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species’ population decreases."},{"text":"Its numbers rise.","correct":false,"explanation":"A population rises when conditions become more suitable, not when they become unsuitable. Poor abiotic conditions reduce survival or reproduction, causing numbers to fall."},{"text":"Its numbers stay constant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unsuitable conditions usually affect survival or reproduction, so the population does not remain unchanged. Its numbers fall as fewer individuals survive or reproduce."},{"text":"Its numbers double.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unsuitable conditions do not cause rapid population growth. They reduce the species’ success, so its numbers fall rather than doubling."}]},{"id":"b025c902-3b64-4da2-a2f6-820b95fe33e3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to a species' population when abiotic conditions suit it better?","back":"Its numbers rise.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Its numbers rise.","correct":true,"explanation":"When abiotic conditions become more suitable, individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, causing the species’ population to increase."},{"text":"Its numbers fall.","correct":false,"explanation":"A population falls when conditions become less suitable. Better abiotic conditions improve survival or reproduction, so the correct effect is that its numbers rise."},{"text":"Its numbers stay constant.","correct":false,"explanation":"More suitable conditions generally improve survival or reproduction, so the population changes rather than remaining constant. Its numbers rise."},{"text":"Its numbers halve.","correct":false,"explanation":"Halving would indicate a decline caused by less suitable conditions. When abiotic conditions suit a species better, its numbers rise."}]},{"id":"1176e3cd-3dd2-4ec4-bca4-142397f7c47a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does a change in an abiotic factor affect in a community?","back":"The size and distribution of populations.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The size and distribution of populations.","correct":true,"explanation":"Abiotic factors such as light, temperature and moisture affect how many organisms can survive and where populations are found within the community."},{"text":"The colour and behaviour of populations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Abiotic changes can influence population size and distribution, rather than being defined by colour and behaviour. Those are not the two community-level effects required here."},{"text":"The age and sex of populations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Age and sex may describe population structure, but the key effects of changing abiotic factors in a community are population size and distribution."},{"text":"The mass and height of populations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass and height are individual characteristics, not the main population effects asked about. Abiotic changes alter population size and where populations are distributed."}]},{"id":"a61184e0-c231-41cf-bbf9-befd0daefc82","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How are abiotic factors different from biotic factors?","back":"

Abiotic factors are non-living conditions.
Biotic factors are living factors.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Abiotic factors are non-living conditions.
Biotic factors are living factors.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Abiotic factors are non-living environmental conditions, such as light intensity or temperature. Biotic factors are living influences, such as competition or predation."},{"text":"

Abiotic factors are living conditions.
Biotic factors are non-living factors.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The terms have been reversed. Abiotic factors are non-living conditions such as temperature, while biotic factors are living factors such as predation."},{"text":"

Abiotic factors are non-living conditions.
Biotic factors are non-living factors.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Only the first definition is correct. Abiotic factors are non-living, but biotic factors are living factors, so the second description is wrong."},{"text":"

