. These toxins damage body tissues and contribute to the symptoms of bacterial disease."},{"text":"They produce antibodies that damage tissues.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are immune proteins that help target pathogens, not substances produced by bacteria to cause illness. Many bacteria make people ill by producing toxins that damage tissues."},{"text":"They absorb oxygen that damages tissues.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bacterial competition for oxygen is not the main GCSE explanation for illness. Many bacteria cause symptoms by producing toxins that damage tissues."},{"text":"They produce hormones that repair tissues.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hormones regulate body processes and do not explain bacterial illness in this context. Many bacteria produce toxins, which damage tissues rather than repair them."}]},{"id":"15ff964e-86cb-4d81-902d-2d16a46a90cf","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do viruses make people feel ill?","back":"They reproduce inside and damage or destroy body cells.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They reproduce inside and damage or destroy body cells.","correct":true,"explanation":"Viruses reproduce inside body cells because they use the cells' machinery. This reproduction damages or destroys the infected cells, causing illness."},{"text":"They reproduce outside and strengthen body cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Viruses require living cells to reproduce and do not strengthen infected cells. They reproduce inside cells and damage or destroy them."},{"text":"They produce toxins and increase the number of body cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Toxin production is mainly associated with bacterial illness at this level. Viruses make people ill by reproducing inside and damaging or destroying body cells."},{"text":"They become antibodies and protect body cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Viruses do not become antibodies; antibodies are produced by the immune system. Viral reproduction inside cells damages or destroys those cells."}]},{"id":"52173f14-f3fc-48d8-b5cc-846eaffa40c5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What causes symptoms such as fever, headaches and rashes during infection?","back":"The body's reaction to cell damage and toxins.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The body's reaction to cell damage and toxins.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fever, headaches and rashes are symptoms caused by the body's response to damage produced by pathogens, including cell damage and toxins."},{"text":"The body's reaction to healthy cells and oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Healthy cells and oxygen do not normally trigger these infection symptoms. Fever, headaches and rashes result from the body's reaction to cell damage and toxins."},{"text":"The pathogen's reaction to antibodies and hormones.","correct":false,"explanation":"Symptoms are experienced by the infected body, not caused by a pathogen reacting to hormones. They arise from the body's reaction to cell damage and toxins."},{"text":"The body's reaction to extra nutrients and water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Extra nutrients and water do not explain typical infection symptoms. The body's reaction to cell damage and toxins causes symptoms such as fever, headaches and rashes."}]},{"id":"dd7b1996-32ae-4c52-b928-092c384042b6","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How do bacteria and viruses differ in the way they cause illness?","back":"

Bacteria mainly cause illness through toxins.
Viruses cause illness by damaging cells.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Bacteria mainly cause illness through toxins.
Viruses cause illness by damaging cells.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Many bacteria cause illness by producing toxins, whereas viruses reproduce inside body cells and damage or destroy those cells."},{"text":"

Bacteria mainly cause illness through damaging cells.
Viruses cause illness by toxins.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the usual GCSE distinction. Many bacteria mainly cause illness through toxins, while viruses cause illness by damaging cells during reproduction."},{"text":"

Bacteria mainly cause illness through antibodies.
Viruses cause illness by repairing cells.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are immune defences, and viruses do not repair cells. Bacteria mainly cause illness through toxins, while viruses damage cells as they reproduce."},{"text":"

Bacteria mainly cause illness through oxygen loss.
