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disease."},{"text":"Immediate destruction inside the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"The immune system does not necessarily destroy invading bacteria immediately. Bacteria can reproduce rapidly inside the body before immune defences bring the infection under control."},{"text":"Rapid mutation inside the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutation can occur in bacterial populations, but it is not what normally happens to every bacterium after infection. The key process is rapid reproduction by binary fission."},{"text":"Immediate dormancy inside the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although some bacteria can become dormant in unsuitable conditions, disease-causing bacteria usually exploit favourable conditions inside the body and reproduce rapidly."}]},{"id":"f54b1db2-1088-45be-90b6-d5180e47e201","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do many bacteria make people feel ill?","back":"Toxins damage tissues and cause illness symptoms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Toxins damage tissues and cause illness symptoms.","correct":true,"explanation":"Many pathogenic bacteria release toxins that interfere with normal cell functions or damage tissues, producing the symptoms associated with the bacterial disease."},{"text":"Antibodies damage tissues and cause illness symptoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are produced by the immune system to bind to pathogens or their antigens, rather than by bacteria to cause illness. Bacterial toxins damage tissues and cause symptoms."},{"text":"Enzymes repair tissues and cause illness symptoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repairing tissues would help recovery rather than explain illness. Many bacteria cause symptoms by producing toxins that damage tissues and disrupt normal body functions."},{"text":"Antigens destroy toxins and cause illness symptoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antigens are molecules that trigger an immune response; they do not destroy toxins. Many pathogenic bacteria make toxins that damage tissues and produce illness symptoms."}]},{"id":"fc9e9d0d-4caf-42a9-be09-292cfee80bb9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can antibiotics treat bacterial diseases but not viral diseases?","back":"Antibiotics kill bacteria, but they do not kill viruses.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Antibiotics kill bacteria, but they do not kill viruses.","correct":true,"explanation":"Antibiotics target bacterial structures or processes, such as cell-wall formation or bacterial ribosomes. Viruses lack these targets and reproduce inside host cells, so antibiotics do not kill them."},{"text":"Antibiotics kill viruses, but they do not kill bacteria.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship. Antibiotics target processes or structures found in bacteria, while viruses lack these targets and therefore are not killed by antibiotics."},{"text":"Antibodies kill bacteria, but they do not kill viruses.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses antibiotics with antibodies. Antibiotics can treat susceptible bacterial infections, while antibodies are immune proteins that help defend against both bacterial and viral pathogens."},{"text":"Antibiotics kill pathogens, but they do not kill bacteria.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bacteria are pathogens when they cause disease, so this statement contradicts itself. Antibiotics kill susceptible bacteria but do not kill viruses."}]},{"id":"5bfd6461-5295-4c96-9079-c069b9b52a6e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which bacterium causes Salmonella food poisoning?","back":"Salmonella causes food poisoning.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Salmonella causes food poisoning.","correct":true,"explanation":"Salmonella bacteria can contaminate food and cause food poisoning when ingested, producing symptoms through bacterial activity and the toxins they release."},{"text":"Gonococcus causes food poisoning.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gonococcus refers to the bacterium that causes gonorrhoea, a sexually transmitted infection. Salmonella is the bacterium responsible for Salmonella food poisoning."},{"text":"Lactobacillus causes food poisoning.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lactobacillus species are commonly associated with useful food fermentation and normal microbiota, not Salmonella food poisoning. The causative bacterium is Salmonella."},{"text":"Influenza causes food poisoning.","correct":false,"explanation":"Influenza is a viral respiratory disease, not a food-poisoning bacterium. Salmonella is the bacterium that causes the food poisoning described here."}]},{"id":"d7f3b2a0-1708-401e-b0d3-106b5a391dd3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How is Salmonella food poisoning spread?","back":"By eating food containing Salmonella bacteria.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"By eating food containing Salmonella bacteria.","correct":true,"explanation":"Salmonella food poisoning is transmitted when contaminated food is eaten, allowing live Salmonella bacteria to enter the digestive system and reproduce."},{"text":"By inhaling droplets containing Salmonella bacteria.","correct":false,"explanation":"Droplet inhalation is typical of respiratory infections, not Salmonella food poisoning. Salmonella is usually spread by eating food contaminated with the bacteria."