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genes from two parents."},{"text":"A clone has exactly half the same genes as the organism it came from.","correct":false,"explanation":"Half a genetic set is found in gametes, not clones. A clone has exactly the same genes as the organism from which it was produced."},{"text":"A clone has similar genes to the organism it came from, with several natural differences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural genetic differences are expected among sexually produced offspring, not clones. A clone has exactly the same genes as its source organism."},{"text":"A clone has exactly the same features as every organism of its species.","correct":false,"explanation":"Members of a species are not all genetically identical. A clone specifically has the same genes as the individual organism from which it came."}]},{"id":"c004b5eb-fae6-4dc0-94f3-c1946484d6c0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What type of reproduction is absent when producing a clone?","back":"Cloning produces organisms without sexual reproduction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cloning produces organisms without sexual reproduction.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cloning uses genetic material from one organism and does not involve the fusion of male and female gametes, so sexual reproduction is absent."},{"text":"Cloning produces organisms without asexual reproduction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cloning is a form of asexual reproduction because only one source of genetic material is required. It produces organisms without sexual reproduction."},{"text":"Cloning produces organisms without cell division.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cell division is required for a cloned organism to grow. Cloning excludes sexual reproduction, particularly the fusion of gametes from two parents."},{"text":"Cloning produces organisms without DNA replication.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA must be replicated before cloned cells divide and develop. What cloning avoids is sexual reproduction and the associated mixing of parental genes."}]},{"id":"9d9a1dc1-80fd-4cc5-9d3b-b1e84743a472","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is removed from a parent plant when taking a cutting?","back":"A gardener removes a shoot from the parent plant and grows it into a new plant.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A gardener removes a shoot from the parent plant and grows it into a new plant.","correct":true,"explanation":"A cutting is made by removing a shoot from a parent plant. The shoot can develop roots and grow into a genetically identical plant."},{"text":"A gardener removes a seed from the parent plant and grows it into a new plant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Growing a seed usually follows sexual reproduction and creates genetically varied offspring. A cutting instead uses a shoot removed from the parent plant."},{"text":"A gardener removes a flower from the parent plant and grows it into a new plant.","correct":false,"explanation":"A flower is a reproductive structure and is not normally used as a cutting. Gardeners remove a shoot that can form roots and continue growing."},{"text":"A gardener removes a root hair from the parent plant and grows it into a new plant.","correct":false,"explanation":"A root hair is a single specialised cell and cannot normally grow into a complete plant. A cutting is produced by removing a shoot."}]},{"id":"d80596ce-c62d-4a23-bde1-0a76ef1100ca","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are taking cuttings useful to a grower?","back":"Taking cuttings quickly produces many copies of a favourite plant variety.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Taking cuttings quickly produces many copies of a favourite plant variety.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cuttings provide a rapid form of asexual reproduction, allowing growers to preserve and multiply the desirable genes of a favourite plant variety."},{"text":"Taking cuttings quickly produces many variations of a favourite plant variety.","correct":false,"explanation":"Variation results from mixing genetic material during sexual reproduction. Cuttings are clones, so they rapidly produce genetically identical copies of a favourite variety."},{"text":"Taking cuttings quickly produces many seeds from a favourite plant variety.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cuttings develop directly into new plants rather than increasing seed production. Their benefit is the rapid production of many copies of a favourite variety."},{"text":"Taking cuttings quickly produces many hybrids from a favourite plant variety.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hybrids result from crossing genetically different parents, not from taking cuttings. Cuttings quickly create cloned copies of the chosen favourite plant variety."}]},{"id":"b91a3c62-977e-4941-8de8-911009f0e5bc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What starting material is used in plant tissue culture?","back":"Tissue culture grows many identical plants from small groups of parent-plant cells.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Tissue culture grows many identical plants from small groups of parent-plant cells.