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the wider community."},{"text":"Probation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Probation allows an offender to remain in the community under supervision, whereas imprisonment removes them from ordinary society and places them in custody."},{"text":"Community service.","correct":false,"explanation":"Community service requires unpaid work in the community but does not normally remove the offender from society. Imprisonment achieves this by placing them in custody."},{"text":"Restorative justice.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restorative justice focuses on repairing harm between the offender, victim and community, rather than physically removing the offender from ordinary society."}]},{"id":"c48259f4-b60e-4d12-aefe-028bbc0c791f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In imprisonment, the offender loses [ ], [ ], and many everyday choices.","back":"In imprisonment, the offender loses freedom of movement, privacy, and many everyday choices.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In imprisonment, the offender loses freedom of movement, privacy, and many everyday choices.","correct":true,"explanation":"Prison restricts where an offender can go and subjects them to constant supervision, reducing both freedom of movement and privacy alongside everyday personal choices."},{"text":"In imprisonment, the offender loses freedom of movement, social identity, and many everyday choices.","correct":false,"explanation":"Prison can affect social identity, but the key loss identified here is privacy because prisoners are monitored and have limited personal space. The correct pair is freedom of movement and privacy."},{"text":"In imprisonment, the offender loses privacy, freedom of movement, and many everyday choices.","correct":false,"explanation":"These ideas are both relevant to imprisonment, but their order matters in this completed sentence. The first loss is freedom of movement, followed by privacy."},{"text":"In imprisonment, the offender loses personal responsibility, privacy, and many everyday choices.","correct":false,"explanation":"Prison restricts personal freedom but does not remove personal responsibility for behaviour. The intended losses are freedom of movement and privacy, caused by confinement and surveillance."}]},{"id":"2091080d-b00e-4ab9-acf4-1ab75d4d23e1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] makes crime costly; [ ] changes the offender or circumstances.","back":"Punishment makes crime costly; reform/rehabilitation changes the offender or circumstances.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Punishment makes crime costly; reform/rehabilitation changes the offender or circumstances.","correct":true,"explanation":"Punishment imposes a cost or unpleasant consequence for offending, whereas reform or rehabilitation aims to change the offender or their circumstances to reduce future crime."},{"text":"Deterrence makes crime costly; reform/rehabilitation changes the offender or circumstances.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deterrence is the reduction of crime by discouraging offending, not the broad process that makes crime costly. Punishment makes crime costly, while reform or rehabilitation produces change."},{"text":"Punishment makes crime costly; deterrence changes the offender or circumstances.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deterrence aims to discourage future crime rather than change the offender or their circumstances. Reform or rehabilitation is the approach that seeks personal or situational change."},{"text":"Reform/rehabilitation makes crime costly; punishment changes the offender or circumstances.","correct":false,"explanation":"The functions have been reversed: punishment creates a cost for offending, while reform or rehabilitation attempts to change the offender or circumstances that contribute to crime."}]},{"id":"dedd1bf6-4b78-4f8f-8e94-1f40a90b6287","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which punishment aim makes the offender pay for the harm caused?","back":"Retribution.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Retribution.","correct":true,"explanation":"Retribution is based on just deserts: the offender should suffer a proportionate consequence because they caused harm through their criminal behaviour."},{"text":"Deterrence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deterrence aims to prevent future offending by making crime seem less attractive or more costly. Paying for harm caused is the aim of retribution."},{"text":"Incapacitation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Incapacitation protects the public by restricting an offender’s ability to commit further crimes, rather than requiring payment for the harm already caused."},{"text":"Rehabilitation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rehabilitation seeks to change behaviour and reduce reoffending through treatment, education or support. Retribution instead focuses on deserved punishment for the harm caused."}]},{"id":"cfa34ff5-94b9-4af6-95d5-a4d11f4abdb6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which punishment aim discourages the offender or others from future crime?","back":"Deterrence.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Deterrence.","correct":true,"explanation":"Deterrence discourages crime by making the consequences seem sufficiently serious, either for the individual offender or for other people considering offending."},{"text":"Retribution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Retribution concerns deserved suffering for harm caused, not discouraging future crime. The aim of influencing the offender or others is deterrence."},{"text":"Incapacitation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Incapacitation prevents offending by physically restricting the offender, such as through imprisonment. Discouraging the offender or others is the purpose of deterrence."},{"text":"Restoration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restoration focuses on repairing harm and relationships after an offence. The punishment aim concerned with discouraging future crime is deterrence."