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parent.","correct":true,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction requires only one parent, so an isolated organism can reproduce repeatedly and establish a population without finding another member of its species."},{"text":"It needs only one gamete.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gametes are involved in sexual reproduction, not asexual reproduction. A single organism can populate a habitat asexually because the process needs only one parent."},{"text":"It needs only one offspring.","correct":false,"explanation":"Producing one offspring would not by itself explain population growth. Asexual reproduction allows population establishment because one parent can reproduce without another organism."},{"text":"It needs only one chromosome.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual organisms do not generally have only one chromosome. The key advantage is that reproduction requires one parent, allowing an isolated organism to multiply."}]},{"id":"48601bd1-8863-4479-acf7-df863d114941","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is asexual reproduction faster and more energy-efficient than sexual reproduction?","back":"There is no need to find a mate.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"There is no need to find a mate.","correct":true,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction involves one parent, so no time or energy is spent locating and competing for a mate or completing mating behaviour."},{"text":"There is no need to produce an offspring.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reproduction necessarily produces offspring. Asexual reproduction is faster and more energy-efficient because the parent does not need to find a mate."},{"text":"There is no need to perform mitosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction normally depends on mitosis, so this division cannot be avoided. The saving comes from not needing to locate a mate."},{"text":"There is no need to copy the DNA.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA must be copied before mitosis produces new cells. Asexual reproduction saves time and energy because finding and mating with another organism is unnecessary."}]},{"id":"e832e304-c96c-402b-8d59-36596bf6ebd7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What type of cell division produces asexual offspring?","back":"Mitosis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mitosis.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells and is therefore the type of cell division used to generate offspring during asexual reproduction."},{"text":"Meiosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meiosis produces genetically varied haploid gametes for sexual reproduction. Asexual offspring are produced by mitosis, which creates genetically identical cells."},{"text":"Fertilisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fertilisation is the fusion of gametes rather than a form of cell division. Asexual reproduction uses mitosis to produce genetically identical offspring."},{"text":"Diffusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion is the passive movement of particles, not cell division. Asexual offspring are produced through mitosis, which copies the genetic information."}]},{"id":"4ff33a7f-81fc-4b7b-9642-22893ce5f894","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are offspring produced asexually genetically identical to their parent?","back":"There is no fusion of gametes, so mitosis produces clones.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"There is no fusion of gametes, so mitosis produces clones.","correct":true,"explanation":"Without gamete fusion, genes from two parents are not mixed. Mitosis copies the parent’s genetic information, producing genetically identical offspring called clones."},{"text":"There is fusion of gametes, so meiosis produces clones.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fusion of gametes and meiosis belong to sexual reproduction and generate variation. Asexual offspring are clones because no gametes fuse and mitosis copies one parent’s genes."},{"text":"There is no copying of DNA, so mitosis produces gametes.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA is copied before mitosis, and mitosis does not normally produce gametes. With no gamete fusion, it produces genetically identical offspring called clones."},{"text":"There is no fusion of cells, so meiosis produces mutations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meiosis is used to make gametes, while mutations are DNA changes rather than offspring. Asexual reproduction uses mitosis without gamete fusion, producing clones."}]},{"id":"fb5e6d3b-1a72-4ebc-a6a0-f5f26ca03848","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What can asexual reproduction produce when conditions are favourable?","back":"Many identical offspring very quickly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Many identical offspring very quickly.","correct":true,"explanation":"When conditions suit the parent, rapid repeated mitosis can produce many genetically identical offspring without the delays associated with finding a mate."},{"text":"Many varied offspring very quickly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rapid reproduction is an advantage, but asexual reproduction does not normally create genetic variation. It quickly produces many genetically identical offspring."},{"text":"Many identical gametes very quickly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gametes are reproductive cells used in sexual reproduction, not asexual offspring. Favourable conditions allow many identical offspring to be produced rapidly."},{"text":"Many different species very quickly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reproduction increases the number of organisms within a species; it does not rapidly create new species. Asexual reproduction quickly produces many identical offspring."}]},{"id":"9b0d0d94-e625-49ba-97e9-1bebb34374c8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the main genetic disadvantage of asexual reproduction?","back":"It produces no genetic variation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It produces no genetic variation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Asexual offspring are clones formed from one parent by mitosis, so they inherit the same alleles and provide no genetic variation within the population."