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cure.","correct":true,"explanation":"Exercise can reduce risk or complement established treatments, but evidence does not show that it cures mental illness. The cautious claim avoids overstating a complex association."},{"text":"Exercise is a complete treatment for mental illness, providing a cure.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overstates the evidence by treating exercise as sufficient to eliminate mental illness. Exercise may be a protective factor or supportive intervention, but it is not a cure."},{"text":"Exercise will be a guaranteed method of prevention, stopping all illness.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses a possible reduction in risk with guaranteed prevention. Exercise may act as a protective factor or supportive intervention, but mental illness has multiple interacting causes."},{"text":"Exercise should be a replacement for professional treatment, not additional support.","correct":false,"explanation":"This wrongly treats exercise as a substitute for evidence-based professional care. 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An acute effect follows a single session immediately, while a chronic effect develops through repeated sessions over an extended period."},{"text":"An chronic effect is immediate after one session; a chronic effect develops after repeated sessions over weeks/months.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calling the immediate response chronic confuses short-term responses with long-term adaptation. The first term should be acute effect, while the repeated-session outcome is a chronic effect."},{"text":"An acute effect is immediate after one session; a acute effect develops after repeated sessions over weeks/months.","correct":false,"explanation":"The second effect is mislabelled because changes developing over weeks or months are chronic, not acute. Acute effects occur immediately after an individual exercise session."}]},{"id":"5a40a059-b6bb-4d05-beec-475295c50d87","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How may endorphins improve mood after exercise?","back":"Endorphins can reduce pain and create pleasure/calm.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Endorphins can reduce pain and create pleasure/calm.","correct":true,"explanation":"Endorphins are endogenous opioids that can reduce the perception of pain and contribute to pleasurable or calming feelings, helping explain improved mood following exercise."},{"text":"Endorphins can increase pain and create anxiety/tension.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the typical effects attributed to endorphins. They can reduce pain perception and contribute to feelings of pleasure or calm after exercise."},{"text":"Endorphins can reduce pleasure and create fatigue/distress.","correct":false,"explanation":"This mistakes endorphins for chemicals producing negative affect. Endorphins are associated with pain reduction and pleasurable or calming feelings, which may support mood improvement."},{"text":"Endorphins can increase cortisol and create fear/alertness.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses endorphins with the hormonal stress response. Endorphins can reduce pain and promote pleasure or calm, rather than primarily increasing cortisol and fear."}]},{"id":"f8897e6d-8ae4-4feb-99a5-6151b361cbde","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] is linked with mood regulation; [ ] is linked with reward, motivation and movement.","back":"Serotonin is linked with mood regulation; dopamine is linked with reward, motivation and movement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Serotonin is linked with mood regulation; dopamine is linked with reward, motivation and movement.","correct":true,"explanation":"Serotonin is strongly associated with regulating mood, while dopamine has central roles in reward processing, motivation and the control of movement."},{"text":"Dopamine is linked with mood regulation; serotonin is linked with reward, motivation and movement.","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the standard associations used in this account. Serotonin is linked mainly with mood regulation, while dopamine is linked with reward, motivation and movement."},{"text":"Cortisol is linked with mood regulation; dopamine is linked with reward, motivation and movement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cortisol is primarily a stress hormone, so substituting it for serotonin confuses stress responses with neurotransmitter regulation. Serotonin is the chemical linked here with mood regulation."},{"text":"Serotonin is linked with mood regulation; melatonin is linked with reward, motivation and movement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Melatonin primarily helps regulate sleep-wake rhythms, not reward, motivation and movement. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter associated with those functions, while serotonin is linked with mood."}]},{"id":"8bc12f51-141c-4959-893f-d0091e4fdac5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How may regular moderate exercise affect cortisol and stress?","back":"It may regulate stress responses, making the body less reactive.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It may regulate stress responses, making the body less reactive.","correct":true,"explanation":"Regular moderate exercise may improve regulation of the stress system, including cortisol activity. This can make physiological responses to later stressors less intense or more controlled."