}]},{"id":"58e6bfc6-b9bf-4a2a-a135-9ee299dbae61","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which punishment aim protects the public by physically preventing further offending?","back":"Incapacitation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Incapacitation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Incapacitation protects the public by restricting an offender’s physical opportunity to commit further crimes, for example by placing them in prison."},{"text":"Deterrence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deterrence tries to discourage offending through the threat or experience of consequences. Physically preventing further offending is incapacitation."},{"text":"Retribution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Retribution gives an offender a deserved consequence for the harm caused. Public protection through physical restriction is the aim of incapacitation."},{"text":"Rehabilitation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rehabilitation aims to change behaviour and reduce reoffending after release. Physically stopping an offender from committing further crime is incapacitation."}]},{"id":"cfc65dec-b76f-4061-bf6b-b4d30ee4ed11","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A guard starts controlling and disciplining because this fits the guard position. What process is this?","back":"Role adoption.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Role adoption.","correct":true,"explanation":"Role adoption occurs when a person takes on the expected behaviours of a social position, so the guard controls and disciplines because those behaviours fit the guard role."},{"text":"Deindividuation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deindividuation involves reduced self-awareness and personal responsibility, often in a group or anonymous setting. Adopting behaviours expected of a position is role adoption."},{"text":"Conformity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Conformity is changing behaviour or opinions to match a group or majority. The example specifically involves behaving according to an occupational position, which is role adoption."},{"text":"Obedience.","correct":false,"explanation":"Obedience involves following a direct order from an authority figure. Here, the guard acts in line with the expectations of the guard position, showing role adoption."}]},{"id":"017310bf-bbfd-4871-be97-0fdb4b7f941d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Deindividuation is feeling less [ ] and less [ ] for behaviour.","back":"Deindividuation is feeling less personally identifiable and less personally responsible for behaviour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Deindividuation is feeling less personally identifiable and less personally responsible for behaviour.","correct":true,"explanation":"Deindividuation reduces awareness of oneself as a distinct, identifiable individual and weakens the sense of personal responsibility for one’s behaviour."},{"text":"Deindividuation is feeling less personally identifiable and less socially accepted for behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deindividuation concerns reduced personal responsibility, not whether someone feels socially accepted. Anonymity lowers identifiability and can make behaviour feel less personally accountable."},{"text":"Deindividuation is feeling less personally responsible and less personally identifiable for behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both concepts are associated with deindividuation, but they appear in the reverse order here. The sentence identifies reduced personal identifiability first and reduced personal responsibility second."},{"text":"Deindividuation is feeling less personally identifiable and less morally aware for behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduced moral awareness may accompany some harmful group behaviour, but it is not the defining second feature here. The key reduction is in feeling personally responsible for behaviour."}]},{"id":"72815478-9a44-4d27-a211-1856c726e076","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A prisoner becomes dependent on prison routines and struggles outside. What social effect is this?","back":"Institutionalisation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Institutionalisation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Institutionalisation occurs when prolonged dependence on prison rules and routines leaves someone unable to cope independently with the choices and demands of life outside prison."},{"text":"Prisonisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Prisonisation means adopting the attitudes and informal culture of other inmates, not becoming dependent on institutional routines. Dependence that causes difficulty coping outside is institutionalisation."},{"text":"Recidivism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Recidivism refers to reoffending after punishment or release, rather than dependence on prison routines. The social effect described here is institutionalisation."},{"text":"Deindividuation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deindividuation involves reduced self-awareness and personal responsibility within a group. Dependence on prison routines and difficulty adjusting to freedom instead indicate institutionalisation."}]},{"id":"a980a0e2-bd68-46f7-b7b0-c01618fe35d8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A prisoner adopts inmate culture, such as mistrusting authority or using aggression for status. What is this?","back":"Prisonisation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Prisonisation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Prisonisation is the process of adopting inmates’ informal norms, values and behaviours, including hostility towards authority and the use of aggression to gain status."},{"text":"Institutionalisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Institutionalisation is dependence on prison routines that makes independent life difficult. Adopting inmate norms such as mistrusting authority and valuing aggression is prisonisation."},{"text":"Recidivism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Recidivism means returning to criminal behaviour after punishment or release. The adoption of inmate culture and its informal rules is specifically called prisonisation."