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shared among the state, market, voluntary and informal sectors rather than being delivered by a single provider."},{"text":"Welfare universalism","correct":false,"explanation":"Welfare universalism concerns access to services or benefits across a population. The correct term is welfare pluralism because provision comes from several different sectors."},{"text":"Welfare dependency","correct":false,"explanation":"Welfare dependency refers to alleged reliance on state benefits. The correct term is welfare pluralism, which describes support provided through a mixture of sectors."},{"text":"Welfare privatisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Welfare privatisation specifically involves transferring provision towards private organisations. Welfare pluralism is the correct term because it includes a mix of state, market, voluntary and informal provision."}]},{"id":"918b0d28-e0c3-4108-938a-4bf07669ec23","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which four sectors make up the welfare mix?","back":"

State
Market or private sector
Voluntary sector
Informal sector

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

State
Market or private sector
Voluntary sector
Informal sector

","correct":true,"explanation":"Welfare pluralism identifies four sources of provision: government, commercial providers, charities and community organisations, and unpaid support from personal networks."},{"text":"

State
Market or private sector
Voluntary sector
Public sector

","correct":false,"explanation":"The public sector is another name for the state, so this list duplicates one sector and omits informal provision. The four are state, market, voluntary and informal."},{"text":"

State
Market or private sector
Employment sector
Informal sector

","correct":false,"explanation":"The employment sector is not one of the four welfare sectors and this list omits voluntary provision. The recognised welfare mix comprises state, market, voluntary and informal sectors."},{"text":"