},{"text":"It may intensify stress responses, making the body more reactive.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the expected adaptation to regular moderate exercise. It may improve regulation of cortisol and stress responses, making the body less reactive to stressors."},{"text":"It may eliminate cortisol production, making the body unable to react.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats cortisol as entirely harmful and assumes it should disappear. Cortisol is necessary for normal functioning; exercise may regulate stress responses rather than eliminate cortisol production."},{"text":"It may maintain constant cortisol, making the body equally reactive.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks the adaptive regulation associated with regular moderate exercise. The proposed benefit is better-controlled stress responses, which may make the body less reactive rather than unchanged."}]},{"id":"134caabd-8669-40d5-98cb-4627f400ec8c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can better sleep from exercise support mental health?","back":"Better sleep can improve mood, attention and emotional control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Better sleep can improve mood, attention and emotional control.","correct":true,"explanation":"Restorative sleep supports emotional regulation and cognitive functioning. Exercise-related improvements in sleep may therefore enhance mood, attention and control over emotional responses."},{"text":"Better sleep can reduce mood, attention and emotional control.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the usual effects of restorative sleep. Better sleep generally supports mood, sustained attention and emotional control, helping exercise contribute indirectly to mental health."},{"text":"Better sleep can improve strength, reflexes and pain tolerance.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are mainly physical or performance-related outcomes and do not answer how sleep supports mental health. The relevant benefits are improved mood, attention and emotional control."},{"text":"Better sleep can improve stress, distraction and emotional instability.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats negative states as desirable improvements. Better sleep can reduce such difficulties by improving mood, attention and emotional control, thereby supporting mental health."}]},{"id":"6c1c19d9-c449-4394-97f6-b596f33b1934","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Exercise may increase [ ], which supports [ ].","back":"Exercise may increase BDNF, which supports growth and maintenance of neurons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Exercise may increase BDNF, which supports growth and maintenance of neurons.","correct":true,"explanation":"BDNF is a neurotrophic protein involved in neuronal survival, growth and plasticity. Exercise may increase BDNF, supporting the growth and maintenance of neurons."},{"text":"Exercise may increase cortisol, which supports growth and maintenance of neurons.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses a stress hormone with a neurotrophic factor. BDNF, rather than cortisol, is associated with supporting neuronal growth, maintenance and plasticity after exercise."},{"text":"Exercise may increase BDNF, which supports breakdown and removal of neurons.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses BDNF’s neurotrophic role. BDNF supports neuronal growth, survival and maintenance rather than promoting the breakdown and removal of neurons."},{"text":"Exercise may increase adrenaline, which supports breakdown and removal of neurons.","correct":false,"explanation":"This combines an acute arousal hormone with an incorrect neuronal outcome. Exercise may increase BDNF, which supports the growth and maintenance of neurons."}]},{"id":"a88d77d3-9041-4170-b974-ad16dd699567","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Exercise-related mental health improvements are usually [ ], not purely biological.","back":"Exercise-related mental health improvements are usually biopsychosocial, not purely biological.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"biopsychosocial","correct":true,"explanation":"Exercise can influence mental health through interacting biological, psychological and social mechanisms. Describing the improvements as biopsychosocial recognises all three levels rather than reducing them to biology."},{"text":"biological","correct":false,"explanation":"This reflects biological reductionism by considering only mechanisms such as neurotransmitters or cortisol. Exercise-related mental health improvements are usually biopsychosocial because psychological and social factors also contribute."},{"text":"psychological","correct":false,"explanation":"This considers effects such as self-esteem or distraction but excludes biological and social mechanisms. The more complete description is biopsychosocial because all three levels may interact."},{"text":"social","correct":false,"explanation":"Social interaction and support can contribute, but they do not explain all exercise-related improvements. The effects are usually biopsychosocial, combining social, psychological and biological processes."}]},{"id":"84be42db-1700-44e9-97bc-4e6e02bdb6dc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is Parkinson's disease relevant for studying exercise and mood?","back":"

It affects movement and mood.
