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protein.","correct":false,"explanation":"Proteins are coded for by genes, but they do not make up the chromosome. The correct answer is DNA, the molecule carrying genetic information."},{"text":"A chromosome is made of one very long molecule of RNA.","correct":false,"explanation":"RNA helps use genetic information in some processes, but chromosomes are made from DNA. Confusing DNA with RNA gives the wrong molecule."},{"text":"A chromosome is made of one very long molecule of glucose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose is a sugar used in respiration, not genetic material. A chromosome consists of a very long DNA molecule containing genes."}]},{"id":"f6383f1c-14c3-4629-8c89-ede23acadd42","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where are chromosomes found in a eukaryotic cell?","back":"Chromosomes are found in the nucleus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Chromosomes are found in the nucleus.","correct":true,"explanation":"In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are contained within the nucleus, which is surrounded by a membrane and stores the cell’s genetic material."},{"text":"Chromosomes are found in the cytoplasm.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cytoplasm contains many cell reactions, but eukaryotic chromosomes are enclosed in the nucleus. The cytoplasm is not their normal location."},{"text":"Chromosomes are found in the cell membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cell membrane controls movement of substances into and out of the cell. Chromosomes are genetic structures found inside the nucleus."},{"text":"Chromosomes are found in the mitochondria.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitochondria contain a small amount of DNA, but the chromosomes referred to here are found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell."}]},{"id":"4c7d6ba4-a475-4c60-ba52-b4a2beb54320","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is a gene located?","back":"A gene is a short section of DNA on a chromosome.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A gene is a short section of DNA on a chromosome.","correct":true,"explanation":"A gene is a length of DNA containing instructions, and genes are arranged along chromosomes. This is the correct relationship between the structures."},{"text":"A gene is a short section of protein on a chromosome.","correct":false,"explanation":"Proteins are products made using gene instructions; they are not sections of chromosomes. A gene is a short section of DNA on a chromosome."},{"text":"A gene is a short section of DNA in the cytoplasm.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA in the cytoplasm is not the standard location described for genes in eukaryotic cells. Genes are sections of DNA on chromosomes."},{"text":"A gene is a short section of RNA between chromosomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"RNA is not the material or location described here. Genes are short sections of DNA positioned on chromosomes inside the nucleus."}]},{"id":"2a96a10a-5ab7-40a8-aa2f-0a00c39545b1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does each gene code for?","back":"Each gene codes for a particular protein.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each gene codes for a particular protein.","correct":true,"explanation":"The base sequence in a gene contains the instructions for making a particular protein, which can then affect a cell’s structure or function."},{"text":"Each gene codes for a particular chromosome.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosomes contain many genes rather than being produced by individual genes. A gene codes for a particular protein using its base sequence."},{"text":"Each gene codes for a particular carbohydrate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbohydrates can be made in cells, but genes at this level are described as coding for proteins, not directly for carbohydrates."},{"text":"Each gene codes for a particular cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genes do not directly code for whole cells. They code for proteins, and proteins contribute to the cell’s properties and functions."}]},{"id":"102bbf2e-317f-40e0-b7dc-2934c4b0c2f7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does a gene control a characteristic?","back":"The protein produced helps control a characteristic.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The protein produced helps control a characteristic.","correct":true,"explanation":"A gene codes for a protein, and the protein’s effects help determine a characteristic such as eye colour, blood group or enzyme activity."},{"text":"The protein produced helps control a chromosome.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosomes carry genes and are not the characteristic controlled in this statement. The protein produced by a gene helps control a characteristic."},{"text":"The protein produced helps control a nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"The nucleus stores chromosomes but is not the outcome being described. Gene-produced proteins help control characteristics expressed by an organism."