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24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/gcse/biology/aqa/blood/flashcards","label":"2.2.3 Blood","subjectCode":"gcse_biology__aqa","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"8a456d7f-7d39-48aa-a071-2cadddd632d9","title":"2.2.3 Blood Flashcards","topicId":"9f977c19-070f-564a-9477-c8145c7de610","topicSlug":"blood","cards":[{"id":"f0efff16-50e6-4dab-8926-9b15d6017a30","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What are the four parts of blood?","back":"

Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

","correct":true,"explanation":"These are the four components of blood: plasma transports substances, red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells defend against pathogens, and platelets help clotting."},{"text":"

Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Lymph

","correct":false,"explanation":"Lymph is tissue fluid transported through the lymphatic system, not one of the four blood components. The correct fourth component is platelets, which help blood clot."},{"text":"

Water
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

","correct":false,"explanation":"Water is the main substance in plasma, but it is not treated as a separate blood component. The correct component is plasma, which contains water and dissolved substances."},{"text":"

Plasma
Red blood cells
Antibodies
Platelets

","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are proteins produced by lymphocytes, not a cellular component of blood. The correct third component is white blood cells, which include lymphocytes and phagocytes."}]},{"id":"1adb693b-31ed-4114-a151-11515470154e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What percentage of blood is plasma?","back":"About 55%.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"About 55%.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plasma makes up about 55% of blood, while the remaining 45% consists mainly of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets."},{"text":"About 45%.","correct":false,"explanation":"About 45% is the approximate proportion occupied by blood cells and platelets, not plasma. Plasma makes up the remaining larger proportion, about 55%."},{"text":"About 65%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overestimates the plasma proportion by about ten percentage points. The standard GCSE value is about 55%, with cells and platelets making up roughly 45%."},{"text":"About 35%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This underestimates the amount of plasma and is close to neither the standard value nor the proportion of blood cells. Plasma accounts for about 55% of blood."}]},{"id":"69a58e98-f063-4b1c-9e5b-02c853d7af9a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does plasma transport digested food to body cells?","back":"It carries dissolved glucose and amino acids from the intestine to cells.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It carries dissolved glucose and amino acids from the intestine to cells.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plasma dissolves glucose and amino acids absorbed from the intestine and transports them in the blood to body cells for respiration, growth and repair."},{"text":"It carries dissolved starch and proteins from the intestine to cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch is digested into glucose, and proteins are digested into amino acids before transport. Plasma carries dissolved glucose and amino acids to body cells."},{"text":"It carries dissolved glucose and fat droplets from the intestine to cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fat droplets are not the named products in this GCSE description, and they are not dissolved in plasma in this form. The expected answer is glucose and amino acids."},{"text":"It carries dissolved glycogen and amino acids from the intestine to cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycogen is a storage carbohydrate made from glucose, rather than the soluble product absorbed from the intestine. Plasma transports glucose and amino acids to cells."}]},{"id":"9a713496-0035-4c35-9337-eabf41cab18d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where does plasma carry carbon dioxide?","back":"To the lungs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To the lungs.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plasma transports carbon dioxide, a waste product of respiration, to the lungs where it diffuses into the alveoli and is exhaled."},{"text":"To the heart.","correct":false,"explanation":"The heart pumps blood but does not remove carbon dioxide from it. Plasma carries carbon dioxide to the lungs, where it is transferred to the air in the alveoli."},{"text":"To the liver.","correct":false,"explanation":"The liver processes some substances, including toxic compounds, but it is not the organ where carbon dioxide is removed. Plasma carries carbon dioxide to the lungs."},{"text":"To the kidneys.","correct":false,"explanation":"The kidneys remove urea and other substances from the blood, not carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is transported in plasma to the lungs for exhalation."}]},{"id":"1b152bae-a81d-45af-b5c6-74e799eb9fb2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where does plasma carry urea?","back":"To the kidneys.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To the kidneys.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plasma carries urea, a waste product formed when excess amino acids are broken down, to the kidneys for removal in urine."},{"text":"To the lungs.","correct":false,"explanation":"The lungs remove carbon dioxide from the blood, not urea. Urea is transported in plasma to the kidneys, where it is filtered into urine."},{"text":"To the small intestine.","correct":false,"explanation":"The small intestine absorbs digested nutrients rather than removing urea. Plasma carries urea to the kidneys, which excrete it in urine."