Dopamine is involved in movement and reward.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

It affects movement and mood.
Dopamine is involved in movement and reward.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Parkinson’s disease involves dopamine loss in brain systems associated with movement, while dopamine also contributes to reward and mood. This makes the condition relevant when examining exercise, movement and emotional wellbeing."},{"text":"

It affects memory and language.
Acetylcholine is involved in speech and reward.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses Parkinson’s disease with disorders primarily characterised by cognitive decline. Parkinson’s affects movement and mood, and dopamine is important in both movement control and reward processing."},{"text":"

It affects breathing and anxiety.
GABA is involved in movement and reward.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Anxiety can occur in Parkinson’s, but breathing is not the key link being studied, and GABA is not the focus. Parkinson’s affects movement and mood through dopamine-related systems."},{"text":"

It affects vision and sleep.
Melatonin is involved in movement and reward.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Sleep difficulties may accompany Parkinson’s, but melatonin regulates sleep rather than movement and reward. The relevant link is that Parkinson’s affects movement and mood, both involving dopamine."}]},{"id":"aea41678-4fdc-4956-ad35-6308553d8009","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In dance for Parkinson's disease, what can rhythm and music do?","back":"They can cue movement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They can cue movement.","correct":true,"explanation":"Rhythm provides an external timing signal that can help people with Parkinson’s initiate and coordinate movements, potentially compensating for difficulties caused by impaired internal movement control."},{"text":"They can eliminate tremors.","correct":false,"explanation":"Music may support movement, but it does not remove Parkinsonian tremors. Rhythm and music instead provide external cues that can help participants initiate and coordinate movement."},{"text":"They can restore dopamine.","correct":false,"explanation":"This mistakes a behavioural aid for a biological treatment. Rhythm and music do not replace lost dopamine; they provide external timing cues that make movement easier to initiate."},{"text":"They can improve memory.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although music can sometimes support memory, that was not its relevant function in the dance sessions. Rhythm and music were used to cue and coordinate movement."}]},{"id":"3cfc7cbe-3d17-440b-aa17-bc4ce7875825","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was the aim of Lewis et al. (2014)?","back":"To test whether social dance was associated with mood changes in Parkinson's disease.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To test whether social dance was associated with mood changes in Parkinson's disease.","correct":true,"explanation":"Lewis et al. investigated whether taking part in social dance was related to changes in the positive and negative moods of people living with Parkinson’s disease."},{"text":"To test whether aerobic cycling was associated with mood changes in Parkinson's disease.","correct":false,"explanation":"This substitutes a different form of exercise for the activity actually investigated. Lewis et al. examined whether social dance was associated with mood changes in Parkinson’s disease."},{"text":"To test whether drug treatment was associated with mood changes in Parkinson's disease.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study was not an investigation of medication or its psychological effects. Its aim was to test whether participation in social dance was associated with mood changes."},{"text":"To test whether sleep therapy was associated with mood changes in Parkinson's disease.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the study with a clinical intervention for sleep problems. Lewis et al. specifically investigated the association between social dance and mood changes in Parkinson’s disease."}]},{"id":"fa9798cf-c37c-4371-82b1-01ba7272e780","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Lewis et al. was a [ ] using a [ ].","back":"Lewis et al. was a field study using a repeated-measures design.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Lewis et al. was a field study using a repeated-measures design.","correct":true,"explanation":"The research took place in a natural dance setting, making it a field study. The same participants gave mood ratings before and after sessions, creating a repeated-measures design."},{"text":"Lewis et al. was a field experiment using a independent-measures design.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calling it an experiment wrongly implies controlled manipulation, while independent measures would require separate participant groups. It was a field study using repeated measurements from the same people."},{"text":"Lewis et al. was a laboratory study using a repeated-measures design.","correct":false,"explanation":"The repeated-measures element is right because participants were assessed before and after dancing, but the natural dance environment makes this a field study rather than a laboratory study."