},{"text":"The protein produced helps control a species.","correct":false,"explanation":"A species is a group of organisms, not an individual characteristic. Proteins produced from genes help control particular characteristics in organisms."}]},{"id":"f82ff4c7-9648-4619-8eba-1ac976870440","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How are genes distributed along a chromosome?","back":"Each chromosome carries a large number of genes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each chromosome carries a large number of genes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Genes are arranged along chromosomes, and each chromosome normally contains many different genes at particular positions."},{"text":"Each chromosome carries a single gene only.","correct":false,"explanation":"A chromosome is much longer than one gene and carries many genes. Treating each chromosome as one gene confuses their relative sizes."},{"text":"Each chromosome carries a large number of proteins.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosomes contain DNA and genes, which provide instructions for proteins. The proteins are products of gene expression, not what chromosomes carry."},{"text":"Each chromosome carries a single characteristic only.","correct":false,"explanation":"A chromosome contains many genes, potentially influencing many characteristics. It is not limited to carrying instructions for one characteristic."}]},{"id":"d84542c1-be57-44b4-9ec8-e1f322b0bb87","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do chromosomes become visible when a cell is about to divide?","back":"They condense into visible shapes before cell division.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They condense into visible shapes before cell division.","correct":true,"explanation":"Before division, the long DNA molecules coil and condense, making the chromosomes shorter and thicker so they can be seen with a microscope."},{"text":"They dissolve into visible shapes before cell division.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dissolving would make chromosomes less organised and less visible. They become visible because the DNA condenses into shorter, thicker structures."},{"text":"They replicate into visible shapes before cell division.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosomes do replicate before division, but replication alone does not make them visible. Condensation is the process that produces visible shapes."},{"text":"They stretch into visible shapes before cell division.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stretching would make the DNA longer and thinner, making it harder to see. Chromosomes become visible when they condense."}]},{"id":"18674169-82e4-411d-8938-3c189b316178","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How many chromosomes and pairs are in a human body cell?","back":"A human body cell has 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A human body cell has 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs.","correct":true,"explanation":"Human body cells are diploid, containing 46 chromosomes arranged as 23 pairs, with one chromosome of each pair inherited from each parent."},{"text":"A human body cell has 23 chromosomes in 23 pairs.","correct":false,"explanation":"The value 23 is the number of pairs, not the total number of chromosomes. Body cells contain 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs."},{"text":"A human body cell has 46 chromosomes in 46 pairs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Each pair contains two chromosomes, so 46 chromosomes form 23 pairs. Counting each chromosome as a separate pair doubles the pair number."},{"text":"A human body cell has 92 chromosomes in 46 pairs.","correct":false,"explanation":"This doubles both the chromosome and pair counts. Normal human body cells contain 46 chromosomes, arranged into 23 pairs."}]},{"id":"668c6b34-065f-4ce5-9b15-54912b95c899","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Where do the two chromosomes in each pair come from?","back":"

One chromosome comes from the mother.
The other comes from the father.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

One chromosome comes from the mother.
The other comes from the father.

","correct":true,"explanation":"A child inherits one chromosome in each homologous pair from the mother and the other chromosome from the father."},{"text":"

One chromosome comes from the father.
The other comes from the mother.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The listed order reverses the specified sources. The correct description is one chromosome from the mother followed by the other from the father."},{"text":"

Both chromosomes come from the mother.
Neither comes from the father.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Each parent contributes one chromosome to every pair. Both chromosomes do not normally come from the mother."},{"text":"

Both chromosomes come from the father.