Abiotic factors are living conditions.
Biotic factors are living factors.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Biotic factors are correctly described as living, but abiotic factors are non-living conditions. Confusing the prefix ‘a-’ leads to the first definition being reversed."}]},{"id":"d0df7512-0b82-4c83-88d8-c96d81e76010","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why does dim light reduce the number of plants growing?","back":"Dim light reduces the rate of photosynthesis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Dim light reduces the rate of photosynthesis.","correct":true,"explanation":"Light provides energy for photosynthesis. With less light, the rate of photosynthesis decreases, so plants produce less glucose and fewer plants can grow successfully."},{"text":"Dim light increases the rate of photosynthesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing light intensity generally increases photosynthesis until another factor becomes limiting. Dim light supplies less energy, so it reduces the rate of photosynthesis."},{"text":"Dim light reduces the rate of respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration releases energy from glucose and does not require light directly. Dim light reduces photosynthesis, limiting food production and plant growth."},{"text":"Dim light increases the rate of transpiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dim light usually lowers transpiration because stomata are less likely to open. The relevant effect limiting plant numbers is reduced photosynthesis."}]},{"id":"683d248b-7b86-4f5a-9a93-cc1e9156e57d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a colder climate limit the animals that survive there?","back":"It slows plant growth and limits the available food and habitat conditions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It slows plant growth and limits the available food and habitat conditions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Lower temperatures can slow plant growth, reducing food supplies. Cold conditions may also make habitat conditions unsuitable, limiting which animals can survive."},{"text":"It speeds plant growth and increases the available food and habitat conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Colder temperatures generally slow plant growth rather than speeding it up. This reduces food availability and can make habitat conditions unsuitable for some animals."},{"text":"It slows plant growth and limits the available oxygen and habitat conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cold climate effects in this context concern reduced plant growth, food availability and habitat suitability. Oxygen is not the missing resource identified in the answer."},{"text":"It increases plant growth and limits the available water and habitat conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"A colder climate usually slows plant growth, rather than increasing it. The important limitation for animals is reduced food availability alongside unsuitable habitat conditions."}]},{"id":"2ebf97f9-c7dc-46d0-85d1-168201dad585","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What effect can waterlogged soil have on plants?","back":"It can drown their roots.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can drown their roots.","correct":true,"explanation":"Waterlogged soil contains little air space, so roots may not receive enough oxygen for aerobic respiration. This can cause the roots to die or become unable to function."},{"text":"It can dry their roots.","correct":false,"explanation":"Waterlogged soil contains excess water, not too little. The roots may effectively drown because oxygen cannot reach them, so they are not dried out."},{"text":"It can freeze their roots.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freezing is associated with very low temperature, not waterlogging. Waterlogged soil deprives roots of oxygen and can cause them to drown."},{"text":"It can expose their roots.","correct":false,"explanation":"Waterlogging submerges soil spaces rather than exposing roots. The excess water prevents sufficient oxygen reaching the roots, so they can drown."}]},{"id":"b883302c-ddbb-4383-9d8f-a9160d24ccdb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why can very acidic soil support fewer plant species?","back":"Very acidic soil limits which plants can grow.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Very acidic soil limits which plants can grow.","correct":true,"explanation":"Soil pH affects mineral availability and plant processes. Very acidic conditions are unsuitable for many species, so fewer types of plant can grow there."},{"text":"Very acidic soil increases which plants can grow.","correct":false,"explanation":"Very acidic conditions exclude many plant species rather than allowing more types to grow. Soil pH limits which plants are suited to the location."},{"text":"Very acidic soil limits which plants can respire.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plants respire in all living tissues, but the key population effect of very acidic soil is that fewer plant species can grow successfully there."},{"text":"Very acidic soil controls which plants can pollinate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pollination may be affected indirectly, but the direct point is that soil acidity limits which plant species can grow in the soil."}]},{"id":"8350162e-ced7-48dc-9248-5ba0ae54fbd7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does strong wind affect plants?","back":"

It increases water loss by transpiration.
It can stop growth on exposed ground.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

It increases water loss by transpiration.
It can stop growth on exposed ground.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Strong wind removes moist air around leaves, increasing transpiration. It can also physically damage plants or prevent growth in exposed locations."},{"text":"

It decreases water loss by transpiration.
It can stop growth on exposed ground.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Wind usually increases transpiration by carrying away moist air around leaves. It can stop growth on exposed ground, but the first effect is reversed here."},{"text":"

It increases water loss by respiration.
It can stop growth on exposed ground.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Water loss from leaves occurs through transpiration, not respiration. Strong wind can also prevent growth on exposed ground, so only the process named first is wrong."},{"text":"

It increases water loss by transpiration.
It can encourage growth on exposed ground.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Strong wind increases transpiration and often makes exposed ground difficult for plants to colonise. It does not generally encourage growth there."}]},{"id":"4aae57ea-ec6a-4925-a83f-f92f5d8b938e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is carbon dioxide important for plants?","back":"More carbon dioxide increases photosynthesis and therefore growth.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"More carbon dioxide increases photosynthesis and therefore growth.","correct":true,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is a raw material for photosynthesis. Increasing its concentration can increase the photosynthesis rate, producing more glucose and supporting greater plant growth until another factor limits it."},{"text":"More carbon dioxide decreases photosynthesis and therefore growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is required for photosynthesis, so increasing its concentration can raise the rate until another factor becomes limiting. It does not directly decrease photosynthesis."},{"text":"More carbon dioxide increases respiration and therefore growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis, not as a reactant in respiration. Its importance for plant growth comes from increasing photosynthesis and glucose production."},{"text":"More carbon dioxide decreases transpiration and therefore growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide concentration mainly affects photosynthesis. A decrease in transpiration is not the explanation for increased plant growth in this context."}]},{"id":"7d2e96f4-f180-411a-b082-bfd9f1e46d49","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is dissolved oxygen important for aquatic animals?","back":"It determines which species can live in the water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It determines which species can live in the water.","correct":true,"explanation":"Aquatic animals need dissolved oxygen for aerobic respiration. Different species tolerate different oxygen concentrations, so oxygen level determines which species can survive there."},{"text":"It determines which minerals can dissolve in the water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dissolved oxygen is important because animals use it for aerobic respiration. It does not primarily determine which minerals dissolve in the water."},{"text":"It determines which temperatures can occur in the water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperature is a separate abiotic factor. Dissolved oxygen affects aquatic animals’ respiration and therefore which species can live in the water."},{"text":"It determines which plants can photosynthesise in the water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Aquatic plants are mainly affected by factors such as light, carbon dioxide and minerals. Dissolved oxygen is especially important in determining which aquatic animal species can survive."}]},{"id":"b581c1c5-b570-43da-bb09-cc3c82f17fb4","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What are the seven abiotic factors in these notes?","back":"