},{"text":"Deindividuation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deindividuation is a loss of self-awareness and personal responsibility, usually within a group. Learning and adopting the established inmate culture is prisonisation."}]},{"id":"8cfdda16-4430-451f-b64c-adea2511addc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In Haney et al. (1973), what explanation of prison behaviour was tested against personality?","back":"Situational explanation - behaviour shaped by powerful social roles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Situational explanation - behaviour shaped by powerful social roles.","correct":true,"explanation":"Haney et al. tested whether the prison environment and assigned roles could shape behaviour, supporting a situational explanation rather than one based on individual personality."},{"text":"Dispositional explanation - behaviour shaped by stable personality traits.","correct":false,"explanation":"A dispositional explanation was the rival account based on personality. Haney et al. tested the situational explanation that powerful prison roles and conditions shape behaviour."},{"text":"Biological explanation - behaviour shaped by inherited or neurological factors.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study did not investigate genes, hormones or brain processes. It tested a situational explanation in which assigned social roles within the prison shaped behaviour."},{"text":"Cognitive explanation - behaviour shaped by individual thought processes.","correct":false,"explanation":"The researchers were not primarily testing beliefs or information processing. They examined the situational explanation that powerful social roles can produce characteristic prison behaviour."}]},{"id":"d3733f91-7d59-44d2-bde3-88de23bca423","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Haney et al. used [ ] who were screened, then randomly assigned to [ ].","back":"Haney et al. used male student volunteers who were screened, then randomly assigned to guards or prisoners.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Haney et al. used male student volunteers who were screened, then randomly assigned to guards or prisoners.","correct":true,"explanation":"The researchers screened male student volunteers for psychological and physical health, then randomly allocated suitable participants to guard or prisoner roles to reduce personality differences."},{"text":"Haney et al. used female student volunteers who were screened, then randomly assigned to guards or prisoners.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sample consisted of male, not female, student volunteers. After screening for suitability, these men were randomly assigned to act as guards or prisoners."},{"text":"Haney et al. used male student volunteers who were screened, then randomly assigned to guards or observers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random allocation created guard and prisoner groups, not guard and observer groups. The participants were screened male student volunteers who occupied the simulated prison roles."},{"text":"Haney et al. used convicted male offenders who were screened, then randomly assigned to prisoners or parole officers.","correct":false,"explanation":"The researchers deliberately used screened male student volunteers rather than convicted offenders. Participants were randomly allocated to the simulated roles of guards or prisoners."}]},{"id":"91463993-7bed-4cab-aa9f-66dbaf16f965","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Haney et al., what replaced prisoners' names?","back":"Identification numbers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Identification numbers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Prisoners were referred to by identification numbers rather than names, reducing their individuality and reinforcing the dehumanising nature of the simulated prisoner role."},{"text":"Prison nicknames.","correct":false,"explanation":"The researchers did not replace names with informal nicknames. Prisoners were assigned identification numbers, which reduced personal identity and strengthened their immersion in the role."},{"text":"Cell numbers.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cell number identifies a location rather than serving as the prisoner’s substitute identity. Haney et al. replaced prisoners’ names with individual identification numbers."},{"text":"Assigned surnames.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using alternative surnames would still preserve a personal form of identity. Prisoners were instead addressed by identification numbers to encourage anonymity and role conformity."}]},{"id":"02cdbef3-46f4-43da-bd60-0671f0653f35","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Haney et al., which guard item reduced individual identity by hiding the eyes?","back":"Reflective sunglasses.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Reflective sunglasses.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reflective sunglasses concealed the guards’ eyes, reducing individual identity and preventing eye contact. This contributed to anonymity and may have encouraged deindividuated behaviour."},{"text":"Prison uniforms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Uniforms helped establish the guard role but did not specifically conceal the eyes. Reflective sunglasses reduced individual identity by hiding the guards’ eyes."},{"text":"Wooden batons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Batons symbolised the guards’ authority but did not obscure their faces or eyes. Reflective sunglasses were the item intended to reduce visible individual identity."},{"text":"Metal whistles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Whistles could signal authority or attract attention, but they did not hide the guards’ eyes. Reflective sunglasses created anonymity by concealing eye contact."}]},{"id":"6b801a76-0945-4098-8716-c860c3a35cb9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Haney et al. stop the planned two-week study after six days?","back":"

Prisoners showed serious distress.
Some guards became increasingly abusive.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Prisoners showed serious distress.