Household
Market or private sector
Voluntary sector
Informal sector

","correct":false,"explanation":"The household and informal sectors overlap because both refer to unpaid personal support, while the state is missing. The four sectors are state, market, voluntary and informal."}]},{"id":"92fc185c-ee98-4fba-99db-6eacff79f167","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does the informal welfare sector provide?","back":"Unpaid support from family, friends and neighbours.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Unpaid support from family, friends and neighbours.","correct":true,"explanation":"The informal sector consists of care and assistance given without payment through personal relationships, particularly by relatives, friends and people living nearby."},{"text":"Paid support from businesses, employers and insurers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Commercial services purchased from companies belong to the market or private sector. The informal sector instead provides unpaid support from family, friends and neighbours."},{"text":"Funded support from councils, departments and agencies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tax-funded services delivered by government bodies belong to the state sector. Informal welfare is unpaid support provided through family, friendship and neighbourhood relationships."},{"text":"Charitable support from trusts, foundations and organisations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Charities and community organisations form the voluntary sector, even when some workers volunteer. The informal sector specifically means unpaid support from family, friends and neighbours."}]},{"id":"bdea7f0c-e8dc-43ea-b435-1b8953e748b1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] benefit is paid only if income and savings are below a threshold.","back":"A means-tested benefit is paid only if income and savings are below a threshold.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"means-tested","correct":true,"explanation":"Means-tested benefits depend on a financial assessment, so eligibility is restricted to people whose income and savings fall below specified limits."},{"text":"universal","correct":false,"explanation":"A universal benefit is available without an income or savings test. The correct term is means-tested because entitlement depends on resources being below a threshold."},{"text":"contributory","correct":false,"explanation":"A contributory benefit depends primarily on National Insurance contributions rather than current income and savings. A benefit restricted by a financial threshold is means-tested."},{"text":"non-contributory","correct":false,"explanation":"A non-contributory benefit does not require a contribution record, but it is not necessarily income-assessed. The term for threshold-based financial assessment is means-tested."}]},{"id":"7109d87e-efca-4a61-a875-ef7f5a127203","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What type of benefit is Universal Credit?","back":"Means-tested benefit.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Means-tested benefit.","correct":true,"explanation":"Universal Credit is means-tested because entitlement and payment levels are determined by household circumstances, including income, earnings and savings."},{"text":"Universal benefit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Universal Credit is not paid automatically to everyone; eligibility depends on household income and savings. It is therefore a means-tested benefit, despite its name."},{"text":"Contributory benefit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Universal Credit does not depend on having made sufficient National Insurance contributions. It is a means-tested benefit assessed according to household financial circumstances."},{"text":"Insurance-based benefit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Universal Credit is paid from taxation rather than an individual insurance policy. Its relevant classification is a means-tested benefit because financial resources determine entitlement."}]},{"id":"1db93ca9-e9e4-43b9-951a-778ffee75e32","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is Universal Credit called "universal"?","back":"It merged six working-age benefits into one payment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It merged six working-age benefits into one payment.","correct":true,"explanation":"The name refers to its role as a single integrated payment replacing six separate working-age benefits, not to entitlement for every person regardless of income."},{"text":"It paid every working-age adult through one payment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Universal Credit is means-tested, so it is not automatically paid to every adult. It is called universal because it merged six working-age benefits into one payment."},{"text":"It merged all existing benefits into one payment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Universal Credit did not combine every benefit in the welfare system, as pensions and many other benefits remained separate. It merged six working-age benefits into one payment."},{"text":"It supported only unemployed adults through one payment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Universal Credit is not limited to people outside employment because many low-paid workers can claim it. Its name reflects the merger of six working-age benefits into one payment."}]},{"id":"a319f551-2fe4-4fd4-8852-ccda233147b9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The modern UK Welfare State followed the [ ].","back":"The modern UK Welfare State followed the 1942 Beveridge Report.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"1942 Beveridge Report","correct":true,"explanation":"The 1942 Beveridge Report proposed a comprehensive system of social security to tackle major social problems and strongly influenced the post-war UK Welfare State."},{"text":"1980 Black Report","correct":false,"explanation":"The 1980 Black Report examined health inequalities decades after the Welfare State was established. The foundational proposal was the 1942 Beveridge Report."},{"text":"1944 Butler Education Act","correct":false,"explanation":"The 1944 Butler Education Act reformed secondary education but was not the main blueprint for the Welfare State. That blueprint was the 1942 Beveridge Report."},{"text":"1948 National Assistance Act","correct":false,"explanation":"The 1948 National Assistance Act formed part of post-war welfare legislation rather than preceding the modern Welfare State’s development. The key precursor was the 1942 Beveridge Report."}]},{"id":"2fc56416-e593-4617-bc82-e9c856878e28","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For Social Democrats, what causes poverty?","back":"Structural inequalities in wealth, power and opportunities.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Structural inequalities in wealth, power and opportunities.","correct":true,"explanation":"Social Democrats explain poverty through unequal social structures that distribute wealth, influence and life chances unevenly, rather than primarily blaming individual behaviour."},{"text":"Individual laziness in work, effort and responsibility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Individual laziness reflects a New Right-style explanation that places responsibility on personal behaviour. Social Democrats instead identify structural inequalities in wealth, power and opportunities."},{"text":"Welfare dependency in families, communities and generations.","correct":false,"explanation":"A dependency culture is commonly associated with New Right accounts of poverty. Social Democrats argue that structural inequalities in wealth, power and opportunities create poverty."},{"text":"Poor budgeting in spending, saving and consumption.","correct":false,"explanation":"Poor budgeting treats poverty as the result of personal financial choices. Social Democrats locate its causes in structural inequalities affecting wealth, power and opportunities."}]},{"id":"dda3ab73-e501-4268-be60-5f209d7119f9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What state solution to poverty do Social Democrats favour?","back":"

Broad universal benefits
Progressive taxation to fund services

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Broad universal benefits
Progressive taxation to fund services

","correct":true,"explanation":"Social Democrats support universal welfare provision funded through progressive taxation, because government intervention can redistribute income, reduce inequality and protect all citizens from poverty."},{"text":"

Strict means-tested benefits
Low taxation to limit services

","correct":false,"explanation":"Strict means-testing and low taxation reflect the New Right's preference for limited welfare. Social Democrats instead favour broad universal benefits funded through progressive taxation."},{"text":"

Voluntary charitable support
Private donations to fund services

","correct":false,"explanation":"Reliance on charity and private donations provides neither universal entitlement nor reliable redistribution. Social Democrats favour broad universal benefits funded by progressive taxation."},{"text":"