},{"text":"It produces too many mutations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutations can occur, but asexual reproduction does not inherently cause excessive mutation. Its main disadvantage is that offspring have no genetic variation."},{"text":"It produces too few offspring.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction can produce many offspring rapidly, so low offspring number is not its main drawback. The central problem is no genetic variation."},{"text":"It produces no inherited genes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual offspring inherit genes from their single parent. The disadvantage is not an absence of genes, but an absence of genetic variation among offspring."}]},{"id":"09671202-68da-412c-b14b-19b6f6ffdc2e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can one disease wipe out an asexual population?","back":"The offspring are genetically identical, so they may all be susceptible to the same disease.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The offspring are genetically identical, so they may all be susceptible to the same disease.","correct":true,"explanation":"Asexual offspring share the same alleles, so a pathogen capable of infecting one individual may infect every individual, potentially destroying the whole population."},{"text":"The offspring are genetically varied, so they may all be susceptible to the same disease.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genetic variation makes it more likely that some individuals resist a pathogen. An asexual population is vulnerable because genetically identical offspring may share disease susceptibility."},{"text":"The offspring are genetically identical, so they may all be resistant to the same disease.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shared resistance would protect the population rather than explain its destruction. The danger is that identical offspring may all share susceptibility to the same disease."},{"text":"The offspring are genetically identical, so they may all be susceptible to the same predator.","correct":false,"explanation":"Predation can reduce a population, but it does not explain how one disease spreads through genetically similar individuals. Identical offspring may all lack resistance to that disease."}]},{"id":"a75e5c35-ce3b-4e53-8cbb-4b83f0bfa226","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do aphids benefit from asexual reproduction in spring?","back":"They build up large numbers on a plant very quickly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They build up large numbers on a plant very quickly.","correct":true,"explanation":"Spring conditions provide plentiful food, and asexual reproduction allows aphids to reproduce without mates, rapidly creating a large population on a plant."},{"text":"They build up genetic variation on a plant very quickly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction produces clones rather than increasing genetic variation. Its spring advantage is that aphids can rapidly build up large numbers on a suitable plant."},{"text":"They build up large gametes on a plant very quickly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gamete size does not account for rapid aphid population growth. Reproducing asexually without finding mates lets aphids build up large numbers quickly."},{"text":"They build up new species on a plant very quickly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction rapidly increases the population of an existing species; it does not rapidly create species. Aphids benefit by building up large numbers."}]},{"id":"beb99a40-f444-4444-84e8-ae4115a4f109","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to male and female gametes during sexual reproduction?","back":"They fuse at fertilisation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They fuse at fertilisation.","correct":true,"explanation":"During fertilisation, the nuclei of the male and female gametes fuse, combining genetic information from two parents in the resulting zygote."},{"text":"They divide by mitosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitosis makes genetically identical cells and is not what joins male and female gametes. The two gametes fuse together during fertilisation."},{"text":"They separate at fertilisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fertilisation combines rather than separates the male and female gametes. Their nuclei fuse, bringing together genetic material from both parents."},{"text":"They fuse during meiosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meiosis produces gametes; it does not join them. Male and female gametes fuse later during fertilisation to form a zygote."}]},{"id":"49d2fc2c-5f2d-495a-a90c-0d0eb8769bd2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does sexual reproduction produce genetically varied offspring?","back":"Offspring inherit a mixture of genes from two parents.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Offspring inherit a mixture of genes from two parents.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gametes from two parents fuse during fertilisation, so each offspring receives a new combination of alleles and is genetically different from its parents and siblings."},{"text":"Offspring inherit an identical set of genes from two parents.","correct":false,"explanation":"Two parents do not contribute an identical complete set to each offspring. Sexual reproduction creates variation because offspring inherit a mixture of genes from both parents."},{"text":"Offspring inherit a mixture of genes from one parent.","correct":false,"explanation":"A mixture from two parents, not one, creates variation in sexual reproduction. Fertilisation combines alleles carried by male and female gametes."},{"text":"Offspring inherit the same combination of genes from two parents.","correct":false,"explanation":"Independent gamete formation and random fertilisation mean offspring do not all receive the same combination. Each inherits a varied mixture of genes from two parents."}]},{"id":"22367020-a227-47a0-aa0d-8094b8bdefed","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How can genetic variation help a species survive an environmental change?","back":"