Neither comes from the mother.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The father contributes one chromosome and the mother contributes the other. A pair is not inherited entirely from the father."}]},{"id":"b2356824-5f0e-4a5f-9f89-4496507d1cf7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What term describes a cell whose chromosomes occur in pairs?","back":"Diploid.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Diploid.","correct":true,"explanation":"Diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes, arranged in pairs. Human body cells are diploid because they have 23 chromosome pairs."},{"text":"Haploid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes, such as human gametes. Cells with chromosome pairs are diploid."},{"text":"Dominant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dominant describes an allele’s effect when different alleles are present, not a cell containing chromosome pairs. The correct term is diploid."},{"text":"Homozygous.","correct":false,"explanation":"Homozygous means having two identical alleles for a gene. It does not describe the general presence of chromosome pairs; that term is diploid."}]},{"id":"6266e172-2d99-493e-ac30-2c8e435dbbba","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How does chromosome number vary between species?","back":"Different species have different chromosome numbers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Different species have different chromosome numbers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Chromosome number is characteristic of a species, so different species generally have different numbers of chromosomes in their body cells."},{"text":"Different species have the same chromosome numbers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Species are not defined as having one universal chromosome number. Different species usually have characteristic chromosome numbers that differ."},{"text":"Different species have identical gene numbers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gene number and chromosome number are separate ideas, and this does not answer the question about chromosome-number variation between species."},{"text":"Different species have random chromosome numbers in every cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cells of the same species generally maintain the species-specific chromosome number. It is not random in every normal body cell."}]},{"id":"b934c9f8-946c-448f-9612-8b424c0a4c68","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the chromosome number of a horse?","back":"A horse has 64 chromosomes in 32 pairs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A horse has 64 chromosomes in 32 pairs.","correct":true,"explanation":"The diploid chromosome number of a horse is 64, which forms 32 homologous pairs in a typical horse body cell."},{"text":"A horse has 32 chromosomes in 16 pairs.","correct":false,"explanation":"This halves the horse’s diploid chromosome number, likely confusing the number of pairs with the total number of chromosomes."},{"text":"A horse has 64 chromosomes in 64 pairs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Two chromosomes make each pair, so 64 chromosomes form 32 pairs, not 64 pairs."},{"text":"A horse has 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs.","correct":false,"explanation":"46 chromosomes in 23 pairs is the human body-cell number. Horses have a different chromosome number: 64 in 32 pairs."}]},{"id":"c5fc84de-0a03-4f4f-ad1e-8042be6a0373","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do red blood cells have no chromosomes?","back":"They lose their nucleus, so they have no chromosomes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They lose their nucleus, so they have no chromosomes.","correct":true,"explanation":"During development, red blood cells lose their nucleus. Because chromosomes are located in the nucleus, mature red blood cells have no chromosomes."},{"text":"They lose their cytoplasm, so they have no chromosomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Red blood cells retain cytoplasm, which contains haemoglobin. They lack chromosomes because they lose their nucleus, not their cytoplasm."},{"text":"They lose their cell membrane, so they have no chromosomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"A red blood cell needs its cell membrane to keep its shape and contain its contents. Its chromosomes are absent because the nucleus is lost."},{"text":"They lose their mitochondria, so they have no chromosomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mature red blood cells lose mitochondria, but chromosomes are contained in the nucleus. The absence of chromosomes results from losing the nucleus."}]},{"id":"d3b7e14d-bbab-48b2-aa02-d8d3fcddc0ab","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Put nucleus, chromosome and gene in order from largest to smallest.","back":"Nucleus → chromosome → gene.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Nucleus → chromosome → gene.","correct":true,"explanation":"The nucleus contains chromosomes, and chromosomes contain genes. Therefore, the order from largest structure to smallest is nucleus, chromosome, then gene."},{"text":"Gene → chromosome → nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"This gives the order from smallest to largest, not largest to smallest. The required order is nucleus, chromosome, then gene."},{"text":"Chromosome → nucleus → gene.","correct":false,"explanation":"A chromosome is found inside the nucleus, so it cannot be larger than the nucleus in this structural relationship. The correct order begins with nucleus."},{"text":"Nucleus → gene → chromosome.","correct":false,"explanation":"A gene is a section of DNA on a chromosome, so it is smaller than the chromosome. The chromosome must come before the gene."}]},{"id":"20e92eb1-e503-4ac1-81fa-d00b03079751","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Chromosomes are usually too [ ].","back":"Chromosomes are usually too thin to see.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"thin to see","correct":true,"explanation":"Chromosomes are normally long, thin DNA structures that cannot easily be seen with a light microscope until they condense before cell division."},{"text":"small to see","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosomes are difficult to see mainly because they are long and thin when uncondensed. The correct phrase is thin to see."