},{"text":"To the pancreas.","correct":false,"explanation":"The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and hormones but does not excrete urea. The kidneys receive urea from the blood and remove it in urine."}]},{"id":"2a774b22-cbec-426e-aa45-9fd14038249b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does having no nucleus help a red blood cell carry oxygen?","back":"It leaves more room for haemoglobin.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It leaves more room for haemoglobin.","correct":true,"explanation":"A red blood cell has no nucleus, so more of its limited internal space is available for haemoglobin, enabling it to carry more oxygen."},{"text":"It allows more room for cytoplasm.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing the nucleus does not primarily increase the space available for cytoplasm. It leaves more room for haemoglobin, the molecule that binds and carries oxygen."},{"text":"It makes the cell produce more antibodies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are produced by lymphocytes, not red blood cells. Red blood cells lack a nucleus to maximise the space available for haemoglobin."},{"text":"It allows the cell to carry more carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"The key advantage is increased haemoglobin capacity for oxygen, rather than increased carbon dioxide transport. Red blood cells carry oxygen using haemoglobin."}]},{"id":"452c0e3f-7272-4edf-ad8a-706830cdfab3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does the biconcave shape of a red blood cell help oxygen transport?","back":"It gives a large surface area to volume ratio, allowing rapid oxygen diffusion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It gives a large surface area to volume ratio, allowing rapid oxygen diffusion.","correct":true,"explanation":"The biconcave shape increases surface area relative to volume and shortens diffusion distances, so oxygen can diffuse rapidly into and out of the cell."},{"text":"It gives a small surface area to volume ratio, allowing rapid oxygen diffusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rapid diffusion requires a large surface area to volume ratio, not a small one. The biconcave shape provides the large ratio needed for oxygen exchange."},{"text":"It gives a large volume to surface area ratio, allowing rapid oxygen diffusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"The useful relationship is surface area to volume ratio. A large volume relative to surface area would reduce the efficiency of oxygen diffusion."},{"text":"It gives a large surface area to volume ratio, preventing oxygen diffusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"A large surface area to volume ratio speeds diffusion rather than preventing it. The biconcave red blood cell is adapted for rapid oxygen exchange."}]},{"id":"931b3f48-0e34-4705-859a-a3d8412b16d1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why can red blood cells pass through narrow capillaries?","back":"They are small and flexible.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are small and flexible.","correct":true,"explanation":"Red blood cells are small and flexible, allowing them to bend and squeeze through narrow capillaries while delivering oxygen close to body cells."},{"text":"They are large and flexible.","correct":false,"explanation":"Flexibility helps red blood cells pass through capillaries, but being large would make passage more difficult. They are small and flexible."},{"text":"They are small and rigid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Small size helps, but rigid cells would not bend through narrow capillaries. Red blood cells are flexible as well as small."},{"text":"They are large and rigid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both features would hinder passage through narrow capillaries. Red blood cells pass through them because they are small and flexible."}]},{"id":"81812947-51d2-4183-bfbf-1f11a6cf40e4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to haemoglobin in the lungs?","back":"It binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.","correct":true,"explanation":"In the lungs, where oxygen concentration is high, haemoglobin combines reversibly with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin."},{"text":"It binds with carbon dioxide to form carbaminohaemoglobin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide can bind to haemoglobin in tissues, but the key lung reaction is oxygen binding. In the lungs, haemoglobin forms oxyhaemoglobin."},{"text":"It breaks down oxygen to form water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Haemoglobin does not chemically break down oxygen into water. It binds oxygen reversibly, forming oxyhaemoglobin in the lungs."},{"text":"It binds with oxygen to form carboxyhaemoglobin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carboxyhaemoglobin forms when carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin, not when oxygen does. Oxygen binds to haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin."}]},{"id":"a7b92c69-e78e-4309-a9fc-bff617540902","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to oxyhaemoglobin in respiring tissues?","back":"It breaks down and releases oxygen to the cells.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It breaks down and releases oxygen to the cells.","correct":true,"explanation":"In respiring tissues, oxygen concentration is lower, so oxyhaemoglobin dissociates and releases oxygen for aerobic respiration in cells."},{"text":"It breaks down and releases carbon dioxide to the cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxyhaemoglobin carries oxygen, not carbon dioxide. It breaks down in respiring tissues and releases oxygen, which cells use for aerobic respiration."