},{"text":"By touching skin containing Salmonella bacteria.","correct":false,"explanation":"Merely touching contaminated skin does not usually cause food poisoning unless bacteria are transferred to the mouth. Infection occurs by ingesting food containing Salmonella."},{"text":"By drinking air containing Salmonella bacteria.","correct":false,"explanation":"Air cannot be drunk, and Salmonella is not normally airborne. Salmonella food poisoning is spread by eating food contaminated with the bacteria."}]},{"id":"42e4d718-0e8d-4d60-806f-fac1378b3156","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What type of food can spread Salmonella?","back":"Undercooked food can contain Salmonella bacteria.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Undercooked food can contain Salmonella bacteria.","correct":true,"explanation":"Insufficient cooking may fail to kill Salmonella bacteria present in food, especially poultry or eggs, allowing the living bacteria to be ingested."},{"text":"Thoroughly cooked food can contain Salmonella bacteria.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although food can be recontaminated later, thorough cooking itself kills Salmonella. The expected risk is undercooked food in which bacteria have survived heating."},{"text":"Properly frozen food can contain Salmonella bacteria.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freezing may not kill every bacterium, but the specified food risk is inadequate cooking. Undercooked food can retain living Salmonella because it has not reached a lethal temperature."},{"text":"Freshly washed food can contain Salmonella bacteria.","correct":false,"explanation":"Washing does not define the main preparation risk tested here and cannot reliably sterilise food. Undercooked food can spread Salmonella because insufficient heat fails to kill it."}]},{"id":"857b0323-5aca-4a17-9300-a4c8bca24ccd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What preparation condition can spread Salmonella?","back":"Food prepared in unhygienic conditions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Food prepared in unhygienic conditions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Unhygienic preparation allows Salmonella to contaminate food through dirty hands, equipment, or surfaces, particularly when raw and cooked foods are handled carelessly."},{"text":"Food prepared in sterile conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sterile conditions prevent microbial contamination rather than spread it. Salmonella transmission is more likely when food is prepared in unhygienic conditions."},{"text":"Food prepared in refrigerated conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Refrigeration slows bacterial reproduction and is a control measure, although it does not kill all bacteria. Unhygienic preparation is the condition that can spread Salmonella."},{"text":"Food prepared in controlled conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Controlled food preparation should reduce contamination by managing hygiene and temperature. Salmonella can spread when food is prepared in unhygienic conditions."}]},{"id":"decbb1b7-f6ab-432c-952d-d261c11a9279","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What causes the symptoms of Salmonella food poisoning?","back":"The bacteria and their toxins.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The bacteria and their toxins.","correct":true,"explanation":"Salmonella bacteria reproduce in the digestive system, while toxins released by them damage tissues and disrupt normal function, together producing food-poisoning symptoms."},{"text":"The viruses and their toxins.","correct":false,"explanation":"Salmonella is a bacterium, not a virus, and viruses do not produce toxins in this way. The bacteria and their toxins cause Salmonella symptoms."},{"text":"The antibodies and their antigens.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies and antigens are involved in the immune response rather than being the direct cause of Salmonella food-poisoning symptoms. The bacteria and their toxins cause them."},{"text":"The enzymes and their substrates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Enzyme-substrate interactions occur throughout normal biology and do not specifically explain Salmonella symptoms. These symptoms result from the bacteria and the toxins they produce."}]},{"id":"e6bea144-c754-4fd2-b801-88a8281ec332","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which symptom of Salmonella food poisoning involves an increased body temperature?","back":"Fever.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fever.","correct":true,"explanation":"A fever is a rise in body temperature, often produced as part of the immune response to an infection such as Salmonella food poisoning."},{"text":"Vomiting.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vomiting expels stomach contents and may accompany Salmonella infection, but it does not mean increased body temperature. That symptom is a fever."},{"text":"Diarrhoea.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diarrhoea means passing frequent, loose stools and is another Salmonella symptom. An increased body temperature is specifically described as a fever."},{"text":"Cramping.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cramping describes painful muscle contractions, commonly in the abdomen during food poisoning. The symptom defined by increased body temperature is fever."}]},{"id":"91c753bf-392b-49e3-8a3f-0eb8871ea3cf","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which painful stomach symptom can Salmonella cause?","back":"Abdominal cramps.