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24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/gcse/biology/aqa/biotic-factors/flashcards","label":"7.1.3 Biotic factors","subjectCode":"gcse_biology__aqa","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"977f3e2c-6aaf-4c8e-b881-b742e0cb4cb5","title":"7.1.3 Biotic factors Flashcards","topicId":"b26bf9a7-0065-585c-bd37-a352a5091dcc","topicSlug":"biotic-factors","cards":[{"id":"5ed167ba-2828-4923-8cb8-8a44f8c82f80","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a biotic factor?","back":"A living influence from other organisms that affects a community.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A living influence from other organisms that affects a community.","correct":true,"explanation":"A biotic factor is a living influence, such as predation, competition, disease or food availability, that affects the organisms and population sizes within a community."},{"text":"A non-living condition that affects a community.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes an abiotic factor, such as temperature or light intensity. A biotic factor must come from living organisms or interactions between organisms in the community."},{"text":"A change in the physical environment caused by weather.","correct":false,"explanation":"Weather-related changes are abiotic influences because they are non-living conditions. A biotic factor instead involves living organisms, such as predators, pathogens or competing species."},{"text":"A group of different organisms living in the same habitat.","correct":false,"explanation":"This defines a community, not a biotic factor. A community is made of populations of different species, whereas a biotic factor is a living influence affecting them."}]},{"id":"20985ac8-0254-4545-9df4-8a3bf1b34efa","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What four biotic factors can affect a community?","back":"

Availability of food
New predators
New pathogens
One species outcompeting another

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Availability of food
New predators
New pathogens
One species outcompeting another

","correct":true,"explanation":"Food availability, predation, pathogens and competition are all living influences that can alter survival and reproduction, changing the population sizes within a community."},{"text":"

Light intensity
Temperature
Rainfall
Soil pH

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are abiotic factors because they are non-living environmental conditions. The four listed biotic factors involve organisms, including food relationships, predators, pathogens and competition."},{"text":"

Availability of water
Wind speed
Mineral content
Day length

","correct":false,"explanation":"Each item is a non-living environmental condition, so these are abiotic factors. Biotic factors arise from organisms or their interactions, such as predation and competition."},{"text":"