Some offspring have features that improve survival.
Survivors reproduce and pass on helpful alleles.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Some offspring have features that improve survival.
Survivors reproduce and pass on helpful alleles.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Variation means some offspring possess advantageous alleles in the changed environment. These individuals are more likely to survive, reproduce and pass those alleles to descendants."},{"text":"

All offspring have features that guarantee survival.
Survivors reproduce and pass on helpful alleles.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Variation does not guarantee that every offspring survives; only some may have advantageous features. Those survivors reproduce and pass helpful alleles to the next generation."},{"text":"

Some offspring have features that improve survival.
Survivors reproduce and pass on harmful alleles.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Individuals with advantageous features are more likely to survive and pass on the helpful alleles underlying them, not specifically harmful alleles that reduce survival."},{"text":"

Some offspring have features that reduce survival.
Non-survivors reproduce and pass on helpful alleles.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Organisms that do not survive cannot reproduce. Environmental change favours some advantageous features, allowing survivors to reproduce and pass helpful alleles to their offspring."}]},{"id":"178e90f6-76ef-4dfd-be66-af2e0f5f2ed2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does natural selection use variation from sexual reproduction?","back":"Survivors with helpful alleles reproduce and pass them on over generations.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Survivors with helpful alleles reproduce and pass them on over generations.","correct":true,"explanation":"Helpful alleles increase an organism’s chance of surviving and reproducing. Their inheritance by offspring makes these alleles more common in the population over generations."},{"text":"Survivors with helpful alleles lose them over generations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alleles are inherited through reproduction rather than deliberately discarded. Survivors carrying helpful alleles pass them on, increasing their frequency over successive generations."},{"text":"Survivors with harmful alleles reproduce and pass them on over generations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Harmful alleles generally reduce survival or reproductive success in that environment. Natural selection favours survivors with helpful alleles, which they pass to offspring."},{"text":"Non-survivors with helpful alleles reproduce and pass them on over generations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Individuals that die before reproducing cannot pass on their alleles. Natural selection occurs when survivors with helpful alleles reproduce and transmit them to descendants."}]},{"id":"d1bc080b-8677-498f-8cbc-f6f0c6c796bc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does sexual reproduction make selective breeding possible?","back":"Humans choose organisms with useful features and breed them to increase food production.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Humans choose organisms with useful features and breed them to increase food production.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sexual reproduction allows selected parents to combine inherited features. Repeatedly breeding organisms with desirable alleles can produce varieties that increase food production."},{"text":"Humans choose organisms with harmful features and breed them to increase food production.","correct":false,"explanation":"Selective breeding uses desirable, not harmful, inherited features. Humans breed organisms with useful characteristics over generations to improve outcomes such as food production."},{"text":"Humans choose organisms with useful features and clone them to increase genetic variation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cloning is asexual and produces genetically identical offspring, so it does not generate variation. Selective breeding uses sexual reproduction to increase useful traits such as food production."},{"text":"Humans choose organisms with useful features and breed them to decrease food production.","correct":false,"explanation":"Agricultural selective breeding aims to improve useful characteristics, not reduce output. Chosen parents are bred so desirable alleles can increase food production."}]},{"id":"829b1549-9453-4281-af79-97b7f3d81763","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What are the main disadvantages of sexual reproduction?","back":"

It is slower.
It needs two parents, usually including a mate.
It uses more time and energy.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

It is slower.
It needs two parents, usually including a mate.
It uses more time and energy.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Sexual reproduction usually requires finding a mate and combining gametes. These extra processes consume time and energy, making reproduction slower than asexual reproduction."},{"text":"

It is faster.
It needs two parents, usually including a mate.
It uses more time and energy.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Needing a mate and producing gametes generally makes sexual reproduction slower, not faster. Its main costs are two parents and greater use of time and energy."},{"text":"

It is slower.
It needs one parent, without requiring a mate.
It uses more time and energy.

","correct":false,"explanation":"One-parent reproduction without a mate describes asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction normally needs two parents or a mate, making it slower and more energy-intensive."},{"text":"