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Abdominal cramps.","correct":true,"explanation":"Abdominal cramps are painful contractions or spasms in the stomach area and are a common symptom of irritation caused by Salmonella food poisoning."},{"text":"Chest pains.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chest pain is not the characteristic painful stomach symptom associated with Salmonella. The infection commonly causes abdominal cramps in the digestive region."},{"text":"Muscle fatigue.","correct":false,"explanation":"Muscle fatigue is tiredness or weakness rather than a painful stomach symptom. Salmonella food poisoning commonly produces abdominal cramps."},{"text":"Throat spasms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Throat spasms are not the characteristic digestive pain caused by Salmonella infection. Painful contractions in the stomach region are called abdominal cramps."}]},{"id":"630023d0-7a78-4ef2-97c7-43eebcd4aaed","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which symptom causes the stomach contents to be expelled during Salmonella food poisoning?","back":"Vomiting.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Vomiting.","correct":true,"explanation":"Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth and can occur when Salmonella infection irritates the digestive system."},{"text":"Diarrhoea.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diarrhoea is the frequent passage of loose or watery stools, not the expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth. The latter is vomiting."},{"text":"Fever.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fever is an increase in body temperature during an immune response and does not expel stomach contents. That digestive symptom is vomiting."},{"text":"Cramping.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cramping involves painful involuntary contractions, often in the abdomen, but does not expel stomach contents. The symptom described is vomiting."}]},{"id":"32164380-c789-4f62-981d-7bcb7e9463c2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which symptom causes frequent, loose stools during Salmonella food poisoning?","back":"Diarrhoea.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Diarrhoea.","correct":true,"explanation":"Diarrhoea is defined as passing stools more frequently than normal, with the stools typically being loose or watery due to disrupted water absorption."},{"text":"Vomiting.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vomiting is the expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth, not the frequent passage of loose stools. Frequent, loose stools are diarrhoea."},{"text":"Constipation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Constipation involves infrequent or difficult passage of typically hard stools, which is the opposite pattern. Frequent, loose stools indicate diarrhoea."},{"text":"Indigestion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Indigestion causes discomfort, fullness, or burning in the upper digestive system, but it does not specifically mean frequent, loose stools. That symptom is diarrhoea."}]},{"id":"d1a3296d-6240-4b8d-86da-66da0b9f9b5e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How is Salmonella controlled in UK poultry?","back":"Vaccinating poultry helps control its spread in the UK.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Vaccinating poultry helps control its spread in the UK.","correct":true,"explanation":"Vaccinating poultry reduces Salmonella infections within flocks, making contaminated eggs and meat less likely to enter the food supply and spread disease to people."},{"text":"Vaccinating consumers helps control its spread in the UK.","correct":false,"explanation":"The UK control programme targets poultry rather than routinely vaccinating consumers. Vaccinating birds reduces the chance that their meat or eggs carry Salmonella."},{"text":"Freezing poultry helps control its spread in the UK.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freezing limits bacterial reproduction but does not reliably kill Salmonella. UK control includes vaccinating poultry to reduce infection within flocks."},{"text":"Isolating consumers helps control its spread in the UK.","correct":false,"explanation":"Salmonella food poisoning is primarily food-borne, so isolating consumers is not the main UK control measure. Poultry vaccination reduces contamination at its source."}]},{"id":"7d1ce086-b0a5-4eae-9718-41debf1f5de8","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How can Salmonella food poisoning be prevented?","back":"

Cook food thoroughly.
Keep raw meat away from other food.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Cook food thoroughly.
Keep raw meat away from other food.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Thorough cooking kills Salmonella, while separating raw meat prevents bacteria from being transferred to cooked or ready-to-eat foods through cross-contamination."},{"text":"

Cook food lightly.
Keep raw meat beside other food.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Light cooking may leave Salmonella alive, and placing raw meat beside other foods encourages cross-contamination. Food should be cooked thoroughly and raw meat kept away."},{"text":"

Freeze food briefly.
Keep cooked meat away from other food.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Brief freezing does not reliably kill Salmonella, and raw meat is the key cross-contamination risk. Prevention requires thorough cooking and separation of raw meat."},{"text":"

Wash food thoroughly.