Photosynthesis
Respiration
Transpiration
Germination

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are biological processes rather than the four community influences being asked for. The relevant factors are food availability, new predators, new pathogens and competition."}]},{"id":"b4da0bc2-0823-4d1b-8133-0b6a555caa58","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What can happen when a biotic factor changes?","back":"The population may rise or fall, changing the sizes of populations in the community.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The population may rise or fall, changing the sizes of populations in the community.","correct":true,"explanation":"A changed biotic factor can improve or worsen survival and reproduction. The affected population may therefore increase or decrease, causing linked populations in the community to change too."},{"text":"The population will always fall, leaving every other population unchanged.","correct":false,"explanation":"A biotic change does not always reduce a population, and community species are linked. The population may rise or fall, changing the sizes of populations in the community."},{"text":"The population will remain constant because biotic factors only affect individuals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biotic factors can alter survival and breeding across a population, not merely affect isolated individuals. The population may rise or fall and influence other community populations."},{"text":"The population will rise, and all other populations will rise by the same amount.","correct":false,"explanation":"An increase is possible but not guaranteed, and linked species respond differently. A biotic change may make the population rise or fall, altering population sizes in the community."}]},{"id":"a5687b39-ee94-4efc-b965-a349cef41b5f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can changing one species affect other species in a community?","back":"Because species are linked by feeding and competition, changing one species affects others.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Because species are linked by feeding and competition, changing one species affects others.","correct":true,"explanation":"Species interact through feeding relationships and competition for resources. Changing one population alters those interactions, so populations that depend on or compete with it can also change."},{"text":"Because every species depends on exactly the same food source and has the same population size.","correct":false,"explanation":"Species do not all use identical resources or occur in equal numbers. Their effects are linked through feeding and competition, which can change when one species changes."},{"text":"Because abiotic factors affect every species in an identical way.","correct":false,"explanation":"Abiotic factors are non-living conditions and do not explain this specifically biotic link. Feeding relationships and competition connect species and transmit the effects of population changes."},{"text":"Because one species directly controls the reproduction of every other species.","correct":false,"explanation":"No single species normally controls all reproduction in a community. Other species are affected because they are connected by feeding relationships and competition for resources."}]},{"id":"0e304691-daa8-44bf-924b-3294e5b8c5b1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does a shortage of food reduce an animal population?","back":"Animals compete for scarce food, so fewer survive and breed, causing the population to fall.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Animals compete for scarce food, so fewer survive and breed, causing the population to fall.","correct":true,"explanation":"When food is scarce, competition increases. Some animals cannot obtain enough energy to survive or reproduce, so fewer individuals contribute offspring and the population decreases."},{"text":"Animals receive more energy from scarce food, so they reproduce faster and the population rises.","correct":false,"explanation":"Scarce food provides less available energy and intensifies competition. Fewer animals survive and breed, causing the population to fall rather than rise."},{"text":"Animals stop competing because limited food is shared equally between all individuals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Limited food usually creates stronger competition, not equal sharing. Individuals that obtain too little food may fail to survive or breed, reducing the population."},{"text":"A shortage of food increases the habitat's carrying capacity, allowing every animal to breed.","correct":false,"explanation":"A food shortage lowers the resources available and therefore reduces how many animals the habitat can support. Fewer individuals survive and reproduce, so the population falls."}]},{"id":"a8fae41e-8dc9-43fc-8bb2-4871ea922991","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a new predator quickly reduce its prey population?","back":"A new predator hunts prey that have no defence against it, so the prey population falls.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A new predator hunts prey that have no defence against it, so the prey population falls.","correct":true,"explanation":"Prey may lack behavioural or physical adaptations against a newly introduced predator. Successful hunting increases deaths, so the prey population can fall quickly."},{"text":"A new predator provides extra food for its prey, so the prey population rises.","correct":false,"explanation":"Predators consume prey rather than provide them with food. If prey have no effective defence, increased hunting causes more deaths and the prey population falls."},{"text":"A new predator makes its prey develop a complete defence immediately, so no prey are killed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Useful adaptations do not appear instantly in individual prey, and existing prey may lack defence. The predator can therefore kill many prey and reduce their population."},{"text":"A new predator reduces competition between prey, so every prey individual survives and breeds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Predation directly removes prey and cannot guarantee their survival or reproduction. A predator may reduce prey numbers quickly when they have no defence against it."}]},{"id":"f68150e1-4d4d-447c-b147-8c61b4446481","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can a new pathogen reduce a population?","back":"A pathogen spreads disease through a population with no resistance and kills many organisms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A pathogen spreads disease through a population with no resistance and kills many organisms.","correct":true,"explanation":"A population with little or no resistance is highly vulnerable to a new pathogen. Disease can spread between individuals, increasing deaths and reducing the population."},{"text":"A pathogen supplies nutrients to infected organisms, allowing the population to grow rapidly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pathogens cause disease and use host resources rather than supplying nutrients. In a population with no resistance, infection can spread and kill many organisms."},{"text":"A pathogen only affects abiotic conditions, so the population is unchanged.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pathogens are living agents that infect organisms and can cause disease. They may spread through a population, increasing deaths and reducing its size."},{"text":"A pathogen prevents transmission by making infected organisms immune to all future diseases.","correct":false,"explanation":"Infection does not necessarily create broad immunity, and a new pathogen may spread before effective resistance develops. Disease can therefore kill many organisms and reduce the population."