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rather than trying to change only the offender’s personality or biology."},{"text":"Psychological and biological conditions around the offender.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reflects an individual explanation focused on mental processes or biology. Social crime prevention instead changes social and environmental conditions around the offender."},{"text":"Legal and educational conditions around the offender.","correct":false,"explanation":"Education and law may influence crime, but this is not the defining target of social crime prevention. The correct focus is social and environmental conditions."},{"text":"Economic and political conditions around the offender.","correct":false,"explanation":"Economic and political factors can be relevant background influences, but the approach specifically aims to alter social and environmental conditions around the offender."}]},{"id":"1ed2c5e0-e43e-4f91-b199-f2549c276d5a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Social explanations look outside the individual: crime is shaped by neighbourhood [ ] and [ ].","back":"Social explanations look outside the individual: crime is shaped by neighbourhood signals and opportunities.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Social explanations look outside the individual: crime is shaped by neighbourhood signals and opportunities.","correct":true,"explanation":"Neighbourhood signals such as disorder communicate expectations, while opportunities make offending easier or harder. Together, they help explain crime beyond individual characteristics."},{"text":"Social explanations look outside the individual: crime is shaped by neighbourhood poverty and punishment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Poverty can be a social risk factor, but punishment is a formal response rather than the opportunity structure described here. The correct terms are signals and opportunities."},{"text":"Social explanations look outside the individual: crime is shaped by neighbourhood surveillance and personality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Surveillance may affect opportunities, but personality returns the explanation to the individual. The neighbourhood factors required here are signals and opportunities."},{"text":"Social explanations look outside the individual: crime is shaped by neighbourhood attitudes and punishments.","correct":false,"explanation":"Community attitudes may influence behaviour, but punishments are not the second neighbourhood mechanism in this explanation. The correct pair is signals and opportunities."}]},{"id":"c5718ef0-5652-4678-ae74-b6f56aac11b6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Broken windows, graffiti, litter, abandoned buildings, vandalism and poor lighting are signs of [ ].","back":"Broken windows, graffiti, litter, abandoned buildings, vandalism and poor lighting are signs of physical disorder.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"physical disorder","correct":true,"explanation":"Physical disorder refers to visible deterioration in the environment, including graffiti, litter, vandalism, abandoned buildings and poor lighting."},{"text":"social disorder","correct":false,"explanation":"Social disorder involves disruptive behaviour by people, such as public drinking, aggression or harassment. Visible environmental deterioration is called physical disorder."},{"text":"territorial disorder","correct":false,"explanation":"Territorial disorder is not the recognised term for these environmental signs. Damage, neglect and poor maintenance are classified as physical disorder."},{"text":"formal disorder","correct":false,"explanation":"Formal disorder is not the relevant concept in this topic. The listed signs are physical features of neighbourhood deterioration, known as physical disorder."}]},{"id":"5f164488-2a69-4e18-8291-9bb731614c98","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What social message can physical disorder send?","back":"Rules are not being enforced.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Rules are not being enforced.","correct":true,"explanation":"Physical disorder can signal that authorities and communities are failing to maintain standards, so people may infer that rules are not being enforced."},{"text":"Rules are being enforced strictly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Visible neglect usually communicates weak control rather than strict enforcement. The social message associated with physical disorder is that rules are not being enforced."},{"text":"Rules are only enforced at night.","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical disorder does not specifically communicate a time-related pattern of enforcement. It signals general weakness in control, meaning rules are not being enforced."},{"text":"Rules are being replaced by new laws.","correct":false,"explanation":"Disorder does not indicate that laws are changing. Its symbolic message is that existing standards are not controlled effectively, so rules are not being enforced."}]},{"id":"17c6d2e5-f6e2-4be7-bf75-4a71b7662f7e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Public drinking, drug dealing, aggressive groups, harassment and noisy conflict are examples of [ ].","back":"Public drinking, drug dealing, aggressive groups, harassment and noisy conflict are examples of social disorder.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"social disorder","correct":true,"explanation":"Social disorder means disruptive or threatening behaviour by people in public spaces, including drug dealing, aggression, harassment and noisy conflict."},{"text":"physical disorder","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical disorder concerns environmental deterioration such as graffiti, litter and abandoned buildings. Disruptive behaviour by people is classified as social disorder."