Keep raw meat touching other food.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Washing cannot reliably eliminate Salmonella, and contact with raw meat can contaminate other food. Thorough cooking and keeping raw meat separate are required."}]},{"id":"c1e268a9-a46b-419c-9095-235a72978837","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When do Salmonella symptoms usually appear after eating infected food?","back":"Usually within one or two days of eating infected food.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Usually within one or two days of eating infected food.","correct":true,"explanation":"Salmonella symptoms commonly develop after an incubation period of roughly one or two days, during which the ingested bacteria reproduce and affect the digestive system."},{"text":"Usually within one or two minutes of eating infected food.","correct":false,"explanation":"Minutes is too short for Salmonella bacteria to establish an infection and cause symptoms. Symptoms usually appear within one or two days of eating infected food."},{"text":"Usually within one or two weeks of eating infected food.","correct":false,"explanation":"Weeks is longer than the usual Salmonella incubation period. Symptoms generally begin within one or two days as the bacteria reproduce in the digestive system."},{"text":"Usually within one or two months of eating infected food.","correct":false,"explanation":"Months greatly overestimates the incubation period for Salmonella food poisoning. Symptoms usually develop within one or two days of eating contaminated food."}]},{"id":"62864fd5-f412-470f-8fa6-462ec3b13c1e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How is gonorrhoea spread?","back":"Sexual contact.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sexual contact.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection passed through sexual contact with an infected person, particularly through contact with infected bodily fluids."},{"text":"Droplet infection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Droplet infection spreads respiratory pathogens through coughs and sneezes, not gonorrhoea. Gonorrhoea is transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person."},{"text":"Contaminated food.","correct":false,"explanation":"Food-borne transmission applies to infections such as Salmonella, not gonorrhoea. Gonorrhoea is spread through sexual contact with an infected person."},{"text":"Insect bites.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some pathogens are transmitted by insect vectors, but gonorrhoea is not one of them. It spreads directly through sexual contact with an infected person."}]},{"id":"58524d8a-821b-4452-970f-027fb22a6075","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What discharge can gonorrhoea cause?","back":"A thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gonorrhoea commonly causes a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis, although some infected people may have no noticeable symptoms."},{"text":"A thin clear discharge from the vagina or penis.","correct":false,"explanation":"A thin clear discharge is not the characteristic symptom tested here. Gonorrhoea can cause a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis."},{"text":"A thick white discharge from the vagina or penis.","correct":false,"explanation":"White discharge is more often associated with other infections, such as thrush. The typical gonorrhoea discharge is thick and yellow or green."},{"text":"A watery red discharge from the vagina or penis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gonorrhoea does not characteristically cause a watery red discharge. The expected symptom is a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis."}]},{"id":"01142930-0665-4314-9cc5-7c330396c5b9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What urinary symptom is caused by gonorrhoea?","back":"Pain when urinating.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Pain when urinating.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gonorrhoea can inflame the urinary tract, making urination painful. This symptom is also called dysuria, but the expected GCSE wording is pain when urinating."},{"text":"Increased appetite.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increased appetite is not a typical urinary symptom of gonorrhoea. The infection commonly causes pain when urinating because it inflames tissues in the urinary tract."},{"text":"Painless urination.","correct":false,"explanation":"Painless urination describes the absence of the symptom rather than the effect of gonorrhoea. Gonorrhoea can cause pain when urinating due to urinary tract inflammation."},{"text":"Lower blood pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lower blood pressure is not a urinary symptom caused by gonorrhoea. The relevant symptom is pain when urinating, caused by inflammation of the urinary tract."}]},{"id":"624cb733-023d-4913-a998-18e965e1d03c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which antibiotic easily treated gonorrhoea in the past?","back":"It was treated with penicillin.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It was treated with penicillin.","correct":true,"explanation":"Penicillin treated gonorrhoea effectively in the past, before resistant strains became widespread. Resistance means the antibiotic is no longer reliably effective against many infections."