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plant cells retain the genetic information needed to make a whole plant. Tissue culture uses small groups of parent-plant cells to produce identical plants."},{"text":"Tissue culture grows many identical plants from small groups of fertilised plant eggs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fertilised eggs contain genes mixed through sexual reproduction and are not the usual starting material for tissue culture. Small groups of parent-plant cells are used."},{"text":"Tissue culture grows many identical plants from small groups of pollen-grain cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pollen cells are male gametes with half the usual chromosome number. Standard tissue culture begins with small groups of cells taken from a parent plant."},{"text":"Tissue culture grows many identical plants from small groups of plant seed cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Seeds are products of reproduction and may contain genetically varied embryos. Tissue culture starts with small groups of parent-plant cells to preserve the parent’s genotype."}]},{"id":"08088e78-5c82-43c6-bf25-2ac0aa5d4076","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are scraped plant cells grown on during tissue culture?","back":"The cells are grown on a nutrient jelly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The cells are grown on a nutrient jelly.","correct":true,"explanation":"The nutrient jelly provides cultured plant cells with water, minerals and sugars needed for cell division and development under controlled conditions."},{"text":"The cells are grown on a soil mixture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Soil may contain microorganisms and does not provide the precisely controlled conditions needed initially. Scraped plant cells are grown on sterile nutrient jelly."},{"text":"The cells are grown on a cotton sheet.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cotton does not supply the balanced nutrients required for growth and cell division. Tissue-culture cells are placed on a nutrient jelly."},{"text":"The cells are grown on a water surface.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water alone lacks the sugars, minerals and growth substances required by isolated cells. Tissue culture uses a nutrient jelly that supplies these materials."}]},{"id":"778889f9-926a-44ea-b68a-c15f7a6e55a2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does each group of tissue-culture cells form?","back":"Each group of cells grows into a tiny plantlet.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each group of cells grows into a tiny plantlet.","correct":true,"explanation":"Under suitable sterile conditions and with the correct nutrients and hormones, each group of cultured plant cells develops into a small plant called a plantlet."},{"text":"Each group of cells grows into a tiny seed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Seeds usually form after fertilisation and contain an embryo. A group of tissue-culture cells instead develops directly into a tiny plantlet."},{"text":"Each group of cells grows into a tiny pollen grain.","correct":false,"explanation":"A pollen grain is a male reproductive structure, not a young cloned plant. Each cultured cell group grows into a tiny plantlet."},{"text":"Each group of cells grows into a tiny root hair.","correct":false,"explanation":"A root hair is one specialised cell and cannot represent the complete developing clone. Each tissue-culture group forms a tiny plantlet."}]},{"id":"447ea193-b8d5-43c7-9209-84914f7a4450","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What are the main benefits of plant tissue culture?","back":"

Produces large numbers of identical plants
Produces disease-free plants
Helps save rare species
Keeps nurseries supplied all year

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Produces large numbers of identical plants
Produces disease-free plants
Helps save rare species
Keeps nurseries supplied all year

","correct":true,"explanation":"Tissue culture rapidly produces many identical, disease-free plants in controlled conditions. This supports year-round commercial supply and can multiply scarce individuals of rare species."},{"text":"

Produces large numbers of varied plants
Produces infected plants
Uses up rare species
Limits nurseries to one season

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the main advantages of tissue culture. It produces identical, disease-free plants, can conserve rare species and enables nurseries to maintain supplies throughout the year."},{"text":"

Produces small numbers of identical plants
Produces disease-resistant seeds
Creates entirely new species
Keeps nurseries supplied in summer

","correct":false,"explanation":"Tissue culture produces large numbers of plants rather than a few seeds, and it does not create new species. Controlled production can supply nurseries all year."},{"text":"

Produces large numbers of hybrid plants
Produces genetically varied plants
Prevents rare species breeding
Keeps nurseries supplied one year