}]},{"id":"9689ebca-ca31-4d4f-a4e0-2cbd5a81642c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does outcompeting reduce the weaker species' population?","back":"The weaker species may have too few resources for enough individuals to survive and breed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The weaker species may have too few resources for enough individuals to survive and breed.","correct":true,"explanation":"The better competitor obtains more of the limited resources. The weaker species may then lack enough food, space or another resource for sufficient individuals to survive and reproduce."},{"text":"The weaker species receives more resources because competition removes the stronger species.","correct":false,"explanation":"Outcompeting means the stronger species gains resources more successfully; it is not removed. The weaker species may consequently have too few resources to survive and breed."},{"text":"The weaker species becomes stronger because limited resources increase its rate of reproduction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Limited resources usually restrict survival and reproduction rather than increasing them. The weaker competitor may obtain too few resources for enough individuals to breed."},{"text":"The weaker species is unaffected because competition only changes the stronger species' population.","correct":false,"explanation":"Competition affects both species, especially the one obtaining fewer resources. Insufficient resources can reduce survival and breeding in the weaker species."}]},{"id":"6656fb68-6eff-4f4d-b694-e392850cfe76","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does it mean when one species outcompetes another?","back":"It means one species uses the same limited resources more successfully, leaving too few resources for the other species.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It means one species uses the same limited resources more successfully, leaving too few resources for the other species.","correct":true,"explanation":"Outcompetition occurs when species require the same scarce resource and one obtains it more effectively. The other species is left with insufficient resources for survival and reproduction."},{"text":"It means one species attacks and eats the other species, leaving no resources for predators.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes predation, not outcompetition. Outcompetition involves two species using the same limited resources, with one species obtaining them more successfully."},{"text":"It means both species use unlimited resources equally, so neither species is affected.","correct":false,"explanation":"Competition becomes important when resources are limited, and outcompetition means one species uses them more successfully. Equal access to unlimited resources would not produce this effect."},{"text":"It means one species changes the weather so that the other species cannot survive.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing weather describes an abiotic influence rather than competition. Outcompetition is a biological interaction involving unequal success in using shared limited resources."}]},{"id":"8ffa673c-59af-4d81-b705-96b8e00a7bca","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What may happen when one species outcompetes another for the same resources?","back":"The weaker species can be pushed out of the habitat.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The weaker species can be pushed out of the habitat.","correct":true,"explanation":"If one species consistently obtains shared resources more successfully, the weaker species may decline until it can no longer survive in that habitat and is pushed out."},{"text":"The weaker species always becomes the stronger competitor within one generation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Outcompetition usually disadvantages the weaker species rather than guaranteeing a rapid reversal. It can decline and eventually be pushed out of the habitat."},{"text":"Both species immediately leave the habitat and colonise a new ecosystem.","correct":false,"explanation":"Only the weaker species may be displaced, and migration is not an inevitable outcome. The expected consequence is that it can be pushed out of the habitat."},{"text":"The weaker species gains unlimited resources and increases without limit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Outcompetition reduces the resources available to the weaker species. It does not create unlimited resources; the weaker species may instead be excluded from the habitat."}]},{"id":"a7f08496-1eb2-46bb-9e44-08632e86b18e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a species disappear after being outcompeted?","back":"There are too few individuals left to breed, so the species can disappear from the area.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"There are too few individuals left to breed, so the species can disappear from the area.","correct":true,"explanation":"Persistent competition can reduce a population below the level needed for successful reproduction. With too few individuals left, the species may disappear locally."},{"text":"There are too many individuals left, so the species must leave to avoid overpopulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Outcompetition tends to reduce the weaker species' population, not increase it. Local disappearance occurs when too few individuals remain to reproduce successfully."},{"text":"The species changes into the competing species once resources become limited.","correct":false,"explanation":"Species do not transform into their competitors because resources are limited. The weaker species may instead decline until too few individuals remain to breed."},{"text":"The species disappears because competition automatically makes every individual infertile.","correct":false,"explanation":"Competition does not automatically cause infertility. It reduces access to resources, which can lower survival and breeding until the local population becomes too small."}]},{"id":"1981975d-7163-4271-8dc3-37bb68759d75","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happened to red squirrels after grey squirrels outcompeted them in much of Britain?","back":"Red squirrels now survive in only a few areas.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Red squirrels now survive in only a few areas.","correct":true,"explanation":"Grey squirrels compete successfully with red squirrels for resources, contributing to the red squirrels' decline. Red squirrels now remain in only a few areas of Britain."},{"text":"Grey squirrels now survive in only a few areas.","correct":false,"explanation":"Grey squirrels became widespread rather than being restricted to a few areas. It was the red squirrel population that declined after competition from grey squirrels."},{"text":"Red squirrels now survive throughout all areas of Britain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Competition from grey squirrels contributed to the red squirrel decline. Red squirrels are restricted to a few areas, not distributed throughout Britain."},{"text":"Both squirrel species disappeared from Britain completely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither species disappeared completely from Britain. Grey squirrels became widespread, while red squirrels declined and now survive in only a few areas."}]},{"id":"24edc224-103f-4a08-b3e4-b9143be5b398","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What happened to the community after myxomatosis spread through rabbits?","back":"

