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division.","correct":false,"explanation":"Controlled division produces healthy replacement or growth cells, not a tumour. A tumour is a mass of abnormal cells produced by uncontrolled cell division."},{"text":"A single damaged cell that has stopped dividing.","correct":false,"explanation":"A stopped cell cannot form a mass through repeated division. A tumour develops when abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and accumulate."},{"text":"A layer of cells that protects an organ from infection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protective cell layers are tissues such as epithelial tissue, not tumours. A tumour is a mass of abnormal cells produced by uncontrolled cell division."}]},{"id":"002f5a24-3a89-4634-8119-9a058444b3ee","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does cancer develop?","back":"Mutations alter genes controlling cell division, causing cells to divide uncontrollably.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mutations alter genes controlling cell division, causing cells to divide uncontrollably.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mutations can change genes that regulate the cell cycle, removing normal controls and allowing cells to divide uncontrollably, which can produce cancer."},{"text":"Enzymes digest genes controlling cell division, causing cells to divide uncontrollably.","correct":false,"explanation":"Enzymes do not generally cause cancer by digesting cell-division genes. Mutations alter genes controlling cell division and can make cells divide uncontrollably."},{"text":"Hormones replace genes controlling cell division, causing cells to divide uncontrollably.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hormones can influence cell activity but do not replace the genes controlling the cell cycle. Mutations in these genes can cause uncontrolled division."},{"text":"Antibodies remove genes controlling cell division, causing cells to divide uncontrollably.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies target specific foreign substances or abnormal markers, rather than removing cell-cycle genes. Cancer can develop when mutations alter genes controlling cell division."}]},{"id":"b9410bce-dd13-4ab9-a59d-b64267b378b7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How is normal cell division controlled?","back":"Normally, mitosis is controlled by genes in the cell cycle.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Normally, mitosis is controlled by genes in the cell cycle.","correct":true,"explanation":"Genes within the cell cycle regulate when mitosis occurs and when it stops, ensuring that normal cells divide in a controlled way."},{"text":"Normally, meiosis is controlled by genes in the cell cycle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meiosis produces gametes and is not the ordinary growth-and-repair division described here. Normal body-cell division is mitosis, controlled by cell-cycle genes."},{"text":"Normally, diffusion is controlled by genes in the cell cycle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion is the movement of particles down a concentration gradient, not cell division. Genes in the cell cycle control mitosis in normal cells."},{"text":"Normally, respiration is controlled by genes in the cell cycle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration releases energy from glucose and is not the process that produces new cells. Cell-cycle genes control mitosis during normal cell division."}]},{"id":"50cbd856-67db-4fd3-a003-46f18f20233a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does uncontrolled cell division produce?","back":"The uncontrolled division forms a mass of cells called a tumour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The uncontrolled division forms a mass of cells called a tumour.","correct":true,"explanation":"When cells divide repeatedly without normal control, the resulting accumulated mass is called a tumour."},{"text":"The uncontrolled division forms a mass of cells called a tissue.","correct":false,"explanation":"A tissue is a group of specialised cells working together and is not necessarily abnormal. The mass formed by uncontrolled division is a tumour."},{"text":"The uncontrolled division forms a mass of cells called an organ.","correct":false,"explanation":"An organ contains several tissues and performs a particular function, so it is not the name for this abnormal cell mass. The correct term is tumour."},{"text":"The uncontrolled division forms a mass of cells called a membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"A membrane is a thin boundary or covering, not a mass created by cell division. Uncontrolled division forms a tumour."}]},{"id":"922a5f7f-bdb8-4b33-91bd-6cdc27ffec75","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to the cells of a benign tumour?","back":"A benign tumour remains contained in one area, usually inside a membrane.