},{"text":"individual disorder","correct":false,"explanation":"Individual disorder is not the standard category used for these public behaviours. The recognised term for threatening or disruptive conduct is social disorder."},{"text":"institutional disorder","correct":false,"explanation":"Institutional disorder concerns neither this set of public behaviours nor the broken-windows distinction. Public disruption and intimidation are examples of social disorder."}]},{"id":"9610a1b7-ddd7-4be3-9a7a-e7e40ce36c0b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"If residents avoid an area because of social disorder, what happens to ordinary supervision?","back":"Fewer ordinary people notice, challenge or report crime.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fewer ordinary people notice, challenge or report crime.","correct":true,"explanation":"When residents avoid an area, there are fewer bystanders providing informal surveillance and intervention, reducing the chance that crime is noticed, challenged or reported."},{"text":"More ordinary people notice, challenge or report crime.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoidance removes potential witnesses rather than increasing them. The resulting reduction in informal supervision means fewer ordinary people notice, challenge or report crime."},{"text":"Fewer police officers notice, challenge or report crime.","correct":false,"explanation":"The question concerns ordinary residents and informal supervision, not police numbers. Residents withdrawing from an area means fewer ordinary people notice, challenge or report crime."},{"text":"Ordinary people formally punish offenders.","correct":false,"explanation":"Residents generally provide informal observation and reporting, not formal punishment. Avoidance reduces this supervision, so fewer ordinary people notice, challenge or report crime."}]},{"id":"915a8705-84ad-48bd-8893-5ab64fd8e2f4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Ordinary people maintaining order without formal punishment is [ ].","back":"Ordinary people maintaining order without formal punishment is informal social control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"informal social control","correct":true,"explanation":"Informal social control is the everyday maintenance of order by ordinary people through observation, challenge and reporting, without relying on formal punishment."},{"text":"formal social control","correct":false,"explanation":"Formal social control involves official agencies and sanctions, such as police action or court punishment. Unofficial community regulation is called informal social control."},{"text":"physical social control","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical social control is not the relevant term for ordinary residents maintaining order. Control without formal punishment is known as informal social control."},{"text":"individual self-control","correct":false,"explanation":"Self-control describes an individual’s regulation of their own behaviour, not community members monitoring or challenging others. The correct concept is informal social control."}]},{"id":"0c8d263d-b364-48b4-a67b-a2bbbf1b91e8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What kind of article was Wilson and Kelling (1982)?","back":"A theoretical article, not a controlled experiment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A theoretical article, not a controlled experiment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Wilson and Kelling (1982) presented the broken-windows argument as a theoretical account linking disorder with crime; they did not conduct a controlled experiment."},{"text":"A controlled experiment, not a theoretical article.","correct":false,"explanation":"The paper proposed and explained a theory rather than manipulating variables under controlled experimental conditions. It was a theoretical article, not an experiment."},{"text":"A longitudinal study, not a theoretical article.","correct":false,"explanation":"A longitudinal study repeatedly measures participants or settings over time, which this paper did not do. Wilson and Kelling produced a theoretical article."},{"text":"A case study, not a theoretical article.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the argument drew on observations and examples, it was not a systematic case study design. It is classified as a theoretical article, not a case study."}]},{"id":"20f46eaf-8561-4cd0-9eb1-7e41e09318b1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Broken windows theory says unchallenged visible disorder can encourage further disorder by signalling [ ].","back":"Broken windows theory says unchallenged visible disorder can encourage further disorder by signalling weak social control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"weak social control","correct":true,"explanation":"Visible disorder suggests that community members and authorities are unwilling or unable to enforce norms. This perceived weak social control can encourage further antisocial behaviour."},{"text":"strong police authority","correct":false,"explanation":"Visible disorder does not suggest strong police authority, which would be expected to deter offending. Broken windows theory argues that it signals weak social control."},{"text":"effective community action","correct":false,"explanation":"Unchallenged disorder indicates an absence of effective community intervention rather than successful action. The signal identified by broken windows theory is weak social control."},{"text":"increased formal punishment","correct":false,"explanation":"Visible disorder does not communicate that formal punishment has increased. Its remaining unchallenged instead signals weak social control, making further disorder seem less risky."