Some guards became increasingly abusive.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The simulation was ended early because prisoners experienced severe emotional distress while some guards escalated their humiliating and abusive treatment, creating unacceptable ethical risks."},{"text":"

Guards showed serious distress.
Prisoners became increasingly abusive.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the main pattern observed in the study. Prisoners showed serious emotional distress, while some guards became increasingly controlling and abusive, prompting early termination."},{"text":"

Researchers lost essential funding.
Participants guessed the true hypothesis.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The study was not stopped because of funding or participants identifying its purpose. It ended because prisoners were seriously distressed and some guards became increasingly abusive."},{"text":"

The university withdrew ethical approval.
Researchers collected enough data.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Early termination was a response to escalating participant harm, not withdrawn approval or sufficient data. Prisoners showed serious distress and some guards behaved increasingly abusively."}]},{"id":"97b96366-f995-4fb5-8304-ef31f4fdd39c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In Haney et al., many prisoners became [ ], while many guards became [ ].","back":"In Haney et al., many prisoners became emotionally distressed, while many guards became controlling and authoritarian.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In Haney et al., many prisoners became emotionally distressed, while many guards became controlling and authoritarian.","correct":true,"explanation":"Many prisoners reacted with emotional distress and passivity, whereas many guards increasingly exercised control and authority, demonstrating the powerful influence of their assigned social roles."},{"text":"In Haney et al., many prisoners became controlling and authoritarian, while many guards became emotionally distressed.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the observed role-related responses. Many prisoners became emotionally distressed, while many guards adopted increasingly controlling and authoritarian patterns of behaviour."},{"text":"In Haney et al., many prisoners became obedient and calm, while many guards became controlling and authoritarian.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although prisoners often became submissive, describing them as calm ignores their severe emotional reactions. Many became emotionally distressed, while guards grew controlling and authoritarian."},{"text":"In Haney et al., many prisoners became emotionally distressed, while many guards became supportive and democratic.","correct":false,"explanation":"The prisoners’ distress is accurate, but many guards did not respond supportively or democratically. They became increasingly controlling and authoritarian within the simulated prison environment."}]},{"id":"8e1f5914-86ea-4ba0-b39e-b82f1641ac78","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did Haney et al. conclude about the prison situation?","back":"Social roles, deindividuation, power and routines can shape cruelty and helplessness.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Social roles, deindividuation, power and routines can shape cruelty and helplessness.","correct":true,"explanation":"Haney et al. concluded that features of the prison situation can influence behaviour, causing guards to become cruel and prisoners to become passive or helpless."},{"text":"Genetic aggression, low intelligence, impulsivity and hormones can shape cruelty and helplessness.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes cruelty and helplessness mainly result from biological or individual differences. Haney et al. instead emphasised social roles, deindividuation, power and routines within the prison situation."},{"text":"Childhood trauma, mental illness, poverty and addiction can shape cruelty and helplessness.","correct":false,"explanation":"This gives a dispositional and developmental explanation rather than Haney et al.’s situational conclusion. They argued that social roles, deindividuation, power and routines can shape behaviour."},{"text":"Secure attachment, social support, equality and freedom can shape cruelty and helplessness.","correct":false,"explanation":"These factors generally protect wellbeing and do not explain the simulated prison’s harmful behaviour. Haney et al. highlighted social roles, deindividuation, power and routines as situational influences."}]},{"id":"8ae5fa43-f88f-4981-b3ae-4ddb9aa7ee15","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does random allocation strengthen Haney et al.'s situational explanation?","back":"It makes pre-existing bad personalities a less likely cause.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It makes pre-existing bad personalities a less likely cause.","correct":true,"explanation":"Random allocation should distribute personality differences between prisoners and guards. Behavioural differences are therefore more plausibly attributed to the assigned roles and prison situation."},{"text":"It makes the artificial prison setting a less likely cause.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random allocation does not remove the influence of the simulated prison environment. It makes pre-existing bad personalities less likely to explain differences between guards and prisoners."},{"text":"It makes participants guessing the aims a less likely cause.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random allocation does not prevent demand characteristics or stop participants identifying the study’s aims. It mainly reduces pre-existing personality differences as an alternative explanation."},{"text":"It makes the researchers’ biased observations a less likely cause.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random allocation does not prevent observer bias in recording or interpreting behaviour. It makes pre-existing bad personalities a less likely explanation for group differences."