","correct":false,"explanation":"Hybrids and genetic variation arise through sexual reproduction, whereas tissue culture creates identical clones. It helps conserve rare species and supports nursery supply every year."}]},{"id":"f5219869-970f-45b0-894b-1d0f8053aac4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can tissue culture be used commercially with a prized orchid?","back":"One prized orchid can produce thousands of identical plants for sale through tissue culture.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"One prized orchid can produce thousands of identical plants for sale through tissue culture.","correct":true,"explanation":"Tissue culture repeatedly divides small samples from the prized orchid, producing thousands of clones that retain its desirable genes and can be sold commercially."},{"text":"One prized orchid can produce thousands of genetically varied plants for sale through tissue culture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genetic variation is associated with sexual reproduction, not cloning. Tissue culture commercially multiplies the prized orchid into thousands of genetically identical plants."},{"text":"One prized orchid can produce thousands of hybrid plants for sale through tissue culture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hybrid plants require genetic material from different parent varieties. Tissue culture uses one prized orchid to produce thousands of identical cloned plants."},{"text":"One prized orchid can produce thousands of fertilised seeds for sale through tissue culture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tissue culture grows cells into plantlets and does not increase fertilised seed production. It allows one prized orchid to produce thousands of identical plants."}]},{"id":"58c031b1-7849-4ba0-8d0f-2e1febffff14","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What stage of an animal is used in embryo transplant cloning?","back":"Embryo transplants clone an animal from an embryo, rather than from an adult.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Embryo transplants clone an animal from an embryo, rather than from an adult.","correct":true,"explanation":"Embryo transplant cloning begins with a very early embryo whose cells can be separated and developed into genetically identical embryos."},{"text":"Embryo transplants clone an animal from a gamete, rather than from an adult.","correct":false,"explanation":"A gamete contains only half the normal chromosome number and cannot be split into complete clones. Embryo transplant cloning starts with an early embryo."},{"text":"Embryo transplants clone an animal from a foetus, rather than from an adult.","correct":false,"explanation":"By the foetal stage, cells have become extensively specialised. Embryo transplant cloning uses a much earlier embryo made from unspecialised cells."},{"text":"Embryo transplants clone an animal from a body cell, rather than from an adult.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using the nucleus of a body cell describes adult cell cloning. Embryo transplant cloning instead begins with cells from an early embryo."}]},{"id":"74883cdb-966c-4752-bd1c-c26f01759fbe","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can cells be separated from an early embryo for cloning?","back":"Cells are separated while the embryo is a tiny ball of unspecialised cells.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cells are separated while the embryo is a tiny ball of unspecialised cells.","correct":true,"explanation":"At this early stage, the embryo’s cells have not yet specialised, so each separated cell can still divide and develop into a complete embryo."},{"text":"Cells are separated while the embryo is a tiny ball of specialised cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Specialised cells have developed particular structures and functions, limiting their normal developmental potential. Separation occurs earlier, while the embryo consists of unspecialised cells."},{"text":"Cells are separated while the embryo is a tiny ball of reproductive cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reproductive cells are gametes, whereas an embryo forms after fertilisation. Its cells are separated while they remain unspecialised and able to form complete embryos."},{"text":"Cells are separated while the embryo is a tiny ball of adult body cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adult body cells are generally specialised and are used in a different cloning method. Embryo splitting uses a tiny ball of unspecialised embryonic cells."}]},{"id":"344e2c4a-7b5b-447b-b809-2b547ac2c666","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What can each separated early-embryo cell develop into?","back":"Each separated cell can grow into a full embryo.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each separated cell can grow into a full embryo.","correct":true,"explanation":"Early embryonic cells are still unspecialised and retain the ability to divide and differentiate into all the cell types required for a full embryo."},{"text":"Each separated cell can grow into a single organ.","correct":false,"explanation":"Developing into only one organ would indicate restricted specialisation. Each separated early-embryo cell can still develop into a full embryo."},{"text":"Each separated cell can grow into a single gamete.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gametes are specialised reproductive cells with half the chromosome number. A separated early embryonic cell can divide and develop into a full embryo."},{"text":"Each separated cell can grow into a body nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"A nucleus is a cell component, not a developmental stage. Because the separated cells are unspecialised, each can grow into a full embryo."