Light intensity
Temperature
Moisture level
Soil pH and mineral content
Wind intensity and direction
Carbon dioxide level
Oxygen level

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Light intensity
Temperature
Moisture level
Soil pH and mineral content
Wind intensity and direction
Carbon dioxide level
Oxygen level

","correct":true,"explanation":"These seven abiotic factors are non-living environmental conditions: light, temperature, moisture, soil properties, wind, carbon dioxide and oxygen."},{"text":"

Light intensity
Temperature
Moisture level
Soil pH and mineral content
Wind intensity and direction
Carbon dioxide level
Predator level

","correct":false,"explanation":"The first six factors are abiotic, but predator level is a biotic factor because predators are living organisms. The seventh abiotic factor is oxygen level."},{"text":"

Light intensity
Temperature
Moisture level
Soil pH and mineral content
Wind intensity and direction
Oxygen level
Competition level

","correct":false,"explanation":"Competition level is biotic because it involves interactions between living organisms. Carbon dioxide level belongs in the list of seven abiotic factors instead."},{"text":"

Light intensity
Temperature
Moisture level
Soil pH and mineral content
Predator abundance
Carbon dioxide level
Oxygen level

","correct":false,"explanation":"Predator abundance is a biotic factor because predators are living organisms. The abiotic factor in that position is wind intensity and direction."}]},{"id":"97bd9187-7841-4031-ab2e-50187706295c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do daisies grow in an open, sunlit part of a field but not under a shady tree?","back":"The two locations have different light intensities.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The two locations have different light intensities.","correct":true,"explanation":"The open part of the field receives more light than the area beneath the tree. Daisies grow where the light intensity is suitable for their photosynthesis."},{"text":"The two locations have the same light intensities.","correct":false,"explanation":"An open field and the area beneath a shady tree receive different amounts of light. The difference in light intensity explains the daisies’ distribution."},{"text":"The two locations have different oxygen levels.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen level is not the main contrast described between an open field and a shady tree. The relevant abiotic difference is light intensity."},{"text":"The two locations have different predator numbers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Predator numbers are a biotic factor, and they do not explain the stated open-versus-shady pattern. The locations have different light intensities."}]},{"id":"55529fb9-3734-42f2-be85-28bef741f662","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can the same abiotic factor produce a large population in one spot but almost none nearby?","back":"The factor can differ between locations, making conditions suitable in one spot but unsuitable nearby.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The factor can differ between locations, making conditions suitable in one spot but unsuitable nearby.","correct":true,"explanation":"Abiotic factors are not always uniform across a habitat. A local difference in light, moisture, temperature or another factor can make one spot suitable and a nearby spot unsuitable."},{"text":"The factor must be identical between locations, making conditions suitable in one spot but unsuitable nearby.","correct":false,"explanation":"If the factor were identical, it would not explain the contrasting population sizes. The factor can differ between locations, producing suitable conditions in one spot only."},{"text":"The factor can differ between locations, making conditions suitable in both spots.","correct":false,"explanation":"Suitable conditions in both locations would not explain a large population in one spot and almost none nearby. One location must become unsuitable because the factor differs."},{"text":"The factor can differ between locations, making conditions unsuitable in both spots.","correct":false,"explanation":"If both spots were unsuitable, neither would support a large population. The difference makes one spot suitable and the nearby spot unsuitable."}]},{"id":"57053b02-cfdf-4773-abb6-44ba903bac05","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A change in an abiotic factor can alter the [ ] and distribution of populations in a community.","back":"A change in an abiotic factor can alter the size and distribution of populations in a community.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"size","correct":true,"explanation":"Changes in abiotic factors can alter how many organisms survive in a community, changing the size of populations as well as their distribution."},{"text":"growth","correct":false,"explanation":"Growth can be affected by abiotic conditions, but the sentence asks for population size. A changed factor can alter the size and distribution of populations."},{"text":"colour","correct":false,"explanation":"Colour is an individual characteristic and does not complete the population-level statement. The correct term is size, alongside distribution."},{"text":"behaviour","correct":false,"explanation":"Behaviour may respond to environmental conditions, but it is not the population feature paired with distribution in this statement. The missing term is size."}]},{"id":"8653a9cf-c50a-4478-95f3-fceddf82747d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Light intensity sets the rate of [ ].","back":"Light intensity sets the rate of photosynthesis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"photosynthesis","correct":true,"explanation":"Light supplies the energy needed for photosynthesis. Therefore, changing light intensity changes the rate at which plants photosynthesise, until another factor becomes limiting."