}]},{"id":"1e5710c1-95e5-45aa-b2f1-5145ee480d72","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In Haney et al., distress raised concerns about [ ]; feeling trapped raised concerns about the [ ].","back":"In Haney et al., distress raised concerns about protection from harm; feeling trapped raised concerns about the right to withdraw.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In Haney et al., distress raised concerns about protection from harm; feeling trapped raised concerns about the right to withdraw.","correct":true,"explanation":"Researchers must protect participants from psychological harm, while voluntary participation requires participants to know they may leave at any time without pressure or penalty."},{"text":"In Haney et al., distress raised concerns about informed consent; feeling trapped raised concerns about the right to withdraw.","correct":false,"explanation":"Severe distress primarily concerns protection from harm, not whether initial consent was informed. Feeling unable to leave correctly raises the separate ethical issue of the right to withdraw."},{"text":"In Haney et al., distress raised concerns about protection from harm; feeling trapped raised concerns about the right to privacy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Distress correctly raises protection-from-harm concerns, but feeling trapped concerns the right to withdraw rather than privacy, which relates to controlling access to personal information."},{"text":"In Haney et al., distress raised concerns about confidentiality of data; feeling trapped raised concerns about the validity of consent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Distress indicates a failure to protect participants from harm, while feeling trapped directly threatens their right to withdraw. Confidentiality concerns data handling, not emotional suffering."}]},{"id":"9c3a9a74-767e-4a4e-a285-c9fced7566a3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do demand characteristics challenge Haney et al.'s validity?","back":"Participants may have acted prisoner/guard stereotypes from study cues.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Participants may have acted prisoner/guard stereotypes from study cues.","correct":true,"explanation":"Participants could infer the expected behaviour of prisoners and guards from the setting and instructions, then perform stereotypes rather than respond naturally to imprisonment."},{"text":"Participants may have revealed their natural criminal personalities from study cues.","correct":false,"explanation":"Study cues cannot reveal an underlying criminal personality, especially after random allocation. The validity concern is that participants may have acted prisoner or guard stereotypes."},{"text":"Participants may have forgotten their assigned social roles from study cues.","correct":false,"explanation":"Demand characteristics suggest participants recognised and performed their assigned roles, not that they forgot them. Acting prisoner or guard stereotypes could make the behaviour artificial."},{"text":"Participants may have behaved naturally without researcher influence from study cues.","correct":false,"explanation":"Demand characteristics imply that researcher and setting cues influence behaviour, reducing validity. Participants may have acted prisoner or guard stereotypes instead of behaving naturally."}]},{"id":"cd1e877c-abd2-44d4-93e5-14d592b1ea70","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Haney et al.'s small, male, student-based USA sample limits [ ] and [ ].","back":"Haney et al.'s small, male, student-based USA sample limits population validity and generalisability.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Haney et al.'s small, male, student-based USA sample limits population validity and generalisability.","correct":true,"explanation":"A small sample of male American students is unrepresentative of women, other ages, cultures and real prisoners, limiting population validity and wider generalisability."},{"text":"Haney et al.'s small, male, student-based USA sample limits internal validity and generalisability.","correct":false,"explanation":"The unrepresentative sample limits population validity rather than internal validity. It also restricts generalisability because findings may not apply to women, other cultures or real prisoners."},{"text":"Haney et al.'s small, male, student-based USA sample limits population validity and inter-rater reliability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Population validity is limited, but sample composition does not determine agreement between observers. The second limitation is generalisability beyond male American student volunteers."},{"text":"Haney et al.'s small, male, student-based USA sample limits construct validity and test-retest reliability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sample characteristics concern representativeness, not whether prison behaviour was measured accurately or would remain stable over repeated testing. They limit population validity and generalisability."}]},{"id":"2b21378c-bc47-4125-88c9-d21cdcc091c4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A factor like substance misuse, unemployment or antisocial attitudes that increases crime risk is called what?","back":"Criminogenic need.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Criminogenic need.","correct":true,"explanation":"A criminogenic need is a changeable factor, such as substance misuse or antisocial attitudes, that is directly associated with offending and can be targeted in rehabilitation."},{"text":"Protective factor.","correct":false,"explanation":"A protective factor reduces the likelihood of offending rather than increasing it. A crime-related risk factor that can be targeted through treatment is a criminogenic need."},{"text":"Static risk factor.","correct":false,"explanation":"Static risk factors, such as age at first conviction, cannot be changed. Substance misuse, unemployment and antisocial attitudes are changeable criminogenic needs linked to offending."