},{"text":"It combines with carbon dioxide to form oxyhaemoglobin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxyhaemoglobin is formed when haemoglobin combines with oxygen, mainly in the lungs. In tissues it dissociates and releases oxygen."},{"text":"It remains bound and stores oxygen in the blood.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen must be released in respiring tissues rather than remaining permanently bound. Oxyhaemoglobin breaks down when tissues require oxygen for respiration."}]},{"id":"7c60f623-c560-4b1b-af47-f10d34892471","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do phagocytes defend the body?","back":"They engulf and digest pathogens by phagocytosis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They engulf and digest pathogens by phagocytosis.","correct":true,"explanation":"Phagocytes defend the body by surrounding, engulfing and digesting pathogens inside the cell. This process is called phagocytosis."},{"text":"They produce antibodies against all pathogens by phagocytosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phagocytes digest pathogens by engulfing them, but antibodies are produced by lymphocytes and target specific pathogens. Phagocytosis does not produce antibodies."},{"text":"They release antitoxins into pathogens by phagocytosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antitoxins are produced by lymphocytes and neutralise toxins. Phagocytes defend the body by engulfing and digesting pathogens."},{"text":"They make pathogens harmless by vaccination by phagocytosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vaccination stimulates lymphocytes to produce an immune response; it is not performed by phagocytes. Phagocytes directly engulf and digest pathogens."}]},{"id":"e2159013-385c-42b9-a437-e3201860d781","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What do lymphocytes produce against specific pathogens?","back":"Antibodies.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Antibodies.","correct":true,"explanation":"Lymphocytes produce antibodies with complementary shapes that bind to specific antigens on pathogens, helping identify and destroy them."},{"text":"Antitoxins.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antitoxins neutralise toxins released by pathogens, but the specific proteins that bind to pathogen antigens are antibodies. Lymphocytes produce antibodies against specific pathogens."},{"text":"Digestive enzymes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Digestive enzymes are not the specific defence proteins made by lymphocytes. Lymphocytes produce antibodies that bind to antigens on particular pathogens."},{"text":"Red blood cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Red blood cells transport oxygen and are not produced as defensive proteins by lymphocytes. Lymphocytes produce antibodies against specific pathogens."}]},{"id":"d844c167-cf7f-46d4-aee8-6c40f069ebfa","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What do lymphocytes produce to neutralise pathogen toxins?","back":"Antitoxins.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Antitoxins.","correct":true,"explanation":"Lymphocytes produce antitoxins, which neutralise toxins released by pathogens and help prevent those toxins damaging body cells."},{"text":"Antibodies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies bind to specific antigens on pathogens, whereas antitoxins neutralise toxins released by pathogens. The substance described here is antitoxins."},{"text":"Antigens.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antigens are molecules on pathogens that trigger an immune response; they are not produced by lymphocytes to neutralise toxins. Antitoxins perform that role."},{"text":"Phagocytes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phagocytes are white blood cells that engulf pathogens, not substances that neutralise toxins. Lymphocytes produce antitoxins to neutralise pathogen toxins."}]},{"id":"8ef1d3c1-020f-4e8d-9e93-4a1781dcd3fd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does fibrin help a blood clot?","back":"The fibrin mesh traps blood cells and plugs the cut.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The fibrin mesh traps blood cells and plugs the cut.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fibrin forms a mesh across the damaged area. The mesh traps blood cells and creates a clot that plugs the cut and reduces blood loss."},{"text":"The fibrin mesh dissolves blood cells and opens the cut.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fibrin does not dissolve blood cells or reopen the wound. It forms a mesh that traps blood cells and plugs the cut."},{"text":"The fibrin mesh carries oxygen and feeds the cut.","correct":false,"explanation":"Haemoglobin carries oxygen, not fibrin. Fibrin's role in clotting is to form a mesh that traps blood cells and seals the cut."},{"text":"The fibrin mesh destroys pathogens and sterilises the cut.","correct":false,"explanation":"A clot can help protect a wound, but fibrin's direct role is not to destroy pathogens. It traps blood cells and plugs the cut."}]},{"id":"1b5f5fcf-efea-420b-94a8-9f3f6accecba","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An adult has about [ ] of blood.","back":"An adult has about 5 litres of blood.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"5 litres","correct":true,"explanation":"An average adult has about 5 litres of blood. The exact volume varies with body size, but this is the standard approximate GCSE value."},{"text":"2 litres","correct":false,"explanation":"Two litres considerably underestimates an adult's blood volume and may result from confusing blood volume with the volume of another body fluid. The approximate value is 5 litres."},{"text":"8 litres","correct":false,"explanation":"Eight litres overestimates the typical adult blood volume. The standard approximate value is 5 litres, although individual volume varies with body size."