},{"text":"Lewis et al. was a field study using an independent-measures design.","correct":false,"explanation":"The field-study classification is right, but independent measures would use different participants in each condition. The same participants were assessed before and after, so the design was repeated measures."}]},{"id":"dffafb32-392b-41e4-8dd0-c5d30b6fb01f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did Lewis et al. measure mood change?","back":"Using self-report mood ratings before and after dance sessions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Using self-report mood ratings before and after dance sessions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Participants reported their own mood both before and after dancing. Comparing these repeated self-report ratings allowed the researchers to identify immediate changes in positive and negative mood."},{"text":"Using observer-rated movement scores before and after dance sessions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Observer-rated movement scores would assess motor performance rather than participants’ emotional states. Lewis et al. measured mood using self-report mood ratings completed before and after dance sessions."},{"text":"Using heart-rate measurements before and after dance sessions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heart rate measures physiological arousal and cannot directly establish whether mood became more positive or negative. Mood change was assessed through participants’ self-report ratings before and after dancing."},{"text":"Using blood dopamine measurements before and after dance sessions.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses a possible biological mechanism with the study’s measure of mood. The researchers used self-report mood ratings before and after dance sessions rather than measuring dopamine."}]},{"id":"9ffa74e6-99b1-4314-8a52-36c2e97241b2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What mood result did Lewis et al. find after dance sessions?","back":"

Higher positive mood.
Lower negative mood.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Higher positive mood.
Lower negative mood.

","correct":true,"explanation":"After the dance sessions, participants reported more positive feelings and fewer negative feelings. This pattern indicates an immediate beneficial change in mood following social dance."},{"text":"

Lower positive mood.
Higher negative mood.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both reported effects and would indicate that dancing worsened mood. Lewis et al. found higher positive mood and lower negative mood after the dance sessions."},{"text":"

Unchanged positive mood.
Unchanged negative mood.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The results did not show an absence of mood change. Participants reported higher positive mood and lower negative mood after dancing, indicating an immediate emotional benefit."},{"text":"

Higher positive mood.
Higher negative mood.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Positive mood did rise, but negative mood did not rise alongside it. The complete result was higher positive mood combined with lower negative mood after dancing."}]},{"id":"ec0106bd-006b-477a-96e6-a175275dac06","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Lewis et al. conclude about social dance?","back":"It can produce immediate positive mood changes in people with Parkinson's disease.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can produce immediate positive mood changes in people with Parkinson's disease.","correct":true,"explanation":"The before-and-after ratings showed improved mood following the sessions, supporting the conclusion that social dance can produce immediate positive mood changes for people with Parkinson’s disease."},{"text":"It can produce permanent motor improvements in people with Parkinson's disease.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study measured immediate mood ratings, not lasting changes in motor symptoms. Lewis et al. concluded that social dance can produce immediate positive mood changes in people with Parkinson’s disease."},{"text":"It can produce complete symptom remission in people with Parkinson's disease.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social dance is not a cure and the research did not demonstrate remission of Parkinsonian symptoms. The evidence supported immediate positive changes in mood after dance sessions."},{"text":"It can produce immediate negative mood changes in people with Parkinson's disease.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the direction of the reported effect. Positive mood increased and negative mood decreased, supporting the conclusion that social dance can produce immediate positive mood changes."}]},{"id":"84231448-9d88-403b-b3db-9079597a866f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which test suits ordinal pre/post mood ratings from the same participants?","back":"The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test examines a difference between two related sets of ordinal scores. The pre-session and post-session ratings came from the same participants, so the data were related."},{"text":"The Mann-Whitney U Test.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Mann-Whitney U Test compares ordinal scores from two unrelated groups. These mood ratings were paired because the same participants were measured before and after, requiring Wilcoxon Signed Ranks."},{"text":"The Spearman's Rho Test.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spearman’s rho tests for a correlation between two co-variables rather than a difference between paired conditions. Pre/post ordinal ratings from the same participants require the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test."