}]},{"id":"98fda92f-e4b2-412a-9b6b-a4f971e9bd31","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where are cloned embryos placed after separation?","back":"The embryos are placed into host mothers, which carry them until birth.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The embryos are placed into host mothers, which carry them until birth.","correct":true,"explanation":"Host mothers provide the uterus, nutrients and protection needed for the cloned embryos to implant, develop through pregnancy and eventually be born."},{"text":"The embryos are placed into genetic mothers, which carry them until birth.","correct":false,"explanation":"The animals carrying the embryos need not provide their genes, so calling them genetic mothers confuses inheritance with pregnancy. They are host mothers."},{"text":"The embryos are placed into laboratory incubators, which carry them until birth.","correct":false,"explanation":"An incubator cannot support the complete internal development and birth of a mammalian embryo. Cloned embryos are implanted into host mothers."},{"text":"The embryos are placed into egg-cell donors, which carry them until birth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Donating an egg does not mean an animal must carry the pregnancy. The separated cloned embryos are implanted into host mothers for development."}]},{"id":"36f7406d-51e7-4a4b-91d2-82b4d840ab4f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might genetically identical clones not look exactly the same?","back":"Clones may develop differently because environmental factors, such as food supply, can affect their features.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Clones may develop differently because environmental factors, such as food supply, can affect their features.","correct":true,"explanation":"Genes are identical in clones, but environmental conditions influence how characteristics develop. Differences in food supply can therefore produce visible differences between clones."},{"text":"Clones may develop differently because genetic factors, such as different alleles, can affect their features.","correct":false,"explanation":"True clones inherit the same alleles, so different alleles do not explain their differences. Environmental factors such as food supply can alter their developed features."},{"text":"Clones may develop differently because reproductive factors, such as gamete fusion, can affect their features.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cloning does not involve gamete fusion, which would mix genes and produce non-identical offspring. Environmental differences such as food supply explain variation between clones."},{"text":"Clones may develop differently because mutational factors, such as different parents, can affect their features.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clones are produced from the same genetic source, not different parents, and parentage is not a mutational factor. Environmental influences such as food supply can change appearance."}]},{"id":"4651fec4-09b2-4c22-863a-26e404863093","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the result of removing the nucleus from an egg cell?","back":"The egg cell's own nucleus is removed, leaving it with no genetic material of its own.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The egg cell's own nucleus is removed, leaving it with no genetic material of its own.","correct":true,"explanation":"The nucleus contains the egg cell’s chromosomes and therefore its nuclear genetic material. Removing it prepares the egg to receive a donor body-cell nucleus."},{"text":"The egg cell's own nucleus is removed, leaving it with no cell membrane of its own.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing the nucleus does not remove the surrounding cell membrane, which must remain intact. It leaves the egg without its own nuclear genetic material."},{"text":"The egg cell's own nucleus is removed, leaving it with no cytoplasm of its own.","correct":false,"explanation":"The egg’s cytoplasm is retained because it supports early development. Removing the nucleus instead removes the egg cell’s own nuclear genetic material."},{"text":"The egg cell's own nucleus is removed, leaving it with no mitochondria of its own.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitochondria remain in the egg cell’s cytoplasm after its nucleus is removed. The procedure removes the egg’s own nuclear genetic material."}]},{"id":"b840dbdd-5ea8-4fe7-b26a-ddcc70311428","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What type of nucleus is inserted during adult cell cloning?","back":"A nucleus from an ordinary body cell, often a skin cell, is inserted into the empty egg.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A nucleus from an ordinary body cell, often a skin cell, is inserted into the empty egg.","correct":true,"explanation":"Adult cell cloning transfers a diploid nucleus from an ordinary body cell into an enucleated egg, providing the complete nuclear genome for the clone."},{"text":"A nucleus from an ordinary sperm cell, often a skin cell, is inserted into the empty egg.","correct":false,"explanation":"A sperm nucleus has only half the chromosome number, and a skin cell cannot be a sperm cell. Adult cell cloning uses a body-cell nucleus."