It is slower.
It needs two parents, usually including a mate.
It uses less time and energy.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Finding a mate, producing gametes and completing fertilisation require additional resources. Sexual reproduction therefore uses more time and energy and is generally slower."}]},{"id":"ef74631b-768c-47e4-80e3-039ee74ff31a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might an organism use asexual reproduction when conditions are good?","back":"It can build up numbers quickly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can build up numbers quickly.","correct":true,"explanation":"In favourable conditions, offspring suited to the environment can be produced rapidly by one parent, allowing the population to increase in number quickly."},{"text":"It can build up variation quickly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring, so it does not rapidly increase variation. Its advantage in good conditions is rapid population growth."},{"text":"It can build up gametes quickly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction does not depend on producing and fusing gametes. It is useful in good conditions because one parent can build up population numbers quickly."},{"text":"It can build up resistance quickly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cloning does not ensure that resistance will develop, because offspring lack genetic variation. The immediate advantage is the rapid increase in population numbers."}]},{"id":"259b788b-c77e-4006-99d7-fad8e6507fdf","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring called [ ].","back":"Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring called clones.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"clones","correct":true,"explanation":"Clones are genetically identical organisms or cells produced from one parent by asexual reproduction, usually through mitosis without the fusion of gametes."},{"text":"gametes","correct":false,"explanation":"Gametes are haploid sex cells used in sexual reproduction, not genetically identical offspring. Asexually produced offspring with the same genetic information are called clones."},{"text":"zygotes","correct":false,"explanation":"Zygotes form when male and female gametes fuse during sexual reproduction. Genetically identical offspring made asexually from one parent are called clones."},{"text":"mutants","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutants carry changes in their DNA and are not necessarily genetically identical to a parent. Identical offspring produced asexually are called clones."}]},{"id":"b942af63-f8b1-4043-8abb-d74f2f3d2b31","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Sexual reproduction produces variation because offspring inherit a mixture of [ ] from each parent.","back":"Sexual reproduction produces variation because offspring inherit a mixture of genes from each parent.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"genes","correct":true,"explanation":"Sexual reproduction combines genes from two parents through the fusion of gametes. This creates new combinations of alleles, producing genetic variation among offspring."},{"text":"chromosomes","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosomes are structures carrying many genes, but the expected explanation of inherited variation is the mixing of genes from each parent during sexual reproduction."},{"text":"cells","correct":false,"explanation":"Offspring develop from cells, but they do not inherit a general mixture of parental cells. They inherit a mixture of genes from the two parents."},{"text":"proteins","correct":false,"explanation":"Proteins help produce characteristics, but inherited information is carried by genes. Sexual reproduction mixes genes from each parent, creating variation in the offspring."}]},{"id":"fe47e28a-1d0c-4cbe-8ad4-297538733bf6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The malarial parasite reproduces asexually inside the human host but sexually inside the [ ].","back":"The malarial parasite reproduces asexually inside the human host but sexually inside the mosquito.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"mosquito","correct":true,"explanation":"The sexual stage of the malarial parasite’s life cycle occurs inside a mosquito. The mosquito then transmits the parasite when it feeds on a human."},{"text":"human liver","correct":false,"explanation":"The parasite develops and reproduces asexually in the human liver, so this confuses part of the human stage with its sexual stage. Sexual reproduction occurs inside the mosquito."},{"text":"red blood cell","correct":false,"explanation":"Malarial parasites reproduce asexually in human red blood cells, causing the cells to burst. Their sexual reproduction instead takes place inside the mosquito."},{"text":"human intestine","correct":false,"explanation":"The intestine is not the site of the malarial parasite’s sexual reproduction. This stage occurs inside the mosquito, while asexual reproduction occurs within the human host."}]},{"id":"900ea627-3378-4397-b19c-90afd13c397e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Fungi can reproduce asexually by [ ] and sexually to produce variation.","back":"Fungi can reproduce asexually by spores and sexually to produce variation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"spores","correct":true,"explanation":"Fungi can reproduce asexually by producing spores through mitosis. These spores disperse and grow into genetically identical organisms when environmental conditions are suitable."},{"text":"seeds","correct":false,"explanation":"Seeds are produced by plants following reproduction, not by fungi. Fungi can reproduce asexually by releasing spores, which disperse and develop into new individuals."},{"text":"gametes","correct":false,"explanation":"Gametes take part in sexual reproduction and fuse to combine genetic information. Asexual reproduction in fungi can instead occur through the production of spores by mitosis."},{"text":"runners","correct":false,"explanation":"Runners are horizontal stems used for asexual reproduction by plants such as strawberries. Fungi can reproduce asexually by producing and dispersing spores."}]},{"id":"1c442503-c58f-4fd1-a924-f3096ae5ba62","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Strawberry plants reproduce asexually by spreading runners, while daffodils reproduce asexually by [ ].","back":"Strawberry plants reproduce asexually by spreading runners, while daffodils reproduce asexually by bulb division.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"bulb division","correct":true,"explanation":"Daffodil bulbs can divide and form new bulbs, each developing into a genetically identical plant. This is vegetative asexual reproduction because only one parent is involved."},{"text":"runner growth","correct":false,"explanation":"Runner growth is the asexual method used by strawberry plants, so this swaps the examples. Daffodils reproduce asexually when their bulbs divide and produce new bulbs."},{"text":"seed dispersal","correct":false,"explanation":"Seeds normally result from sexual reproduction after fertilisation, so their dispersal is not the stated asexual method. Daffodils reproduce asexually through bulb division."},{"text":"spore formation","correct":false,"explanation":"Spore formation is commonly associated with fungi and some non-flowering plants, not daffodils. Daffodils reproduce asexually when their underground bulbs divide."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"6.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction","title":"6.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"5595755f-7fff-58e4-ad99-e8f88d78647a","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]