},{"text":"The Chi-Squared Test.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chi-squared tests an association between categorical variables using frequencies. These are related ordinal mood scores collected before and after, so the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test is appropriate."}]},{"id":"0dc54fc4-2e4a-4f33-88db-3d69ed0a3782","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Lewis et al. have strong ecological validity?","back":"It took place in a real social dance setting.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It took place in a real social dance setting.","correct":true,"explanation":"The study occurred in the participants’ normal dance environment rather than an artificial laboratory, so their behaviour and mood responses were likely to reflect everyday experience."},{"text":"It took place in a highly controlled laboratory setting.","correct":false,"explanation":"A highly controlled laboratory would increase control but reduce ecological validity through artificiality. Lewis et al. instead used a real social dance setting."},{"text":"It took place in a simulated social dance setting.","correct":false,"explanation":"A simulation would not reproduce the full realism of an ordinary dance environment. Ecological validity was strong because the research used a real social dance setting."},{"text":"It took place in a standardised individual exercise setting.","correct":false,"explanation":"An individual exercise setting would remove the natural social context central to the study. Lewis et al. gained ecological validity by studying an actual social dance setting."}]},{"id":"3725fd34-e25e-4078-9a16-9b128c63ac3d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is a repeated-measures design useful in Lewis et al.?","back":"Each participant is their own comparison, reducing participant variables.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each participant is their own comparison, reducing participant variables.","correct":true,"explanation":"Comparing each person’s mood before and after dancing controls stable individual differences, such as personality or baseline fitness, because the same participants provide both sets of scores."},{"text":"Each participant has a matched comparison, reducing order effects.","correct":false,"explanation":"Having a matched comparison describes a matched-pairs design, not repeated measures. Repeated measures uses each participant as their own comparison, reducing participant variables."},{"text":"Each condition uses a different participant, reducing demand characteristics.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using different people in each condition describes an independent-groups design and may increase participant variables. Repeated measures compares each participant with themselves."},{"text":"Each participant receives a random condition, reducing investigator effects.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random allocation is associated with independent-groups designs and does not define repeated measures. Its key benefit here is that each participant acts as their own comparison."}]},{"id":"193a3e56-1151-438d-b0ca-e56711c7c629","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A small, self-selected sample can create [ ] and reduce [ ].","back":"A small, self-selected sample can create sampling bias and reduce generalisation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A small, self-selected sample can create sampling bias and reduce generalisation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Self-selected participants may differ systematically from the wider target population, while a small sample captures limited variation. The findings therefore may not generalise well."},{"text":"A small, self-selected sample can create order effects and reduce generalisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Order effects arise when experiencing one condition affects performance in another, not from sample selection. A small, self-selected sample creates sampling bias and reduces generalisation."},{"text":"A small, self-selected sample can create sampling bias and reduce ecological validity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ecological validity concerns whether the setting and task reflect real life, not whether the sample represents the population. Sampling bias here reduces generalisation."},{"text":"A small, self-selected sample can create experimenter bias and reduce replicability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Experimenter bias concerns researchers influencing results, while replicability concerns procedural detail. Self-selection instead creates sampling bias, and the small unrepresentative sample reduces generalisation."}]},{"id":"3b509864-05a2-4eea-bc2d-ca52f4268216","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How could demand characteristics affect Lewis et al.'s mood ratings?","back":"Participants may guess the aim and report expected improvement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Participants may guess the aim and report expected improvement.","correct":true,"explanation":"If participants realise the study expects dancing to improve mood, they may alter their ratings to support that expectation rather than report their genuine feelings."