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A benign tumour remains contained in one area, usually inside a membrane.","correct":true,"explanation":"Benign tumours are usually enclosed by a membrane, keeping their cells contained in one area rather than allowing them to invade nearby tissues."},{"text":"A benign tumour remains contained in one area, usually inside a capsule.","correct":false,"explanation":"A capsule can sound like a protective covering, but the term required here is membrane. Benign tumours are usually contained inside a membrane."},{"text":"A benign tumour remains contained in one area, usually inside a blood vessel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Blood vessels transport blood and are not the usual boundary enclosing a benign tumour. The tumour is usually contained inside a membrane."},{"text":"A benign tumour remains contained in one area, usually inside a lymph node.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lymph nodes are immune-system structures, not the general enclosing boundary of benign tumours. Benign tumours are usually contained inside a membrane."}]},{"id":"216e4d9d-162e-44ba-9d7e-d8594805d936","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why do benign tumours usually stay in one place?","back":"Benign tumour cells do not invade other parts of the body.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Benign tumour cells do not invade other parts of the body.","correct":true,"explanation":"Benign tumour cells stay in their original area because they do not invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body."},{"text":"Benign tumour cells do not divide other parts of the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"The wording confuses division with movement into other tissues. Benign cells may continue dividing, but they do not invade other parts of the body."},{"text":"Benign tumour cells do not oxygenate other parts of the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygenation is not the process that determines whether tumour cells spread. Benign tumour cells remain local because they do not invade other body parts."},{"text":"Benign tumour cells do not digest other parts of the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Digestion is not the defining difference between benign and malignant tumours. Benign tumour cells stay local because they do not invade other parts of the body."}]},{"id":"2a95717d-466c-419f-adbf-5661a47d0fa3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Can a benign tumour be dangerous?","back":"Yes. It can grow large and press on an organ, damaging it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Yes. It can grow large and press on an organ, damaging it.","correct":true,"explanation":"Although benign tumours do not invade or spread, their increasing size can exert pressure on nearby organs and interfere with their function."},{"text":"No. It cannot cause harm because it does not spread.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lack of spreading does not make a tumour harmless. A benign tumour can grow large and press on an organ, damaging it."},{"text":"Yes. It always spreads rapidly through the blood.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rapid blood-borne spread is associated with malignant tumours, not benign tumours. A benign tumour can still be dangerous by pressing on an organ."},{"text":"No. It is removed automatically by the immune system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The immune system does not automatically remove every benign tumour. It can become dangerous if its growth puts pressure on and damages an organ."}]},{"id":"d24d8e7f-7f39-4176-9790-e55674b79d6c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What makes a malignant tumour different from a benign tumour?","back":"A malignant tumour is cancerous and invades neighbouring healthy tissues.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A malignant tumour is cancerous and invades neighbouring healthy tissues.","correct":true,"explanation":"Malignant tumours are cancerous because their cells invade nearby healthy tissues and may also spread to distant parts of the body."},{"text":"A malignant tumour is harmless and remains inside a membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"Remaining contained inside a membrane describes a typical benign tumour. Malignant tumours are cancerous and invade neighbouring healthy tissues."},{"text":"A malignant tumour is temporary and disappears without treatment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Malignant tumours do not normally disappear without treatment. Their cancerous cells invade neighbouring healthy tissues and can continue spreading."},{"text":"A malignant tumour is non-cancerous and cannot grow further.","correct":false,"explanation":"Malignant means cancerous, and these tumours can continue growing and invading tissues. Non-cancerous, contained tumours are benign."}]},{"id":"b596f192-61d4-4e23-a1bb-34ac3f6bd2be","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How can malignant tumour cells reach other parts of the body?","back":"They spread through the blood or lymphatic system.