},{"text":"Responsivity factor.","correct":false,"explanation":"A responsivity factor affects how intervention should be delivered, such as learning style or motivation. A changeable factor directly increasing crime risk is a criminogenic need."}]},{"id":"bb3f9de6-9626-436d-933a-c1bf5d19742f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which strategy has an offender communicate with the victim or community to agree how to repair harm?","back":"Restorative justice.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Restorative justice.","correct":true,"explanation":"Restorative justice brings offenders into communication with victims or communities so they can acknowledge harm and agree practical steps to repair it."},{"text":"Retributive justice.","correct":false,"explanation":"Retributive justice focuses on imposing punishment proportionate to the offence, rather than communication and repairing harm. The described cooperative process is restorative justice."},{"text":"Custodial sentencing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Custodial sentencing removes an offender’s liberty through imprisonment; it does not necessarily involve the victim or an agreement to repair harm. The strategy is restorative justice."},{"text":"Deterrence theory.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deterrence aims to discourage offending through the threat or experience of punishment. Victim-offender communication and an agreed plan to repair harm describe restorative justice."}]},{"id":"5748d05b-ac16-4077-9231-c9b66b4a1ff9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can restorative justice make the offence harder for the offender to minimise?","back":"It makes victim harm personally meaningful, increasing empathy and responsibility.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It makes victim harm personally meaningful, increasing empathy and responsibility.","correct":true,"explanation":"Directly confronting the consequences for a victim makes the offence less abstract, encouraging the offender to recognise the harm, empathise and accept personal responsibility."},{"text":"It makes victim harm seem less serious, increasing empathy and responsibility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Seeing harm as less serious would encourage minimisation rather than challenge it. Restorative justice makes victim harm personally meaningful, which can increase empathy and responsibility."},{"text":"It makes punishment personally threatening, increasing fear and obedience.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes deterrence through fear of punishment, not restorative justice. Restorative justice challenges minimisation by making the victim’s harm personally meaningful and encouraging responsibility."},{"text":"It makes offender excuses appear reasonable, increasing sympathy and forgiveness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restorative justice is intended to challenge excuses, not validate them. Making victim harm personally meaningful encourages the offender to develop empathy and take responsibility."}]},{"id":"389221f8-b15c-4f09-b182-8f9a788effed","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What offender condition is needed for restorative justice to be suitable?","back":"The offender must accept responsibility.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The offender must accept responsibility.","correct":true,"explanation":"Restorative justice requires the offender to acknowledge responsibility for the harm caused, allowing meaningful discussion of its effects and how the damage might be repaired."},{"text":"The offender must plead guilty in court.","correct":false,"explanation":"A formal guilty plea is a legal process, not the key suitability condition for restorative justice. The offender must accept responsibility for the harm they caused."},{"text":"The offender must have no previous convictions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Previous convictions do not automatically prevent restorative justice. Suitability depends on the offender accepting responsibility, rather than on having no prior criminal record."},{"text":"The offender must promise never to reoffend.","correct":false,"explanation":"A promise about future behaviour cannot establish meaningful engagement with the present offence. The offender must accept responsibility for the harm already caused."}]},{"id":"7b02aeb1-00aa-41a4-9f90-bb8c7533d971","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What victim condition is needed for restorative justice to be ethical?","back":"The victim must freely agree to participate.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The victim must freely agree to participate.","correct":true,"explanation":"Participation must be voluntary because restorative justice can be emotionally demanding and potentially distressing. The victim therefore needs to give free, informed agreement without pressure."},{"text":"The victim must forgive the offender to participate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restorative justice does not require forgiveness, as victims may remain angry or upset. The ethical requirement is that the victim freely agrees to take part."},{"text":"The victim must meet the offender alone to participate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Victims do not have to meet offenders without support, and restorative justice may use indirect communication. The essential ethical condition is the victim’s free agreement."},{"text":"The victim must withdraw their complaint to participate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restorative justice does not require victims to abandon a complaint or legal proceedings. Ethical participation depends on the victim freely agreeing without coercion or pressure."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Effect of imprisonment (Social)","title":"Effect of imprisonment (Social) Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/psychology/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"aefd77db-1db4-5561-a37f-c89366ea5fdd","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]