Rabbit numbers crashed
Foxes had less food and declined
Grass grew tall and shaded smaller plants

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Rabbit numbers crashed
Foxes had less food and declined
Grass grew tall and shaded smaller plants

","correct":true,"explanation":"Myxomatosis reduced rabbits, leaving foxes with less prey. With fewer rabbits grazing, grass grew taller and shaded smaller plants, demonstrating linked changes throughout the community."},{"text":"

Rabbit numbers increased
Foxes had more food and increased
Grass was grazed shorter

","correct":false,"explanation":"Myxomatosis is a disease that caused rabbit numbers to crash, not increase. Fewer rabbits reduced fox food and grazing, allowing grass to grow tall."},{"text":"

Rabbit numbers crashed
Foxes had more food and increased
Grass stopped growing

","correct":false,"explanation":"Although rabbit numbers crashed, this meant foxes had less food, not more. Reduced grazing allowed grass to grow tall rather than stopping its growth."},{"text":"

Rabbit numbers stayed stable
Foxes had less food and declined
Grass was grazed shorter

","correct":false,"explanation":"Myxomatosis caused rabbit numbers to crash. Fewer rabbits meant less grazing, so grass grew tall and shaded smaller plants rather than being grazed shorter."}]},{"id":"a1bd5a7d-abd8-430c-aceb-d6bd5e8c35f5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does a biotic change ripple through a community?","back":"The affected species' population falls, then species linked to it are affected through feeding and competition.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The affected species' population falls, then species linked to it are affected through feeding and competition.","correct":true,"explanation":"A biotic change first alters the affected population. Because species interact through feeding and competition, the consequences can then spread to populations linked to that species."},{"text":"The affected species' population changes, but feeding and competition prevent any effects on other species.","correct":false,"explanation":"Feeding and competition transmit effects rather than prevent them. A population change can alter resources and interactions, affecting other linked species in the community."},{"text":"Every species changes by exactly the same amount immediately after one species is affected.","correct":false,"explanation":"Community effects are transferred through particular feeding and competitive links, so species respond differently and at different times. Changes are not identical or necessarily immediate."},{"text":"Only abiotic conditions change, while all species populations remain unchanged.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ripple involves populations and their biological interactions. Feeding and competition can affect linked species after the initially affected population changes."}]},{"id":"cc47fe63-f37a-4389-8bf3-9221531e2f8b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a predator do to its prey?","back":"A predator hunts, catches and eats other animals, which are its prey.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A predator hunts, catches and eats other animals, which are its prey.","correct":true,"explanation":"Predation is an interaction in which one animal hunts, catches and eats another animal. The animal being eaten is called the prey."},{"text":"A predator produces food for other animals by converting light energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Converting light energy into chemical energy is photosynthesis, carried out by plants and algae. A predator obtains food by hunting and eating prey."},{"text":"A predator is eaten by the animals it protects from competition.","correct":false,"explanation":"A predator is the hunter and eater in this relationship, while the animal eaten is the prey. Protection from competition is not the definition of predation."},{"text":"A predator competes with prey for exactly the same limited resources without eating them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Competition involves organisms sharing and competing for limited resources. A predator instead hunts, catches and eats other animals, which are its prey."}]},{"id":"d94e6116-aea3-4433-99ce-58c18ac8d811","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Biotic factors come from [ ], whereas abiotic factors are non-living conditions.","back":"Biotic factors come from living organisms, whereas abiotic factors are non-living conditions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"living organisms","correct":true,"explanation":"Biotic factors come from living organisms, including predators, pathogens, competitors and food organisms. Abiotic factors are non-living conditions such as temperature, light or pH."},{"text":"non-living conditions","correct":false,"explanation":"Non-living conditions are abiotic factors, not biotic factors. Biotic factors come from living organisms and their interactions within the community."},{"text":"physical environmental conditions","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical environmental conditions are abiotic influences because they are non-living. The blank requires living organisms, which are the source of biotic factors."},{"text":"chemical substances","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical substances in the environment are generally abiotic factors unless considered as part of a living organism. Biotic factors come from living organisms."}]},{"id":"86b81ad1-8099-4107-936d-4833abc01333","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"When food becomes scarce, animals [ ] for it.","back":"When food becomes scarce, animals compete for it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"compete","correct":true,"explanation":"Limited food creates competition because animals require the same scarce resource. Individuals compete with one another for access to enough food to survive and reproduce."