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They spread through the blood or lymphatic system.","correct":true,"explanation":"Malignant cells can enter blood vessels or lymphatic vessels, which transport them away from the original tumour to other parts of the body."},{"text":"They spread through the digestive or nervous system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The digestive and nervous systems are not the main transport routes named for metastatic tumour cells. They spread through the blood or lymphatic system."},{"text":"They spread through the muscular or skeletal system.","correct":false,"explanation":"Muscles and bones do not provide the principal transport networks for malignant cells. The relevant routes are the blood or lymphatic system."},{"text":"They spread through the respiratory or reproductive system.","correct":false,"explanation":"These systems may contain organs affected by cancer, but they are not the general transport routes for spreading tumour cells. The blood or lymphatic system carries them."}]},{"id":"a086fc53-8cda-45c5-9ca2-b1afc7dd36fd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens when malignant tumour cells lodge in another body part?","back":"They lodge elsewhere and grow into secondary tumours.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They lodge elsewhere and grow into secondary tumours.","correct":true,"explanation":"When malignant cells travel and become established in another body part, they can divide there and form secondary tumours."},{"text":"They lodge elsewhere and grow into benign tumours.","correct":false,"explanation":"A tumour formed after malignant cells spread is not classified as benign. These cells can establish secondary tumours in another body part."},{"text":"They lodge elsewhere and grow into scar tissue.","correct":false,"explanation":"Scar tissue forms during tissue repair, not when metastatic cancer cells establish themselves elsewhere. Lodged malignant cells can grow into secondary tumours."},{"text":"They lodge elsewhere and grow into antibodies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are proteins made by immune cells and cannot grow from lodged tumour cells. Spread malignant cells can develop into secondary tumours."}]},{"id":"b1ca1cc0-19e4-4acc-bdbd-6d0de1d234dc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are malignant tumours difficult to treat?","back":"Secondary tumours make malignant tumours dangerous and hard to treat.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Secondary tumours make malignant tumours dangerous and hard to treat.","correct":true,"explanation":"Secondary tumours can occur in multiple body locations, making it difficult to remove or target all the cancerous tissue and increasing the danger."},{"text":"Secondary tumours make malignant tumours dangerous and easy to treat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tumours in several locations are harder, not easier, to remove or target. Secondary tumours make malignant cancer dangerous and hard to treat."},{"text":"Secondary tumours make malignant tumours dangerous and unable to divide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Secondary tumours result from malignant cells continuing to divide, so spreading does not stop division. Their presence makes the cancer hard to treat."},{"text":"Secondary tumours make malignant tumours dangerous and contained in one area.","correct":false,"explanation":"Secondary tumours show that the cancer is no longer contained in one area. Their spread makes malignant tumours dangerous and hard to treat."}]},{"id":"4b4d1a53-4bc5-4eca-b4b6-e671eacc5062","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which type of tumour is cancer?","back":"Only malignant tumours are cancer; benign tumours are not cancerous.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Only malignant tumours are cancer; benign tumours are not cancerous.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cancer refers to malignant tumours, whose cells invade healthy tissues and may spread. Benign tumours remain local and are not cancerous."},{"text":"Only benign tumours are cancer; malignant tumours are not cancerous.","correct":false,"explanation":"The terms have been reversed. Malignant tumours are cancerous, whereas benign tumours are not cancerous."},{"text":"Only secondary tumours are cancer; primary tumours are not cancerous.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both primary malignant tumours and the secondary tumours formed after spreading are cancerous. Benign tumours are the non-cancerous type."},{"text":"Only all tumours are cancer; there is no difference between them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Not all tumours are cancerous because benign tumours do not invade or spread. Only malignant tumours are classified as cancer."}]},{"id":"2a8d3c37-c45c-4727-84a7-767bc0154e7b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can a carcinogen cause cancer?","back":"A carcinogen is a substance or type of radiation that causes cancer by producing mutations.