},{"text":"It was treated with paracetamol.","correct":false,"explanation":"Paracetamol relieves pain and fever but does not kill bacteria. Gonorrhoea was treated with penicillin, an antibiotic, before resistance reduced its effectiveness."},{"text":"It was treated with insulin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Insulin regulates blood glucose and has no antibacterial action. The antibiotic that easily treated gonorrhoea in the past was penicillin."},{"text":"It was treated with antiseptic cream.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antiseptic cream is used on some skin surfaces and is not the standard treatment for this bacterial sexually transmitted infection. Penicillin was the former effective treatment."}]},{"id":"ee12302f-8d6e-4831-bcac-b23fc33fe785","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is gonorrhoea now harder to treat than it once was?","back":"Many antibiotic-resistant strains have appeared.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Many antibiotic-resistant strains have appeared.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mutations and selection have produced many gonorrhoea strains resistant to antibiotics. These bacteria survive treatment and reproduce, making the disease harder to cure."},{"text":"Many antibiotic-sensitive strains have appeared.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibiotic-sensitive bacteria are still killed by treatment, so they would not make gonorrhoea harder to treat. The problem is the appearance of antibiotic-resistant strains."},{"text":"The bacterium has become larger and more visible.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bacterial size and visibility do not determine whether antibiotics work. Gonorrhoea is harder to treat because many antibiotic-resistant strains have appeared."},{"text":"The infection has become viral instead of bacterial.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gonorrhoea remains a bacterial disease; it has not changed into a viral infection. Antibiotic resistance, caused by resistant strains surviving treatment, explains the difficulty."}]},{"id":"0d731891-32f9-4d85-b09c-7e568df797c1","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How can the spread of gonorrhoea be controlled?","back":"

Treatment with antibiotics.
Using a barrier contraceptive, such as a condom.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Treatment with antibiotics.
Using a barrier contraceptive, such as a condom.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Antibiotics treat infected people, while barrier contraceptives reduce transmission during sexual contact. Using both measures helps control the spread of gonorrhoea."},{"text":"

Treatment with painkillers.
Using a barrier contraceptive, such as a condom.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Painkillers may reduce discomfort but do not remove the bacteria. Treatment requires antibiotics, alongside barrier contraception such as condoms to reduce transmission."},{"text":"

Treatment with antibiotics.
Using a shared towel, such as a bath towel.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Sharing towels does not provide a barrier during sexual contact and cannot reliably prevent gonorrhoea transmission. Antibiotics and barrier contraceptives such as condoms are the control measures."},{"text":"

Treatment with antiseptic cream.
Using a barrier contraceptive, such as a condom.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Antiseptic cream is not the appropriate treatment for gonorrhoea because the bacteria infect internal tissues. Antibiotics treat the infection, while barrier contraception reduces spread."}]},{"id":"f9393665-6647-4a1b-a46c-a48e6528d278","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A poison produced by some bacteria is called a [ ]. It can damage tissues.","back":"A poison produced by some bacteria is called a toxin. It can damage tissues.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"toxin","correct":true,"explanation":"A toxin is a poisonous substance produced by an organism. Some bacteria release toxins that damage the tissues of the infected person."},{"text":"antibody","correct":false,"explanation":"An antibody is a protein made by immune cells to recognise specific antigens, not a bacterial poison. The poisonous bacterial substance described is a toxin."},{"text":"antibiotic","correct":false,"explanation":"An antibiotic is a medicine that kills bacteria or stops them reproducing; it is not produced as a poison by bacteria in this definition. The correct term is toxin."},{"text":"antigen","correct":false,"explanation":"An antigen is a molecule recognised by the immune system and can trigger an immune response. A poison produced by some bacteria is called a toxin."}]},{"id":"d581c40f-ff83-4df6-947f-c9aad9c69d60","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A poison produced by some bacteria is called a toxin. It can [ ].","back":"A poison produced by some bacteria is called a toxin. It can damage tissues.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"damage tissues","correct":true,"explanation":"Bacterial toxins can harm or destroy cells, so they damage tissues in the infected organism. This is why toxins contribute to the symptoms of bacterial diseases."