},{"text":"cooperate","correct":false,"explanation":"Scarce food usually increases competition rather than cooperation between animals. The correct term is compete, because individuals struggle for access to a limited resource."},{"text":"hibernate","correct":false,"explanation":"Hibernation is a seasonal survival strategy involving reduced activity and metabolism, not a direct struggle for food. The correct term is compete, because food scarcity causes competition."},{"text":"migrate","correct":false,"explanation":"Migration means moving to another area, which some animals may do when resources decline, but it does not describe the interaction over scarce food. The correct term is compete."}]},{"id":"24be3f1a-bca8-41b3-946f-468c48cb7551","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A population with no resistance to a new pathogen may have many organisms [ ].","back":"A population with no resistance to a new pathogen may have many organisms killed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"killed","correct":true,"explanation":"Without resistance, many organisms are vulnerable to the pathogen and may die from the disease. A lack of resistant individuals allows the pathogen to spread through the population."},{"text":"protected","correct":false,"explanation":"A population with no resistance cannot protect many individuals from a new pathogen. The correct answer is killed, because susceptible organisms may die when infected."},{"text":"reproduced","correct":false,"explanation":"Infection does not make susceptible organisms reproduce more successfully. The correct answer is killed, since a new pathogen can cause death when organisms have no resistance."},{"text":"adapted","correct":false,"explanation":"Adaptation occurs across generations through natural selection, not immediately after individuals encounter a pathogen. The correct answer is killed, because non-resistant organisms are likely to die from infection."}]},{"id":"d2267e7f-ca58-425e-8242-b8158f1837f3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"If a species' numbers drop too low, there are not enough individuals left to [ ].","back":"If a species' numbers drop too low, there are not enough individuals left to breed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"breed","correct":true,"explanation":"Very small populations may contain too few individuals to find mates, so successful reproduction becomes less likely. This can cause the population to decline further."},{"text":"hibernate","correct":false,"explanation":"Hibernation is a period of reduced activity used by some animals to survive difficult conditions. The correct term is breed, because reproduction requires enough individuals and suitable mates."},{"text":"photosynthesise","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis is the process plants use to make glucose from light, carbon dioxide and water. The correct term is breed, because animals must reproduce to maintain their population."},{"text":"compete","correct":false,"explanation":"Competition may occur when resources are limited, but it is not the key problem caused by very low numbers. The correct term is breed, because too few individuals may prevent reproduction."}]},{"id":"5e5ee2f6-5900-4c32-8e0d-1ee1ed56f540","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"After myxomatosis reduced rabbit numbers, foxes declined because they had [ ].","back":"After myxomatosis reduced rabbit numbers, foxes declined because they had less food.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"less food","correct":true,"explanation":"Rabbits are an important food source for foxes. When myxomatosis reduced rabbit numbers, foxes had less available prey, so their population declined."},{"text":"more food","correct":false,"explanation":"Fewer rabbits provide less prey, not more, for foxes. The correct answer is less food, because reducing the rabbit population removes an important food source."},{"text":"less competition","correct":false,"explanation":"Although fewer rabbits could reduce competition among rabbits, foxes depend on them as prey. The correct answer is less food, which can reduce fox survival and reproduction."},{"text":"more predators","correct":false,"explanation":"The decline followed a reduction in prey rather than an increase in fox predators. The correct answer is less food, because myxomatosis reduced the rabbits available for foxes to eat."}]},{"id":"e0858899-a212-4e91-83a6-d8bcf71b87ce","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"After rabbits declined, the grass they had grazed grew tall and [ ].","back":"After rabbits declined, the grass they had grazed grew tall and shaded out smaller plants.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"shaded out smaller plants","correct":true,"explanation":"With fewer rabbits grazing, grass grew taller and blocked more light from reaching smaller plants. Reduced light limits photosynthesis, causing those smaller plants to be shaded out."},{"text":"allowed smaller plants to grow","correct":false,"explanation":"Taller grass can reduce light reaching smaller plants rather than helping them grow. The correct answer is shaded out smaller plants, because insufficient light limits their photosynthesis."},{"text":"produced more food for rabbits","correct":false,"explanation":"Fewer rabbits were grazing the grass, so the key effect was on light availability for other plants. The correct answer is shaded out smaller plants, as tall grass blocked their light."},{"text":"competed less with smaller plants","correct":false,"explanation":"Taller grass becomes a stronger competitor for light and space, even though rabbit grazing has decreased. The correct answer is shaded out smaller plants, because the grass prevents them receiving enough light."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"7.1.3 Biotic factors","title":"7.1.3 Biotic factors Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"b26bf9a7-0065-585c-bd37-a352a5091dcc","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]