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A carcinogen is a substance or type of radiation that causes cancer by producing mutations.","correct":true,"explanation":"Carcinogens increase cancer risk by causing mutations, which may alter genes that control cell division and allow cells to divide uncontrollably."},{"text":"A carcinogen is a substance or type of radiation that causes cancer by producing antibodies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies help defend against specific foreign substances and do not normally cause cancer. Carcinogens can cause mutations that disrupt control of cell division."},{"text":"A carcinogen is a substance or type of radiation that causes cancer by producing hormones.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hormones regulate body processes but are not the defining cancer-causing change described here. Carcinogens cause mutations that can disrupt cell-cycle control."},{"text":"A carcinogen is a substance or type of radiation that causes cancer by producing enzymes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Enzymes catalyse chemical reactions, but producing enzymes is not the mechanism identified here. Carcinogens can cause mutations leading to uncontrolled cell division."}]},{"id":"02e07dd9-2f58-4cb8-bdb5-c4e8076ad792","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which carcinogen in tobacco smoke raises the risk of lung cancer?","back":"Tar in tobacco smoke is a carcinogen linked to lung cancer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Tar in tobacco smoke is a carcinogen linked to lung cancer.","correct":true,"explanation":"Tar contains carcinogenic chemicals that can cause mutations in lung cells, increasing the risk that they develop into cancer."},{"text":"Nicotine in tobacco smoke is a carcinogen linked to lung cancer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nicotine is addictive and keeps people dependent on tobacco, but the carcinogen identified here is tar. Tar contains chemicals that can cause cancer."},{"text":"Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke is a carcinogen linked to lung cancer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon monoxide reduces the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity, but it is not the carcinogen named in these notes. Tar is linked to lung cancer."},{"text":"Oxygen in tobacco smoke is a carcinogen linked to lung cancer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration and is not the carcinogen in tobacco smoke. Tar contains cancer-causing substances linked to lung cancer."}]},{"id":"8ff21a58-257c-4329-a4c2-d0d4c7fd18d2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which cancers are linked to smoking in the notes?","back":"Smoking exposes the body to carcinogens in tar, increasing the risk of lung, mouth and throat cancer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Smoking exposes the body to carcinogens in tar, increasing the risk of lung, mouth and throat cancer.","correct":true,"explanation":"Tar in tobacco smoke contains carcinogens, so smoking increases the risk of cancers in tissues directly exposed to smoke, including the lungs, mouth and throat."},{"text":"Smoking exposes the body to carcinogens in tar, increasing the risk of liver, kidney and bone cancer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Smoking can affect wider health, but this is not the set of cancers specified in the notes. The listed risks are lung, mouth and throat cancer."},{"text":"Smoking exposes the body to carcinogens in tar, increasing the risk of skin, eye and brain cancer.","correct":false,"explanation":"These cancers are not the smoking-related set identified here. The notes link carcinogens in tobacco smoke to lung, mouth and throat cancer."},{"text":"Smoking exposes the body to carcinogens in tar, increasing the risk of stomach, muscle and blood cancer.","correct":false,"explanation":"This combination does not match the cancers linked to smoking in the notes. The expected answer is lung, mouth and throat cancer."}]},{"id":"e18e1331-e79e-4be6-9bff-a5c0aaa7cf9f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which type of radiation from the Sun raises skin-cancer risk?","back":"UV light from the Sun raises the risk of skin cancer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"UV light from the Sun raises the risk of skin cancer.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ultraviolet light can damage DNA in skin cells, causing mutations that increase the chance of uncontrolled cell division and skin cancer."},{"text":"Infrared light from the Sun raises the risk of skin cancer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Infrared radiation is mainly associated with heating, whereas ultraviolet light can damage DNA and increase skin-cancer risk."},{"text":"Visible light from the Sun raises the risk of skin cancer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Visible light allows vision but is not the type of solar radiation identified here as increasing skin-cancer risk. UV light can damage skin-cell DNA."