Viruses cause illness by producing hormones.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen loss and hormone production are not the key mechanisms taught here. Bacteria mainly produce toxins, whereas viruses damage cells through intracellular reproduction."}]},{"id":"f035a694-8073-4c3b-96a1-a1831cab6d73","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does the number of pathogens entering the body affect illness risk?","back":"More pathogens make illness more likely.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"More pathogens make illness more likely.","correct":true,"explanation":"A larger number of pathogens entering the body increases the chance that they will reproduce successfully and overcome defences, making illness more likely."},{"text":"More pathogens make illness less likely.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship. A greater number of pathogens increases the challenge to body defences, so illness becomes more likely."},{"text":"More pathogens make illness impossible.","correct":false,"explanation":"A high pathogen dose does not prevent disease. It generally increases the chance of infection and illness, so illness is more likely."},{"text":"More pathogens make illness unrelated.","correct":false,"explanation":"The number of pathogens can affect infection risk and is not unrelated to illness. More pathogens generally make illness more likely."}]},{"id":"1a5ef86c-c527-4ea4-8dc5-a40be041bd93","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How can pathogens spread by direct contact?","back":"Through contact between organisms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Through contact between organisms.","correct":true,"explanation":"Direct contact transmission occurs when pathogens pass from one organism to another through physical contact between them."},{"text":"Through changes in body temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperature changes may affect symptoms but do not transmit pathogens between organisms. Direct contact spread requires contact between organisms."},{"text":"Through inheritance from parents only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Inheritance passes genetic information rather than directly transmitting communicable pathogens. Direct contact spread occurs through contact between organisms."},{"text":"Through digestion of healthy food.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eating healthy food does not provide the direct contact route described here. Pathogens spread by direct contact through contact between organisms."}]},{"id":"5cf4c211-d55d-494a-a62f-369ed8d99f1e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can pathogens spread through water?","back":"Through dirty drinking water or splashes onto plants.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Through dirty drinking water or splashes onto plants.","correct":true,"explanation":"Contaminated water can carry pathogens into drinking supplies or onto plants. Drinking dirty water or consuming contaminated produce can therefore spread disease."},{"text":"Through clean drinking water or sunlight onto plants.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clean water and sunlight do not normally provide this transmission route. Pathogens spread through water when drinking water is dirty or contaminated water splashes onto plants."},{"text":"Through dry air or contact with animals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dry air and animal contact describe different possible routes, not spread through water. Waterborne pathogens are transmitted through dirty drinking water or contaminated splashes onto plants."},{"text":"Through sterile soil or filtered air.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sterile soil and filtered air are not sources of waterborne transmission. The relevant route involves dirty drinking water or contaminated water splashing onto plants."}]},{"id":"da934cde-7f00-4159-8d02-a7f0945850f6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can pathogens spread through the air?","back":"In droplets breathed out during coughing or sneezing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In droplets breathed out during coughing or sneezing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Coughing and sneezing release droplets containing pathogens into the air. Other people may breathe in these droplets and become infected."},{"text":"In toxins breathed out during digestion or growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Toxins are substances that may cause illness, but they are not the droplets released by coughing or sneezing. Airborne spread occurs in breathed-out droplets."},{"text":"In antibodies breathed out during coughing or sneezing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are immune proteins, not infectious particles released in respiratory droplets. Pathogens can spread through droplets breathed out during coughing or sneezing."},{"text":"In blood cells breathed out during swallowing or speaking.","correct":false,"explanation":"Blood cells are not normally breathed out, and swallowing is not the relevant route. Airborne pathogens can travel in droplets released by coughing or sneezing."}]},{"id":"8563e72d-d393-40ac-8108-8b04ae5f0448","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does good hygiene reduce the spread of disease?","back":"Washing hands and using disinfectants remove pathogens.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Washing hands and using disinfectants remove pathogens.","correct":true,"explanation":"Handwashing and disinfectants remove or kill pathogens on surfaces and skin, reducing the chance that they will be transferred to another person or host."},{"text":"Washing hands and using disinfectants create pathogens.","correct":false,"explanation":"Good hygiene reduces pathogen numbers rather than creating them. Washing hands and using disinfectants remove or kill pathogens and limit transmission."},{"text":"Washing hands and using disinfectants increase pathogen reproduction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Disinfectants are used to reduce microorganisms, and handwashing removes them. They do not increase pathogen reproduction or disease spread."},{"text":"Washing hands and using disinfectants make people immune immediately.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hygiene reduces exposure to pathogens but does not create immediate immunity. Its direct effect is removing or killing pathogens and reducing transmission."}]},{"id":"cc3e2376-b7aa-421f-ac41-bd0c7b1c3025","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does isolating infected people reduce disease spread?","back":"It reduces the number of people they can pass the disease to.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It reduces the number of people they can pass the disease to.","correct":true,"explanation":"Isolation separates infected people from others, reducing opportunities for pathogens to be transmitted and therefore reducing the number of people they can infect."},{"text":"It increases the number of people they can pass the disease to.","correct":false,"explanation":"Isolation limits contact with uninfected people, so it reduces rather than increases transmission opportunities. The disease can be passed to fewer people."},{"text":"It reduces the number of pathogens they can produce in their cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Isolation does not directly stop pathogens reproducing inside an infected person. It reduces disease spread by limiting the number of other people they can infect."},{"text":"It increases the number of antibodies they can pass the disease to.