},{"text":"12 litres","correct":false,"explanation":"Twelve litres is more than twice the usual estimate and is not a realistic average adult blood volume. The expected approximate volume is 5 litres."}]},{"id":"2ab79d56-a36f-40e2-82a9-922bc18d316c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Plasma is the straw-coloured liquid part of blood and is mostly [ ].","back":"Plasma is the straw-coloured liquid part of blood and is mostly water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"water","correct":true,"explanation":"Plasma is mostly water, which acts as the liquid medium for transporting dissolved nutrients, waste products, hormones and other substances around the body."},{"text":"haemoglobin","correct":false,"explanation":"Haemoglobin is found inside red blood cells and binds oxygen; it is not the main substance in plasma. Plasma is mostly water."},{"text":"fibrin","correct":false,"explanation":"Fibrin forms a mesh during blood clotting, but it is only a small component rather than the main part of plasma. Plasma is mostly water."},{"text":"glucose","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose is dissolved and transported in plasma, but it forms only a small proportion of it. The liquid part of plasma is mostly water."}]},{"id":"92de63cf-9e41-4097-86af-10e48561a89a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the lungs, oxygen binds to haemoglobin to form [ ].","back":"In the lungs, oxygen binds to haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"oxyhaemoglobin","correct":true,"explanation":"Oxygen combines with haemoglobin in the lungs to produce oxyhaemoglobin, which transports oxygen in the blood to respiring cells."},{"text":"carbaminohaemoglobin","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbaminohaemoglobin forms when carbon dioxide binds to haemoglobin, not when oxygen does. Oxygen binding produces oxyhaemoglobin, which carries oxygen around the body."},{"text":"oxymyoglobin","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxymyoglobin is formed when oxygen binds to myoglobin in muscle cells. In red blood cells, oxygen binds to haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin."},{"text":"haematin","correct":false,"explanation":"Haematin is an oxidised product of haemoglobin associated with pigment breakdown, not oxygen transport. The oxygenated form of haemoglobin is oxyhaemoglobin."}]},{"id":"d2f3048a-ba06-4f71-8ca4-593d5bb9dacf","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A white blood cell with a clearly visible nucleus is identified as a [ ].","back":"A white blood cell with a clearly visible nucleus is identified as a white blood cell.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"white blood cell","correct":true,"explanation":"White blood cells have nuclei, unlike red blood cells, which lack nuclei. A clearly visible nucleus therefore identifies the cell as a white blood cell."},{"text":"red blood cell","correct":false,"explanation":"Mature red blood cells have no nucleus, leaving more space for haemoglobin. A clearly visible nucleus indicates a white blood cell instead."},{"text":"platelet","correct":false,"explanation":"Platelets are tiny fragments of cells and have no nucleus. A complete cell with a clearly visible nucleus is identified as a white blood cell."},{"text":"plasma cell","correct":false,"explanation":"Plasma is the liquid part of blood and is not a blood cell with a visible nucleus. The described nucleated blood cell is a white blood cell."}]},{"id":"30ba86eb-c13d-4419-a508-e5bff96f94c9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Platelets are small [ ] of cells with no nucleus.","back":"Platelets are small fragments of cells with no nucleus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"fragments","correct":true,"explanation":"Platelets are fragments of larger cells called megakaryocytes. They have no nucleus and help blood clot by gathering at damaged blood vessels."},{"text":"spheres","correct":false,"explanation":"Platelets are not complete spherical cells; they are small fragments released from larger cells. Their lack of a nucleus reflects this fragmented structure."},{"text":"nuclei","correct":false,"explanation":"Nuclei contain genetic material and are not independent pieces of cells. Platelets are cell fragments that lack nuclei, enabling them to help form clots."},{"text":"organelles","correct":false,"explanation":"Organelles are specialised structures inside cells, whereas platelets are pieces of cells. The correct description is that platelets are small fragments with no nucleus."}]},{"id":"c1df8399-c99e-445e-aa85-ce800f6dea4b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The first feature to check when identifying blood cells under a microscope is whether a [ ] is present.","back":"The first feature to check when identifying blood cells under a microscope is whether a nucleus is present.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"nucleus","correct":true,"explanation":"Checking for a nucleus is the quickest initial distinction: red blood cells and platelets lack one, while white blood cells contain a visible nucleus."},{"text":"cell wall","correct":false,"explanation":"Animal blood cells do not have cell walls; cell walls are found in plants, fungi and some microorganisms. The first feature to check is the nucleus."},{"text":"chloroplast","correct":false,"explanation":"Chloroplasts are plant-cell organelles used for photosynthesis and are absent from blood cells. Identification begins by checking whether a nucleus is present."},{"text":"haemoglobin","correct":false,"explanation":"Haemoglobin may help identify red blood cells by their colour, but it is not the first feature to check. The initial check is for a nucleus."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"2.2.3 Blood","title":"2.2.3 Blood Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"9f977c19-070f-564a-9477-c8145c7de610","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]