},{"text":"Radio waves from the Sun raises the risk of skin cancer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Radio waves are a different part of the electromagnetic spectrum and are not the radiation named in this GCSE explanation. UV light raises skin-cancer risk."}]},{"id":"81f86b00-a420-4a39-9eb4-65148bb226ce","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which cancers are linked to obesity?","back":"Obesity is linked to bowel, liver and kidney cancer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Obesity is linked to bowel, liver and kidney cancer.","correct":true,"explanation":"Excess body fat can alter hormone levels and promote chronic inflammation, increasing the risk of several cancers, including bowel, liver and kidney cancer."},{"text":"Obesity is linked to lung, mouth and throat cancer.","correct":false,"explanation":"These cancers are primarily associated with smoking and other tobacco use, not obesity. At GCSE, the cancers linked to obesity are bowel, liver and kidney cancer."},{"text":"Obesity is linked to skin, bone and brain cancer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Skin cancer is strongly linked to ultraviolet radiation, while bone and brain cancers are not the specified obesity-related examples. Obesity is linked to bowel, liver and kidney cancer."},{"text":"Obesity is linked to cervical, lung and skin cancer.","correct":false,"explanation":"This combines cancers associated with HPV, smoking and ultraviolet radiation. The GCSE examples specifically linked to obesity are bowel, liver and kidney cancer."}]},{"id":"db2f091d-cd93-4207-9305-850a1ec93410","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can a virus infection increase cancer risk?","back":"Some virus infections raise cancer risk; for example, HPV can lead to cervical cancer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Some virus infections raise cancer risk; for example, HPV can lead to cervical cancer.","correct":true,"explanation":"Some HPV infections cause changes to cervical cells that can eventually become cancerous, so persistent infection increases a person’s risk of developing cervical cancer."},{"text":"Some virus infections raise cancer risk; for example, influenza can lead to cervical cancer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Influenza infects the respiratory system and does not cause cervical cancer. Persistent infection with certain types of HPV can alter cervical cells and increase cancer risk."},{"text":"Some virus infections raise cancer risk; for example, HPV can lead to lung cancer.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses two major cancer risk factors: HPV is associated with cervical cancer, whereas lung cancer is most strongly linked to carcinogens in tobacco smoke."},{"text":"Some virus infections raise cancer risk; for example, HIV can lead to cervical cancer.","correct":false,"explanation":"HIV weakens the immune system but is not the virus that directly causes cervical cell changes. Certain types of HPV can lead to cervical cancer."}]},{"id":"7d18c3dc-911e-4108-8eba-1f3bcbe72a84","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can inherited genes increase cancer risk?","back":"The inherited faulty BRCA genes make breast and ovarian cancer more likely.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The inherited faulty BRCA genes make breast and ovarian cancer more likely.","correct":true,"explanation":"Inherited faulty versions of BRCA genes reduce the cell’s ability to control or repair damage, increasing the likelihood of breast and ovarian cancer developing."},{"text":"The inherited faulty BRCA genes make lung and skin cancer more likely.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses inherited risk with environmental causes: lung and skin cancers are strongly associated with tobacco smoke and ultraviolet radiation. Faulty BRCA genes increase breast and ovarian cancer risk."},{"text":"The inherited faulty CFTR genes make breast and ovarian cancer more likely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Faulty CFTR genes cause cystic fibrosis rather than the recognised inherited predisposition to these cancers. Faulty BRCA genes make breast and ovarian cancer more likely."},{"text":"The inherited faulty BRCA genes make cervical and liver cancer more likely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cervical cancer is commonly linked to HPV, while liver cancer has other risk factors. Inherited faulty BRCA genes particularly increase breast and ovarian cancer risk."}]},{"id":"0b8e0671-c936-4f83-8471-73e6932446d6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Cancer risk increases with [ ].","back":"Cancer risk increases with age.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"age","correct":true,"explanation":"Cancer risk rises with age because mutations can accumulate through repeated cell divisions and longer exposure to carcinogens, making uncontrolled cell growth increasingly likely."},{"text":"youth","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship between age and cancer risk. Cancer becomes more likely with age because genetic mutations and exposure to carcinogens accumulate over time."