Reduced state benefits
Regressive taxation to fund services

","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduced benefits and regressive taxation would place proportionally greater burdens on poorer groups. Social Democrats favour broad universal benefits financed through progressive taxation."}]},{"id":"f781d999-ba68-4281-b035-aa8b84f7f786","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do Social Democrats prefer universal benefits for uptake?","back":"They carry no stigma, so more people claim them.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They carry no stigma, so more people claim them.","correct":true,"explanation":"Universal benefits are available to everyone who qualifies without being labelled poor. Their lack of stigma therefore encourages higher uptake among people entitled to support."},{"text":"They require strict means-testing, so more people claim them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Means-testing can reduce uptake because intrusive assessments and association with poverty may create stigma. Universal benefits carry no stigma, so more eligible people claim them."},{"text":"They offer lower payments, so more people claim them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lower payment levels do not explain greater uptake and may make claiming seem less worthwhile. Social Democrats emphasise that universal benefits carry no stigma."},{"text":"They involve private charities, so more people claim them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Universal benefits are state entitlements rather than charitable assistance. Their greater uptake comes from carrying no stigma, not from involving private charities."}]},{"id":"77677ddb-bd89-46d3-9816-a8d7de52ea15","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a criticism of high-spending Social Democratic welfare?","back":"High taxation may stifle growth and investment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"High taxation may stifle growth and investment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Critics argue that high taxes can reduce incentives for businesses and individuals to invest, potentially slowing economic growth and limiting the revenue available for welfare."},{"text":"High taxation may increase growth and investment.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the standard criticism of high-spending welfare. Critics claim high taxation may weaken incentives and therefore stifle growth and investment."},{"text":"Universal benefits may create stigma and low uptake.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stigma and low uptake are more commonly associated with means-tested benefits. The criticism of high-spending Social Democratic welfare is that taxation may stifle growth and investment."},{"text":"Low taxation may stifle growth and investment.","correct":false,"explanation":"This misidentifies the source of the criticism. Opponents argue that the high taxation needed to finance extensive welfare may stifle growth and investment."}]},{"id":"99bb2541-ca2e-461c-bd4f-3d0f5232e362","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The New Right argues generous welfare creates a [ ] and an [ ].","back":"The New Right argues generous welfare creates a dependency culture and an underclass.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The New Right argues generous welfare creates a dependency culture and an underclass.","correct":true,"explanation":"The New Right claims generous welfare can discourage self-reliance, producing a dependency culture and a long-term underclass separated from mainstream employment and values."},{"text":"The New Right argues generous welfare creates a work ethic and an underclass.","correct":false,"explanation":"The New Right believes generous welfare weakens rather than creates a work ethic. It argues that welfare produces a dependency culture and an underclass."},{"text":"The New Right argues generous welfare creates a dependency culture and an egalitarian society.","correct":false,"explanation":"An egalitarian society is not the alleged harmful outcome identified by the New Right. Its argument is that dependency culture contributes to the formation of an underclass."},{"text":"The New Right argues generous welfare creates a meritocratic culture and an integrated workforce.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are positive outcomes and reverse the New Right's criticism. It argues that generous welfare creates a dependency culture and an underclass."}]},{"id":"8d75ab31-443e-4253-95d7-a22bcee75127","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How should benefits be designed according to the New Right?","back":"

Strictly means-tested
Low enough to deter dependency
Make work pay

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Strictly means-tested
Low enough to deter dependency
Make work pay

","correct":true,"explanation":"The New Right favours tightly targeted, low benefits so that welfare remains a safety net without weakening incentives, while employment provides a clear financial advantage."},{"text":"

Universally available
High enough to prevent inequality
Replace paid work

","correct":false,"explanation":"Universal, generous provision conflicts with the New Right's concern about dependency. It favours strictly means-tested, low benefits designed to ensure that work pays."},{"text":"

Strictly means-tested
High enough to reward dependency
Make welfare pay

","correct":false,"explanation":"Although means-testing matches New Right policy, generous benefits and rewarding welfare dependency do not. Benefits should remain low enough to deter dependency and make work pay."},{"text":"