},{"text":"A nucleus from an ordinary egg cell, often a skin cell, is inserted into the empty egg.","correct":false,"explanation":"An egg-cell nucleus is haploid and a skin cell is not an egg cell. The inserted nucleus comes from an ordinary diploid body cell."},{"text":"A nucleus from an ordinary bacterial cell, often a skin cell, is inserted into the empty egg.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bacteria have no membrane-bound nucleus and are not animal skin cells. Adult cell cloning transfers a nucleus from an ordinary animal body cell."}]},{"id":"190f553b-44b4-4749-a7e1-139f2be11c3a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How is an adult-cell-cloning egg stimulated to divide?","back":"An electric shock makes the egg begin dividing as a fertilised egg would.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An electric shock makes the egg begin dividing as a fertilised egg would.","correct":true,"explanation":"The electric shock activates the unfertilised egg, causing it to begin dividing as though fertilisation had occurred."},{"text":"A chemical hormone makes the egg begin dividing as a fertilised egg would.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hormones are not used to activate the reconstructed egg in adult-cell cloning. An electric shock provides the stimulus that starts division as if fertilisation had occurred."},{"text":"A sperm cell makes the egg begin dividing as a fertilised egg would.","correct":false,"explanation":"No sperm cell is used, because adult-cell cloning avoids fertilisation. An electric shock activates the egg and triggers division after the adult nucleus has been inserted."},{"text":"A light pulse makes the egg begin dividing as a fertilised egg would.","correct":false,"explanation":"Light is not the activation method used in this process. The reconstructed egg is stimulated by an electric shock, which starts division without sperm fertilisation."}]},{"id":"773b4830-99dd-4f26-b09e-ad64a1511a0a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is the developing cell ball implanted in adult cell cloning?","back":"The cell ball is implanted into the womb of a surrogate mother.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The cell ball is implanted into the womb of a surrogate mother.","correct":true,"explanation":"After the reconstructed egg divides into a ball of cells, it is placed in the womb of a surrogate mother, where it can develop into an embryo."},{"text":"The cell ball is implanted into the ovary of a donor mother.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ovary produces and releases egg cells but is not where an embryo develops. The cell ball must be implanted into the womb of a surrogate mother."},{"text":"The cell ball is implanted into the fallopian tube of a surrogate mother.","correct":false,"explanation":"The fallopian tube is where an egg may be fertilised and transported, not where the embryo normally develops. Implantation takes place in the surrogate mother’s womb."},{"text":"The cell ball is implanted into the bloodstream of a surrogate mother.","correct":false,"explanation":"A developing embryo cannot be placed into the bloodstream. It needs the specialised lining and conditions provided by the surrogate mother’s womb."}]},{"id":"760951fd-4a1b-4ef1-97d1-0810d6ea7b49","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is an animal produced by adult cell cloning a genetic copy of the adult?","back":"The new animal is genetically identical to the adult because its nucleus came from the adult and contains the adult's genes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The new animal is genetically identical to the adult because its nucleus came from the adult and contains the adult's genes.","correct":true,"explanation":"The inserted nucleus contains the adult’s genetic material. As a result, the developing animal receives the same nuclear genes and is a genetic copy of that adult."},{"text":"The new animal is genetically identical to the adult because its egg cell came from the adult and contains the adult's genes.","correct":false,"explanation":"The egg cell comes from a donor and its own nucleus is removed, so it does not provide the adult’s nuclear genes. The adult’s nucleus supplies the genetic material."},{"text":"The new animal is genetically identical to the adult because its surrogate womb came from the adult and contains the adult's genes.","correct":false,"explanation":"The surrogate provides the womb and conditions for development, not the cloned animal’s nuclear genes. Genetic identity comes from the adult donor’s inserted nucleus."},{"text":"The new animal is genetically identical to the adult because its electric shock came from the adult and contains the adult's genes.","correct":false,"explanation":"An electric shock only activates cell division and carries no genetic information. The animal is genetically identical because its nucleus, containing the adult’s genes, was inserted."}]},{"id":"3b897bab-0374-4f9a-9f9a-b658f7e1caf3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A clone is produced without [ ].","back":"A clone is produced without sexual reproduction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"sexual reproduction","correct":true,"explanation":"Cloning produces genetically identical offspring from one parent without the fusion of gametes, so it occurs without sexual reproduction."