},{"text":"produce antibodies","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are produced by lymphocytes as part of the immune response, not by toxins. A toxin can damage tissues, which is its harmful effect."},{"text":"reduce body temperature","correct":false,"explanation":"A toxin is not defined by lowering body temperature, although infection can affect temperature in other ways. The described effect is that toxins damage tissues."},{"text":"digest antibiotics","correct":false,"explanation":"Some bacteria resist antibiotics through specific mechanisms, but digesting antibiotics is not the general effect of a toxin. The expected effect is damage to tissues."}]},{"id":"46116768-4e3e-4aa3-94a1-e1ed78d6fbb4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Salmonella symptoms include [ ] and abdominal cramps.","back":"Salmonella symptoms include fever and abdominal cramps.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"fever","correct":true,"explanation":"Salmonella infection commonly causes fever because the immune response raises body temperature while fighting the bacteria. Fever can occur alongside abdominal cramps and other digestive symptoms."},{"text":"a rash","correct":false,"explanation":"A rash is not one of the characteristic Salmonella symptoms listed here. The missing symptom is fever, which commonly accompanies the infection and abdominal cramps."},{"text":"joint swelling","correct":false,"explanation":"Joint swelling is not the expected symptom in this list of Salmonella effects. Salmonella commonly causes fever together with abdominal cramps and gastrointestinal symptoms."},{"text":"a sore throat","correct":false,"explanation":"A sore throat is more associated with infections of the respiratory tract than with the stated Salmonella symptoms. The correct symptom is fever."}]},{"id":"008d5335-57e2-4f6f-a882-5ab3fe9bd5e9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Salmonella symptoms include fever and [ ].","back":"Salmonella symptoms include fever and abdominal cramps.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"abdominal cramps","correct":true,"explanation":"Salmonella affects the digestive system and commonly causes abdominal cramps. These cramps occur alongside fever and other gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting or diarrhoea."},{"text":"chest pain","correct":false,"explanation":"Chest pain is not the characteristic digestive symptom caused by Salmonella. The expected symptom is abdominal cramps, caused by irritation and inflammation in the gut."},{"text":"earache","correct":false,"explanation":"Earache does not fit the usual symptoms of Salmonella infection and suggests a different problem. Salmonella commonly causes abdominal cramps with fever and gastrointestinal upset."},{"text":"muscle paralysis","correct":false,"explanation":"Muscle paralysis is not the expected symptom of Salmonella infection in this GCSE description. The correct digestive symptom is abdominal cramps."}]},{"id":"73920453-d7bc-44cd-bd36-62ed939a586f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Salmonella symptoms include [ ] and diarrhoea.","back":"Salmonella symptoms include vomiting and diarrhoea.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"vomiting","correct":true,"explanation":"Vomiting is a common gastrointestinal symptom of Salmonella infection. The bacteria can disrupt the digestive system, causing vomiting alongside diarrhoea, fever, or abdominal cramps."},{"text":"sneezing","correct":false,"explanation":"Sneezing is associated with irritation or infection of the respiratory tract, not the typical Salmonella symptom list. Salmonella can cause vomiting and diarrhoea."},{"text":"blurred vision","correct":false,"explanation":"Blurred vision is not a characteristic symptom of Salmonella infection. The expected gastrointestinal symptom paired with diarrhoea here is vomiting."},{"text":"a stiff neck","correct":false,"explanation":"A stiff neck is not the expected symptom in this Salmonella list and may indicate a different condition. Salmonella commonly causes vomiting alongside diarrhoea."}]},{"id":"d676dadb-29a7-4792-8b3b-926a17a6495f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Salmonella symptoms include vomiting and [ ].","back":"Salmonella symptoms include vomiting and diarrhoea.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"diarrhoea","correct":true,"explanation":"Salmonella can irritate and inflame the intestines, causing diarrhoea. It is a common gastrointestinal symptom and may occur with vomiting, fever, and abdominal cramps."},{"text":"constipation","correct":false,"explanation":"Constipation means unusually infrequent or difficult bowel movements, which is the opposite of the typical symptom described. Salmonella commonly causes diarrhoea alongside vomiting."},{"text":"a dry cough","correct":false,"explanation":"A dry cough is a respiratory symptom and is not characteristic of Salmonella infection. The expected gastrointestinal symptom following vomiting is diarrhoea."},{"text":"nosebleeds","correct":false,"explanation":"Nosebleeds are not a typical symptom of Salmonella infection. Salmonella affects the digestive system, commonly causing diarrhoea together with vomiting and other symptoms."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"3.1.3 Bacterial diseases","title":"3.1.3 Bacterial diseases Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"9b5a3b84-77ed-5aa2-ba0d-707defc21691","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]