},{"text":"respiration","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration releases energy from glucose and does not depend directly on light intensity. Light intensity sets the rate of photosynthesis instead."},{"text":"transpiration","correct":false,"explanation":"Light can influence transpiration indirectly by affecting stomatal opening, but the standard relationship in this sentence is between light intensity and photosynthesis."},{"text":"germination","correct":false,"explanation":"Germination may depend on conditions such as water and temperature, but light intensity is identified here as setting the rate of photosynthesis."}]},{"id":"d59e13c7-d36b-4992-b10a-f923e7fb2149","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Too little water can [ ] many plants.","back":"Too little water can kill many plants.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"kill","correct":true,"explanation":"Too little water causes dehydration, preventing cells from carrying out essential processes. If the shortage is severe or prolonged, the plant dies, so “kill” correctly completes the sentence."},{"text":"feed","correct":false,"explanation":"Water is needed for cell reactions and maintaining turgor, not as food. Too little water can kill many plants, whereas plants make their own food by photosynthesis."},{"text":"pollinate","correct":false,"explanation":"Pollination transfers pollen for reproduction and is not the direct effect described. Severe water shortage prevents essential processes and can kill many plants."},{"text":"photosynthesise","correct":false,"explanation":"Water is a raw material for photosynthesis, so shortage can reduce its rate, but the sentence describes the eventual effect on plants: too little water can kill them."}]},{"id":"561775e5-405b-423c-886a-989b96ad6978","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A shortage of mineral ions such as [ ] means fewer plant species can grow.","back":"A shortage of mineral ions such as nitrates means fewer plant species can grow.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"nitrates","correct":true,"explanation":"Plants absorb nitrate ions to make amino acids and proteins needed for growth. A shortage limits plant growth, meaning fewer plant species can survive in that habitat."},{"text":"chlorides","correct":false,"explanation":"Chloride ions are not the mineral ion identified here as essential for making proteins. Nitrate shortage limits amino acid and protein production, so fewer plant species can grow."},{"text":"phosphates","correct":false,"explanation":"Phosphate ions are important for DNA, cell membranes and energy transfer, but the expected example in this sentence is nitrates, which are needed to make proteins."},{"text":"carbonates","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbonates are not the standard mineral ion example for limiting plant growth in this context. Nitrates are required to make amino acids and proteins, so their shortage reduces growth."}]},{"id":"ee2bd722-2578-41b0-9d08-8b140abaf7aa","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For an animal living in water, the key gas is dissolved [ ].","back":"For an animal living in water, the key gas is dissolved oxygen.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"oxygen","correct":true,"explanation":"Aquatic animals need dissolved oxygen for aerobic respiration, which releases energy for movement, growth and other life processes. Oxygen concentration therefore strongly affects their survival."},{"text":"carbon dioxide","correct":false,"explanation":"Aquatic plants use dissolved carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, but animals mainly need dissolved oxygen for aerobic respiration. Oxygen is the key gas described in the sentence."},{"text":"nitrogen","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrogen gas is abundant in air but is not the key dissolved gas animals use to release energy. Aquatic animals require dissolved oxygen for aerobic respiration."},{"text":"hydrogen","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen is not the dissolved gas normally required by aquatic animals for respiration. They use dissolved oxygen to release energy from food, making oxygen the correct answer."}]},{"id":"702dc851-f800-42af-80ce-4073f808b709","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"If light intensity falls, plants photosynthesise and grow more slowly, so animals that feed on them have less [ ] and their numbers drop.","back":"If light intensity falls, plants photosynthesise and grow more slowly, so animals that feed on them have less food and their numbers drop.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"food","correct":true,"explanation":"Lower light intensity reduces photosynthesis, so plants produce less biomass. Herbivorous animals then have less food available, causing their population size to fall."},{"text":"oxygen","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduced photosynthesis can lower oxygen production, but animals feeding on plants are directly affected because less plant material is available as food. The correct term is food."},{"text":"shelter","correct":false,"explanation":"Plants may provide shelter, but the stated food-chain effect is reduced plant growth leaving herbivores with less food. This reduced food supply causes their numbers to drop."},{"text":"water","correct":false,"explanation":"Light intensity does not directly determine how much water plants provide to feeding animals. Reduced photosynthesis means less plant biomass is produced, so animals have less food."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"7.1.2 Abiotic factors","title":"7.1.2 Abiotic factors Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L39"}]}],"topicId":"0a86d803-218b-56b1-a12f-e85282c8cf99","walled":"$L3a"}],"$L3b","$L3c"]