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are not people who can receive an infection, and isolation concerns contact with potential hosts. It reduces the number of people an infected person can pass the disease to."}]},{"id":"0babdac1-7864-40a3-9f0c-87a41eb51f63","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does controlling vectors reduce disease spread?","back":"It stops insects carrying pathogens between hosts.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It stops insects carrying pathogens between hosts.","correct":true,"explanation":"Vectors such as insects transport pathogens between hosts. Controlling the vector reduces these transfers and therefore lowers the spread of disease."},{"text":"It encourages insects carrying pathogens between hosts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encouraging infected vectors would increase transmission. Vector control aims to stop insects carrying pathogens between hosts."},{"text":"It stops antibodies carrying pathogens between tissues.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies do not act as disease vectors, and tissues are not the relevant transmission term here. Control targets insects that carry pathogens between hosts."},{"text":"It causes pathogens carrying insects to reproduce between cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vector control reduces infected insect populations or contact, rather than promoting reproduction. The aim is to stop insects carrying pathogens between hosts."}]},{"id":"5366cf9f-82fd-40b0-9f14-68fcc88a197a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can plant diseases be prevented from spreading?","back":"Use good field hygiene and remove infected plants.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Use good field hygiene and remove infected plants.","correct":true,"explanation":"Good field hygiene reduces pathogen transfer between plants, while removing infected plants eliminates sources of infection and helps prevent further spread."},{"text":"Use poor field hygiene and remove healthy plants.","correct":false,"explanation":"Poor hygiene can transfer pathogens, and removing healthy plants does not remove the main infection source. Good field hygiene and removing infected plants prevent spread."},{"text":"Use extra fertiliser and remove healthy plants.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fertiliser may affect growth but does not directly prevent pathogen transmission, and healthy plants are not the infection source. Infected plants should be removed."},{"text":"Use shared tools and leave infected plants.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shared tools can carry pathogens between plants, while leaving infected plants preserves a source of infection. Good field hygiene and removal of infected plants reduce spread."}]},{"id":"90022658-6ba2-4a04-802e-865feba24713","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A communicable disease is also called an [ ] disease.","back":"A communicable disease is also called an infectious disease.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"infectious","correct":true,"explanation":"Infectious is another term for communicable: both describe diseases caused by pathogens that can be transmitted between organisms."},{"text":"non-communicable","correct":false,"explanation":"Non-communicable diseases cannot be passed between people, whereas the correct term is infectious because communicable diseases are caused by transmissible pathogens."},{"text":"inherited","correct":false,"explanation":"Inherited diseases result from genetic information passed from parents, not transmission by pathogens. The correct term is infectious, meaning a disease that can spread between organisms."},{"text":"chronic","correct":false,"explanation":"Chronic describes a disease that persists for a long time, regardless of how it began. The correct term is infectious because communicable diseases can be transmitted by pathogens."}]},{"id":"89e40813-1c41-409c-93d6-5fa50dda0fef","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A poison produced by some bacteria that damages tissues is called a [ ].","back":"A poison produced by some bacteria that damages tissues is called a toxin.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"toxin","correct":true,"explanation":"A toxin is a poisonous substance made by an organism. Some bacteria release toxins that damage body tissues and contribute to disease symptoms."},{"text":"enzyme","correct":false,"explanation":"Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions, although bacteria may produce them. The correct term is toxin because the substance damages tissues as a poison."},{"text":"antibody","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are proteins made by immune cells to recognise specific pathogens or toxins. The correct term is toxin because bacteria produce this poisonous tissue-damaging substance."},{"text":"hormone","correct":false,"explanation":"Hormones are chemical messengers produced by glands for controlling body processes. The correct term is toxin because some bacteria produce poisons that damage tissues."}]},{"id":"a8a76eba-a423-49cc-a840-310aca0c4744","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Viruses live and reproduce inside the body's [ ].","back":"Viruses live and reproduce inside the body's cells.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"cells","correct":true,"explanation":"Viruses lack the structures needed to reproduce independently, so they enter the body's cells and use the cell's machinery to make more virus particles."},{"text":"bloodstream","correct":false,"explanation":"The bloodstream can transport viruses around the body, but it does not provide the machinery needed for viral reproduction. The correct answer is cells."},{"text":"tissues","correct":false,"explanation":"Viruses can spread through tissues, but they reproduce within individual living cells. The word tissues is tempting because tissues contain infected cells, but cells is the precise answer."},{"text":"organs","correct":false,"explanation":"Viruses may infect organs such as the lungs, but reproduction occurs inside the cells of those organs. The correct answer is cells, which provide the machinery viruses require."}]},{"id":"c0336cc6-2c0c-4735-94c0-2c4a03d85ec6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"When a person with flu coughs, they release tiny droplets containing [ ].","back":"When a person with flu coughs, they release tiny droplets containing pathogens.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"pathogens","correct":true,"explanation":"Pathogens are disease-causing organisms or agents, including viruses and bacteria. Flu droplets can carry influenza viruses to another person's nose, mouth or airways."},{"text":"antibodies","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are defensive proteins produced by the immune system, not the infectious material released in flu droplets. The correct answer is pathogens, which cause disease."},{"text":"toxins","correct":false,"explanation":"Toxins are poisonous substances made by some organisms, but flu is caused by a virus carried in the droplets. The correct answer is pathogens."},{"text":"enzymes","correct":false,"explanation":"Enzymes catalyse chemical reactions and are not the disease-causing material transmitted by coughing. The correct answer is pathogens because influenza viruses can spread in droplets."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"3.1.1 Communicable (infectious) diseases","title":"3.1.1 Communicable (infectious) diseases Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"567bc1ba-10c8-5f23-ada5-f5272718546a","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]