Broadly universal
Low enough to increase poverty
Make charity pay

","correct":false,"explanation":"The New Right advocates targeting support through strict means-testing, not universal provision or reliance on charity. Benefits should deter dependency while making employment financially worthwhile."}]},{"id":"0497941d-8e08-4aa0-8e33-8e8850a64636","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do Marxists call welfare a "sticking plaster"?","back":"It pacifies workers by providing minimum survival.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It pacifies workers by providing minimum survival.","correct":true,"explanation":"Marxists argue that limited welfare keeps workers sufficiently secure to prevent rebellion while leaving capitalist exploitation intact, so it treats symptoms rather than causes."},{"text":"It empowers workers by abolishing class inequality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Welfare does not abolish class inequality or capitalist ownership in the Marxist view. It pacifies workers by providing minimum survival while preserving the underlying system."},{"text":"It rewards capitalists by eliminating all poverty.","correct":false,"explanation":"Marxists do not believe welfare eliminates poverty; capitalism continues to generate inequality. Welfare is a sticking plaster because it pacifies workers through minimum support."},{"text":"It liberates workers by ending capitalist exploitation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ending capitalist exploitation would require fundamental systemic change, not welfare provision. Marxists argue welfare merely pacifies workers by ensuring minimum survival."}]},{"id":"61190525-bf07-4d31-82ca-c6c90e95469f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For Marxists, what is needed to eradicate poverty?","back":"The dismantling of capitalism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The dismantling of capitalism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Marxists see poverty as structurally produced by capitalist ownership and exploitation. Eradicating it therefore requires dismantling capitalism rather than merely reforming welfare."},{"text":"The expansion of private charity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Private charity may relieve individual hardship but leaves capitalist class relations unchanged. Marxists argue that poverty can be eradicated only by dismantling capitalism."},{"text":"The reduction of progressive taxation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reducing progressive taxation would not remove the capitalist structures that Marxists identify as poverty's cause. They argue that capitalism itself must be dismantled."},{"text":"The introduction of stricter means-testing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stricter means-testing changes access to welfare but does not end capitalist exploitation. Marxists believe eradicating poverty requires the dismantling of capitalism."}]},{"id":"db5d040a-a146-4dfe-a3c9-7289bc1ea948","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What patriarchal assumption do feminists identify in welfare policy?","back":"The male breadwinner, female homemaker model.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The male breadwinner, female homemaker model.","correct":true,"explanation":"Feminists argue that welfare policy has often assumed men earn wages while women provide unpaid domestic care, reinforcing women's economic dependence and traditional gender roles."},{"text":"The female breadwinner, male homemaker model.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the traditional gender arrangement criticised by feminists. Welfare policy has commonly assumed a male breadwinner and a female homemaker."},{"text":"The dual breadwinner, shared homemaker model.","correct":false,"explanation":"A dual-earner model with shared domestic work challenges rather than expresses the patriarchal assumption. Feminists identify the male breadwinner, female homemaker model."},{"text":"The single breadwinner, state homemaker model.","correct":false,"explanation":"The feminist criticism concerns unpaid domestic responsibility being assigned to women, not to the state. The assumption is a male breadwinner and female homemaker."}]},{"id":"90fd0310-f6a8-490a-bb84-675739f88e00","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What welfare changes do feminists propose?","back":"

Treat people as individuals, not households
Fund childcare for equal paid work access

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Treat people as individuals, not households
Fund childcare for equal paid work access

","correct":true,"explanation":"Feminists argue that household-based welfare can hide women’s unequal access to resources. Individual entitlement and funded childcare increase women’s financial independence and access to paid employment."},{"text":"

Treat people as households, not individuals
Cut childcare to encourage family care

","correct":false,"explanation":"Household entitlement can reinforce women’s financial dependence, while cutting childcare restricts their employment opportunities. Feminists instead support individual treatment and funded childcare for equal access to paid work."},{"text":"

Make benefits means-tested through partners
Reward unpaid care instead of paid work

","correct":false,"explanation":"Assessing women through partners can deepen financial dependence, and directing them towards unpaid care reinforces traditional gender roles. Feminists propose individual entitlement and funded childcare to improve paid work access."},{"text":"

Give benefits to male breadwinners
Privatise childcare to reduce public spending

","correct":false,"explanation":"Male-breadwinner benefits and private childcare reproduce gender inequality by making women dependent and limiting affordable care. Feminists favour individual welfare rights and publicly funded childcare."}]},{"id":"378de127-dd30-4876-96e1-4d72a8f378f0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Critics argue private welfare creates a [ ] between those who can and cannot pay.","back":"Critics argue private welfare creates a two-tier system between those who can and cannot pay.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"two-tier system","correct":true,"explanation":"Private provision divides welfare users into those able to purchase better services and those reliant on limited public provision, creating a two-tier system based on ability to pay."},{"text":"dependency culture","correct":false,"explanation":"Dependency culture describes the alleged effect of benefits on motivation, not unequal access caused by private provision. Critics call the division between those who can and cannot pay a two-tier system."},{"text":"poverty trap","correct":false,"explanation":"A poverty trap occurs when increased earnings bring little financial gain because benefits fall or taxes rise. Unequal private welfare access instead creates a two-tier system."},{"text":"cycle of deprivation","correct":false,"explanation":"The cycle of deprivation refers to poverty being transmitted across generations. The division produced when only some people can afford private welfare is described as a two-tier system."}]},{"id":"beaa46d2-e5fc-4a43-add6-cf8de884e793","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does the New Right claim market competition in welfare achieves?","back":"