},{"text":"short to see","correct":false,"explanation":"Uncondensed chromosomes are long rather than short. They become shorter and thicker through condensation, making them visible before division."},{"text":"light to see","correct":false,"explanation":"Visibility here depends on the chromosome’s thin shape, not its mass or weight. Uncondensed chromosomes are usually too thin to see."}]},{"id":"e3c02c9f-1c4a-4d55-80ee-44e1504757e9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A chromosome forms when a long DNA molecule is [ ].","back":"A chromosome forms when a long DNA molecule is coiled up tightly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"coiled up tightly","correct":true,"explanation":"A chromosome forms when the long DNA molecule coils up tightly, making the structure shorter and thicker and therefore visible during cell division."},{"text":"stretched out loosely","correct":false,"explanation":"Stretching DNA makes it longer and thinner, the opposite of the condensation needed to form a visible chromosome. The correct process is tight coiling."},{"text":"cut into equal pieces","correct":false,"explanation":"A chromosome is not formed by cutting DNA into pieces. The long DNA molecule is packaged by coiling tightly."},{"text":"dissolved in the nucleus","correct":false,"explanation":"Dissolving would not package DNA into a chromosome. The molecule forms a chromosome when it coils up tightly inside the nucleus."}]},{"id":"83794940-2168-402a-9429-14e883ae28ce","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] along a chromosome stores the cell's coded instructions.","back":"The order of DNA along a chromosome stores the cell's coded instructions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"order of DNA","correct":true,"explanation":"The order of DNA bases along a chromosome contains the coded instructions needed by the cell, because different base sequences carry different genetic information."},{"text":"number of chromosomes","correct":false,"explanation":"The number of chromosomes describes chromosome count, not the information stored along one chromosome. The correct answer is order of DNA, because its base sequence carries coded instructions."},{"text":"cell membrane","correct":false,"explanation":"The cell membrane controls movement of substances into and out of the cell, but it does not store genetic information. The correct answer is order of DNA, whose sequence carries the instructions."},{"text":"cytoplasm","correct":false,"explanation":"The cytoplasm is where many chemical reactions occur, so it is not the location of coded genetic instructions. The correct answer is order of DNA along the chromosome."}]},{"id":"04b905bd-8668-4cc8-8a96-560411cffb15","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The order of DNA along a chromosome stores the cell's [ ].","back":"The order of DNA along a chromosome stores the cell's coded instructions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"coded instructions","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA stores genetic information as coded instructions. The particular order of its bases provides the information that directs cell processes and helps determine characteristics."},{"text":"chemical reactions","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical reactions happen in cells, but they are not what the order of DNA stores. The correct answer is coded instructions, represented by the sequence of DNA bases."},{"text":"cell structures","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA contains information for making proteins and controlling processes, rather than storing cell structures themselves. The correct answer is coded instructions."},{"text":"energy supplies","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy supplies are obtained and stored through substances such as glucose and ATP, not directly as the order of DNA. The correct answer is coded instructions."}]},{"id":"160cf52c-7647-4da0-ab83-4d75e178cebc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] is part of a DNA molecule, while the DNA is coiled into a chromosome.","back":"A gene is part of a DNA molecule, while the DNA is coiled into a chromosome.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"gene","correct":true,"explanation":"A gene is a section of a DNA molecule that contains instructions for a particular characteristic or protein. DNA is then coiled and packaged into chromosomes."},{"text":"chromosome","correct":false,"explanation":"A chromosome is a long, coiled DNA molecule containing many genes, so it is not a smaller part of DNA. The correct answer is gene."},{"text":"allele","correct":false,"explanation":"An allele is a version of a gene, such as an allele for a particular characteristic, rather than the general DNA section described here. The correct answer is gene."},{"text":"base pair","correct":false,"explanation":"A base pair is one small matching unit within DNA, not a section carrying instructions for a characteristic. The correct answer is gene."}]},{"id":"d47e0a51-412a-4188-bd42-a8c1507bd9fc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A gene is part of a DNA molecule, while the DNA is coiled into a [ ].","back":"A gene is part of a DNA molecule, while the DNA is coiled into a chromosome.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"chromosome","correct":true,"explanation":"A chromosome is formed when a long DNA molecule is coiled and packaged. Genes are smaller sections of that DNA molecule."},{"text":"gene","correct":false,"explanation":"A gene is a section of a DNA molecule, so it cannot describe the whole coiled structure containing the DNA. The correct answer is chromosome."},{"text":"nucleus","correct":false,"explanation":"The nucleus is the cell structure that contains chromosomes, not the structure into which DNA itself is coiled. The correct answer is chromosome."},{"text":"allele","correct":false,"explanation":"An allele is an alternative version of a gene and is not a coiled DNA structure. The correct answer is chromosome, which contains coiled DNA."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"1.2.1 Chromosomes","title":"1.2.1 Chromosomes Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"3a9a819e-10ed-55f2-b557-ecd418f99496","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]