},{"text":"Participants may misread the scale and report random improvement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Misreading a scale is a measurement or comprehension problem, not a demand characteristic. Demand characteristics occur when participants guess the aim and report the expected improvement."},{"text":"Participants may forget their rating and report inconsistent improvement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Forgetting an earlier rating could produce inconsistency, but it does not involve responding to perceived expectations. Demand characteristics involve guessing the aim and reporting expected improvement."},{"text":"Participants may copy other ratings and report identical improvement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Copying others would represent conformity or a procedural weakness, not necessarily demand characteristics. The relevant risk is guessing the study’s aim and reporting the expected improvement."}]},{"id":"8411ae74-da96-428a-8d1b-16a2dc551518","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How could social contact confound Lewis et al.'s conclusion?","back":"Mood may improve due to social interaction, not exercise alone.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mood may improve due to social interaction, not exercise alone.","correct":true,"explanation":"Socialising can independently improve mood through companionship and belonging. Without separating social contact from physical activity, the researchers cannot conclude that exercise alone caused the improvement."},{"text":"Mood may improve due to physical exertion, not social contact alone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical exertion is the exercise explanation being investigated, rather than the social confound. The confounding possibility is that social interaction, not exercise alone, improved mood."},{"text":"Mood may worsen due to social interaction, despite exercise alone.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the proposed confounding effect. Positive social contact could itself raise mood, making it unclear whether the observed improvement was caused by exercise alone."},{"text":"Mood may improve due to social isolation, not exercise alone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social dance involves interaction rather than isolation. The potential confound is that companionship and contact may improve mood independently, so exercise alone cannot be credited."}]},{"id":"0d40c488-c258-4ac7-912b-b4ad8d18c22d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In FITT, [ ] means how often; [ ] means how hard.","back":"In FITT, Frequency means how often; Intensity means how hard.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In FITT, Frequency means how often; Intensity means how hard.","correct":true,"explanation":"Frequency describes the number of exercise sessions within a period, while intensity describes the level of exertion or how physically demanding the activity is."},{"text":"In FITT, Intensity means how often; Frequency means how hard.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two FITT components. Frequency refers to how often exercise occurs, whereas intensity refers to how hard the participant exercises."},{"text":"In FITT, Frequency means how often; Time means how hard.","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequency is correctly linked with how often, but time means session duration rather than exertion. Intensity is the FITT component describing how hard someone exercises."},{"text":"In FITT, Time means how often; Type means how hard.","correct":false,"explanation":"Time describes exercise duration, while type identifies the chosen activity. Frequency means how often exercise occurs, and intensity means how hard it is."}]},{"id":"af23798c-290e-416b-b553-644ec09e89e3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What intensity should a social dance mental health programme use?","back":"Light to moderate, so participants can talk and feel safe.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Light to moderate, so participants can talk and feel safe.","correct":true,"explanation":"Light-to-moderate activity allows participants to gain exercise and social benefits while maintaining conversation, reducing discomfort and making the programme accessible and psychologically safe."},{"text":"Vigorous to maximal, so participants become exhausted as quickly as possible.","correct":false,"explanation":"Very demanding exercise can prevent conversation, feel unsafe and discourage less-fit participants. A mental health programme should use light-to-moderate intensity so participants can talk comfortably."},{"text":"Moderate to vigorous, so conversation becomes difficult throughout the session.","correct":false,"explanation":"Making conversation difficult undermines the social element and may increase anxiety or discomfort. Light-to-moderate intensity is preferable because participants can talk and feel safe."},{"text":"Very light only, so participants avoid any increase in breathing rate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoiding any rise in breathing may provide too little physical activity to gain meaningful exercise benefits. Light-to-moderate intensity balances beneficial exertion with conversation and safety."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Exercise and mental health (Biological)","title":"Exercise and mental health (Biological) Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/psychology/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"10ec6ec2-2475-5d5a-a53b-fa92200bd598","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]