},{"text":"cell division","correct":false,"explanation":"Cell division is involved in producing a clone, but it is not the process contrasted with cloning in this definition. A clone is produced without sexual reproduction."},{"text":"asexual reproduction","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction is the type of reproduction used in cloning, rather than something absent from it. The missing term is sexual reproduction, which involves gamete fusion."},{"text":"fertilisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Fertilisation is one event within sexual reproduction, but the standard definition states that cloning occurs without sexual reproduction. No sperm and egg fuse to form the clone."}]},{"id":"b4739460-0aef-4824-aa6e-969c4cd5bf04","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In tissue culture, plant cells are grown on a [ ].","back":"In tissue culture, plant cells are grown on a nutrient jelly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"nutrient jelly","correct":true,"explanation":"Plant cells in tissue culture are grown on a nutrient jelly, which supplies the water, minerals and other substances needed for growth."},{"text":"sterile soil","correct":false,"explanation":"Sterile soil may support some plant growth, but tissue culture uses a controlled nutrient jelly so cells receive the required substances under sterile conditions."},{"text":"dilute blood","correct":false,"explanation":"Blood is not the growth medium used for plant tissue culture. Plant cells are placed on nutrient jelly, which provides suitable nutrients and support."},{"text":"concentrated starch","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch alone does not provide the complete nutrient mixture needed by cultured plant cells. The correct medium is nutrient jelly, designed to support their growth."}]},{"id":"c1083f5e-a9c7-49cb-9762-6c7b510ce8cb","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"During embryo transplant cloning, separated embryo cells can each develop into a full [ ].","back":"During embryo transplant cloning, separated embryo cells can each develop into a full embryo.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"embryo","correct":true,"explanation":"In embryo transplant cloning, early embryo cells are separated while they can still develop independently. Each separated cell can therefore form a complete embryo."},{"text":"gamete","correct":false,"explanation":"A gamete is a sperm or egg cell and is not formed when an embryo cell develops further. Each separated embryo cell can develop into a full embryo."},{"text":"placenta","correct":false,"explanation":"The placenta supports exchange between the mother and developing fetus, but it is not the structure formed by each separated embryo cell. Each can form a full embryo."},{"text":"organ","correct":false,"explanation":"A separated early embryo cell can develop into an entire embryo, not merely one specialised organ. Specialisation into organs happens later during development."}]},{"id":"22c2e159-ea93-41c6-b608-3f9f8993ac54","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In adult cell cloning, the egg cell's own [ ] is removed before another nucleus is inserted.","back":"In adult cell cloning, the egg cell's own nucleus is removed before another nucleus is inserted.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"nucleus","correct":true,"explanation":"The egg cell’s nucleus is removed so its genetic material does not combine with or replace the adult donor nucleus inserted during cloning."},{"text":"cell membrane","correct":false,"explanation":"The cell membrane must remain to contain the reconstructed egg and respond to stimulation. It is the egg cell’s nucleus that is removed before insertion."},{"text":"cytoplasm","correct":false,"explanation":"The egg’s cytoplasm provides substances that support early development, so it is retained. The nucleus is removed to eliminate the egg’s own genetic material."},{"text":"mitochondria","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitochondria are usually present in the egg cytoplasm and provide energy for cell processes. The structure removed before nuclear transfer is the egg’s nucleus."}]},{"id":"89f3f491-30be-4047-aed4-8aa143e9e1d8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An electric shock causes the reconstructed egg to start [ ].","back":"An electric shock causes the reconstructed egg to start dividing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"dividing","correct":true,"explanation":"The electric shock activates the reconstructed egg and causes it to begin dividing, starting the early development of the cloned embryo."},{"text":"fertilising","correct":false,"explanation":"An electric shock does not cause fertilisation, because no sperm is involved. It stimulates the reconstructed egg to begin dividing without sexual reproduction."},{"text":"mutating","correct":false,"explanation":"The shock is used to activate cell division, not deliberately change the DNA. The reconstructed egg starts dividing to form the early cloned embryo."},{"text":"specialising","correct":false,"explanation":"Cell specialisation occurs later as tissues develop. Immediately after the electric shock, the reconstructed egg starts dividing into more cells."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"6.2.5 Cloning","title":"6.2.5 Cloning Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"fb087c7f-0f39-596c-b912-3348bed4b2f3","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]