Higher quality services
Lower tax burden

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Higher quality services
Lower tax burden

","correct":true,"explanation":"The New Right argues that competition gives providers incentives to improve quality and efficiency. Greater private provision also reduces reliance on taxation to fund state welfare."},{"text":"

Lower quality services
Higher tax burden

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are criticisms of inefficient provision rather than claimed benefits of markets. The New Right argues that competition produces higher-quality services while reducing the tax burden."},{"text":"

Greater dependency on benefits
Higher public spending

","correct":false,"explanation":"The New Right associates extensive state welfare, not market competition, with dependency and high spending. It claims competition raises service quality and lowers the burden on taxpayers."},{"text":"

Less consumer choice
More state control

","correct":false,"explanation":"Market competition is intended to expand consumer choice and reduce direct state control. The New Right particularly claims that it improves service quality and lowers taxation."}]},{"id":"ab381667-2f6e-46fd-ad28-2f8493df54de","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"According to Garthwaite, what mainly drives food bank use?","back":"

Universal Credit delays
Sanctions
Low wages

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Universal Credit delays
Sanctions
Low wages

","correct":true,"explanation":"Garthwaite links food bank use mainly to welfare administration and insecure incomes. Universal Credit delays, benefit sanctions and wages insufficient for basic needs leave people without enough money for food."},{"text":"

Poor budgeting choices
Overspending
Financial irresponsibility

","correct":false,"explanation":"This individualistic account blames recipients and overlooks Garthwaite’s evidence about structural hardship. She identifies Universal Credit delays, sanctions and low wages as the main drivers."},{"text":"

Family breakdown
Social isolation
Declining community spirit

","correct":false,"explanation":"These social explanations do not reflect Garthwaite’s main findings about food bank use. Her research emphasises Universal Credit delays, sanctions and low wages that leave households short of income."},{"text":"