},{"text":"exercise","correct":false,"explanation":"Regular exercise generally lowers the risk of some cancers rather than increasing it. Cancer risk increases with age as mutations accumulate over a person’s lifetime."},{"text":"vaccination","correct":false,"explanation":"Vaccination can reduce cancer risk by preventing infections such as HPV rather than increasing it. The general factor that increases cancer risk is age."}]},{"id":"d0df0a58-fe52-4c1c-a594-364cc8bf73fe","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Smoking raises cancer risk because tobacco smoke contains the carcinogen [ ].","back":"Smoking raises cancer risk because tobacco smoke contains the carcinogen tar.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"tar","correct":true,"explanation":"Tar contains carcinogenic chemicals that can damage DNA in cells lining the lungs and airways, increasing the chance that these cells divide uncontrollably."},{"text":"nicotine","correct":false,"explanation":"Nicotine causes addiction but is not the main carcinogen identified in tobacco smoke at GCSE. Tar contains carcinogenic chemicals that damage DNA and increase cancer risk."},{"text":"carbon monoxide","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon monoxide reduces the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity by binding to haemoglobin, but it is not the named carcinogen. Tar contains the cancer-causing chemicals."},{"text":"water vapour","correct":false,"explanation":"Water vapour is not the cancer-causing component of tobacco smoke. Tar contains carcinogenic substances that can damage cellular DNA and trigger uncontrolled division."}]},{"id":"ccb61181-8e3a-496c-af49-88cf790bc04b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Cells that spread through the blood or lymph can form [ ].","back":"Cells that spread through the blood or lymph can form secondary tumours.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"secondary tumours","correct":true,"explanation":"Malignant cells can travel in the blood or lymph, settle elsewhere in the body and divide, producing secondary tumours at new sites."},{"text":"primary tumours","correct":false,"explanation":"A primary tumour is the original tumour where cancer first develops, not a growth formed after cells spread. Disseminated cancer cells can form secondary tumours."},{"text":"blood clots","correct":false,"explanation":"Blood clots form through platelets and clotting proteins, not through the division of transported cancer cells. Spread cancer cells can instead establish secondary tumours."},{"text":"immune antibodies","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to antigens; they are not masses of cancer cells. Spread malignant cells can form secondary tumours."}]},{"id":"54293734-ccbc-4ee6-a1cb-99252eb8fd7f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A tumour whose cells invade neighbouring tissues is [ ].","back":"A tumour whose cells invade neighbouring tissues is malignant.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"malignant","correct":true,"explanation":"A malignant tumour invades surrounding tissues and its cells may enter the blood or lymph, allowing cancer to spread and form secondary tumours."},{"text":"benign","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the distinction between tumour types. Benign tumours remain in one place, whereas a tumour that invades neighbouring tissues is malignant."},{"text":"infectious","correct":false,"explanation":"Infectious describes a disease that can be transmitted by a pathogen, not a tumour’s behaviour. A tissue-invading tumour is described as malignant."},{"text":"inherited","correct":false,"explanation":"Inherited describes genetic information passed from parents, not whether tumour cells invade nearby tissue. A tumour that invades neighbouring tissues is malignant."}]},{"id":"45ebd741-368c-4d0d-b9fd-13795804c1ca","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A tumour whose cells stay in one place is [ ].","back":"A tumour whose cells stay in one place is benign.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"benign","correct":true,"explanation":"A benign tumour remains in its original location and does not invade neighbouring tissues or spread through the blood or lymph to distant sites."},{"text":"malignant","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the definitions. Malignant tumours invade neighbouring tissues and may spread, whereas a tumour whose cells remain in one place is benign."},{"text":"metastatic","correct":false,"explanation":"Metastatic cancer has spread from its original site to other parts of the body, so it does not remain in one place. A localised, non-invasive tumour is benign."},{"text":"infectious","correct":false,"explanation":"Infectious means capable of being transmitted through a pathogen and does not classify a tumour’s invasiveness. A tumour that stays in one place is benign."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"2.2.7 Cancer","title":"2.2.7 Cancer Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"2f59e786-1961-511a-9f89-2596792a1fb7","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]