}]},{"id":"bed8abed-bfdb-4427-b380-e7d75bb73e65","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Zimbardo's car study support about visible damage?","back":"Visible damage can invite further damage.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Visible damage can invite further damage.","correct":true,"explanation":"Zimbardo found that once visible damage occurred, further vandalism followed rapidly. The damage signalled that antisocial behaviour was tolerated or unlikely to be challenged."},{"text":"Visible damage can discourage further damage.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the study’s finding: existing damage did not deter vandals. Zimbardo’s observations supported the conclusion that visible damage can invite further damage."},{"text":"Visible damage can prevent further damage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Damage does not create a protective effect against later vandalism. Zimbardo’s car study showed that visible damage can invite further damage by weakening perceived social control."},{"text":"Visible damage can have no further effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks the observed escalation after the car was visibly damaged. The study supported the view that visible damage can invite further damage."}]},{"id":"53d40c5b-ec26-455e-8859-4faeff713eaa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What effect did foot patrols have even when recorded crime did not necessarily fall?","back":"Residents felt safer and viewed police more positively.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Residents felt safer and viewed police more positively.","correct":true,"explanation":"Visible foot patrols reassured residents and improved attitudes towards the police, even where official crime statistics did not show a corresponding reduction."},{"text":"Residents felt less safe and viewed police more positively.","correct":false,"explanation":"Students may assume a visible police presence highlights danger, but the patrols increased reassurance. Residents felt safer and also viewed the police more positively."},{"text":"Residents felt safer and viewed police more negatively.","correct":false,"explanation":"The reassurance effect is correct, but the finding about police attitudes is reversed. Residents felt safer and viewed the police more positively after foot patrols."},{"text":"Residents felt less safe and viewed police more negatively.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both reported effects of foot patrols. Although recorded crime did not necessarily decrease, residents felt safer and developed more positive views of the police."}]},{"id":"62dae2bf-f120-4cb3-9c82-b5c6e4230911","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"According to broken windows theory, how does resident fear affect informal social control?","back":"Fearful residents withdraw, so informal control decreases.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fearful residents withdraw, so informal control decreases.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fear leads residents to avoid public spaces and reduce interaction or intervention. With fewer people informally monitoring behaviour, community social control decreases."},{"text":"Fearful residents intervene, so informal control increases.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship proposed by broken windows theory. Fearful residents tend to withdraw rather than intervene, causing informal social control to decrease."},{"text":"Fearful residents withdraw, so informal control increases.","correct":false,"explanation":"Withdrawal reduces neighbourhood presence and willingness to challenge disorder, so it cannot strengthen informal control. Fearful residents withdraw, causing informal social control to decrease."},{"text":"Fearful residents remain active, so informal control stays constant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Broken windows theory does not predict that frightened residents remain equally involved. Fear encourages withdrawal from community life, so informal social control decreases."}]},{"id":"8b475753-b95e-4980-a52a-ee16ff4c0202","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Zero tolerance policing responds [ ] to minor offences and antisocial behaviour.","back":"Zero tolerance policing responds firmly and consistently to minor offences and antisocial behaviour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"firmly and consistently","correct":true,"explanation":"Zero tolerance policing requires minor offences and antisocial behaviour to receive a reliable, firm response, preventing disorder from appearing accepted or unchallenged."},{"text":"harshly and violently","correct":false,"explanation":"Zero tolerance is often mistaken for aggressive policing, but it does not require violence or maximum force. It means responding firmly and consistently to minor disorder."},{"text":"rarely and selectively","correct":false,"explanation":"Selective or infrequent enforcement would allow disorder to go unchallenged and weaken deterrence. Zero tolerance policing instead responds firmly and consistently."},{"text":"informally and occasionally","correct":false,"explanation":"Occasional responses do not provide the predictable enforcement central to zero tolerance policing. Minor offences and antisocial behaviour are addressed firmly and consistently."}]},{"id":"d23297cd-bc33-4a3a-82c8-ed7aa8c83f1b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is zero tolerance policing linked to broken windows theory?","back":"It deals with minor disorder before it signals nobody cares.