Generous benefit payments
Secure employment
Rising wages

","correct":false,"explanation":"These conditions would normally reduce food insecurity rather than cause it. Garthwaite instead highlights payment delays under Universal Credit, sanctions and low wages as key pressures."}]},{"id":"4ca25f3b-4d7d-471b-97d8-9294f7699ba3","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How do structuralist or conflict theorists view charity as a poverty solution?","back":"Unreliable, degrading and precarious; it lets government off the hook.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Unreliable, degrading and precarious; it lets government off the hook.","correct":true,"explanation":"Structuralist and conflict approaches argue that charity cannot guarantee secure support and may stigmatise recipients. Reliance on it also allows the state to avoid responsibility for tackling structural poverty."},{"text":"Reliable, empowering and secure; it makes government action unnecessary.","correct":false,"explanation":"This presents charity as an adequate replacement for state welfare, contrary to structuralist criticism. They regard charity as unreliable, degrading and precarious, and argue that it excuses government inaction."},{"text":"Efficient, dignified and permanent; it removes the causes of poverty.","correct":false,"explanation":"Charity may relieve immediate hardship, but it does not remove structural causes such as inequality and low pay. Conflict theorists see it as precarious and potentially degrading."},{"text":"Fair, universal and dependable; it holds government fully accountable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Charitable support is discretionary rather than universal or guaranteed, and dependence on it can reduce pressure on government. Structuralists therefore describe charity as unreliable, degrading and precarious."}]},{"id":"d4ddee5c-daef-4e80-ad53-0cd78f01d0f9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can informal welfare increase women’s poverty risk?","back":"Women often reduce work or leave employment to provide care.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Women often reduce work or leave employment to provide care.","correct":true,"explanation":"Women perform a disproportionate share of unpaid caring. Reducing hours or leaving employment lowers their earnings, pension contributions and career progression, increasing their present and future poverty risk."},{"text":"Women often increase work or enter employment to provide care.","correct":false,"explanation":"Providing informal care usually restricts time available for paid employment rather than increasing it. Women often reduce working hours or leave employment, weakening income and pension security."},{"text":"Women often gain promotion or higher wages to provide care.","correct":false,"explanation":"Time away from paid work commonly damages progression and earnings rather than producing promotion. Women’s disproportionate caring responsibilities can force them to reduce work or leave employment."},{"text":"Women often receive salaries for family care to provide care.","correct":false,"explanation":"Informal family care is generally unpaid, so it does not provide a replacement salary. Women may instead reduce paid work or leave employment, increasing financial dependence and poverty risk."}]},{"id":"9211f6bf-96d2-401f-a664-978eb86f1e7b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does the "Bank of Mum and Dad" reproduce class inequality?","back":"Wealthy families can protect children; working-class families cannot.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Wealthy families can protect children; working-class families cannot.","correct":true,"explanation":"Affluent parents can transfer wealth for deposits, education or emergencies, protecting their children from financial risks. Working-class parents usually have fewer assets, so existing class advantages persist across generations."},{"text":"Working-class families can protect children; wealthy families cannot.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the unequal distribution of family wealth. Wealthy families are better able to fund housing, education and emergencies, while working-class families generally cannot provide comparable protection."},{"text":"All families can protect children; social class makes no difference.","correct":false,"explanation":"Families have very unequal levels of savings, property and disposable income. Wealthy parents can provide substantial financial support, whereas many working-class parents lack the resources to do so."},{"text":"The welfare state can protect children; family wealth becomes irrelevant.","correct":false,"explanation":"State welfare may reduce hardship, but it does not equalise private family assets. Wealthy parents can still transfer resources and opportunities that working-class parents cannot provide."}]},{"id":"5c5f0850-ee33-455e-8b5f-935b5461fbf9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] policies reduce inequality; [ ] policies increase inequality.","back":"Progressive policies reduce inequality; regressive policies increase inequality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Progressive policies reduce inequality; regressive policies increase inequality.","correct":true,"explanation":"Progressive policies redistribute resources towards poorer groups or ask richer groups to contribute proportionately more. Regressive policies place greater relative burdens on poorer groups and therefore widen inequality."},{"text":"Regressive policies reduce inequality; regressive policies increase inequality.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first term confuses regressive policies with redistributive ones. Progressive policies reduce inequality, while regressive policies increase it by imposing greater relative costs on poorer groups."},{"text":"Progressive policies reduce inequality; progressive policies increase inequality.","correct":false,"explanation":"The second term wrongly labels inequality-increasing measures as progressive. Progressive policies reduce inequality through redistribution, whereas regressive policies increase inequality by disproportionately disadvantaging poorer groups."},{"text":"Regressive policies reduce inequality; progressive policies increase inequality.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both concepts. Progressive policies reduce inequality by redistributing resources more fairly, while regressive policies increase inequality by placing a heavier relative burden on poorer people."}]},{"id":"8a85ff51-583f-4368-ade7-d1d14dffb95c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"If the poorest lose 10% income while the richest gain 5%, what happens to relative poverty?","back":"The income gap widens, so relative poverty increases.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The income gap widens, so relative poverty increases.","correct":true,"explanation":"Relative poverty is measured against typical incomes in society. Falling incomes for the poorest alongside rising incomes for the richest increase inequality and widen the relative income gap."},{"text":"The income gap narrows, so relative poverty decreases.","correct":false,"explanation":"The gap does not narrow when the poorest lose income and the richest gain it. Their incomes move further apart, so the income gap widens and relative poverty increases."},{"text":"The income gap stays constant, so relative poverty is unchanged.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating relative poverty as unchanged overlooks the unequal income changes between groups. The poorest become worse off relative to the richest, so the income gap widens and relative poverty increases."},{"text":"The income gap widens, so relative poverty decreases.","correct":false,"explanation":"A widening income gap cannot produce lower relative poverty in this situation. Because the poorest lose income while the richest gain income, relative deprivation becomes greater and relative poverty increases."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Responses and solutions to poverty","title":"Responses and solutions to poverty Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/sociology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"bb1b8a9b-4dfd-5138-bfc0-dc60c32efc66","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]