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It deals with minor disorder before it signals nobody cares.","correct":true,"explanation":"Broken windows theory argues that ignored minor disorder communicates an absence of social control. Zero tolerance intervenes early so that disorder does not signal that nobody cares."},{"text":"It deals with minor disorder before it signals police are watching.","correct":false,"explanation":"Police attention is a deterrent rather than the damaging signal described by broken windows theory. Zero tolerance acts before untreated disorder signals that nobody cares."},{"text":"It deals with minor disorder before it signals control is effective.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unchallenged disorder suggests ineffective, not effective, social control. Zero tolerance policing addresses minor disorder before it can signal that nobody cares."},{"text":"It deals with minor disorder before it signals residents feel secure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Visible disorder is associated with insecurity and community withdrawal, not feelings of security. Early intervention prevents it from sending the signal that nobody cares."}]},{"id":"4019a459-6321-439b-b8d1-17eaa33bdda8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does zero tolerance policing not necessarily mean?","back":"Maximum punishment or aggressive policing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Maximum punishment or aggressive policing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Zero tolerance refers to consistent responses to minor offences, not automatically using the harshest sentence or aggressive methods. Enforcement can remain proportionate and lawful."},{"text":"Consistent responses to minor disorder.","correct":false,"explanation":"Consistent responses are central to zero tolerance policing, so this cannot be what it does not necessarily mean. What is unnecessary is maximum punishment or aggressive policing."},{"text":"Early intervention against antisocial behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Early intervention is a defining feature of zero tolerance because it prevents minor disorder escalating. The approach does not necessarily mean maximum punishment or aggressive policing."},{"text":"Enforcement of rules against minor offences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Enforcing rules against minor offences is part of zero tolerance policing rather than a mistaken interpretation. It does not necessarily require maximum punishment or aggressive policing."}]},{"id":"a5bc62d2-8192-429b-a83c-ec02db3e9f5d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can zero tolerance deter potential offenders?","back":"They expect to be caught or challenged.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They expect to be caught or challenged.","correct":true,"explanation":"Consistent enforcement raises the perceived likelihood that offending will attract attention. Potential offenders may therefore decide the risk of being caught or challenged is too high."},{"text":"They expect to be ignored or tolerated.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being ignored or tolerated would reduce deterrence by suggesting weak social control. Zero tolerance works because potential offenders expect to be caught or challenged."},{"text":"They expect to be admired or rewarded.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social approval or reward would encourage rather than deter offending. Zero tolerance aims to create an expectation that offenders will be caught or challenged."},{"text":"They expect to be hidden or protected.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protection from detection would make offending seem less risky and would not explain deterrence. Potential offenders are deterred because they expect to be caught or challenged."}]},{"id":"436a58b3-7b7e-4e83-92e4-2db0c1845c59","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can zero tolerance reassurance reduce crime?","back":"Residents return to public spaces, strengthening informal social control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Residents return to public spaces, strengthening informal social control.","correct":true,"explanation":"Visible order and reassurance can make residents feel safer, encouraging them to reclaim public spaces. Their presence increases surveillance and community intervention, strengthening informal social control over antisocial behaviour."},{"text":"Residents avoid public spaces, weakening informal social control.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the expected effect: reassurance should encourage residents to use public spaces rather than avoid them. Increased community presence strengthens, rather than weakens, informal social control."},{"text":"Residents return to public spaces, replacing formal social control.","correct":false,"explanation":"The relevant mechanism is informal control by residents, not formal control by police or courts. Reassurance encourages community presence, which helps residents monitor and discourage disorder."},{"text":"Offenders return to public spaces, strengthening informal social control.","correct":false,"explanation":"Zero tolerance reassurance aims to make residents feel safer and more willing to use public spaces. Increased offender presence would undermine safety and would not strengthen community control."}]},{"id":"73f8e430-6bf2-41a8-9256-f16da55bf4a5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is usefulness a strength of broken windows theory?","back":"It informs rapid repairs, clean-ups and foot patrol policing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It informs rapid repairs, clean-ups and foot patrol policing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Broken windows theory suggests that quickly addressing visible disorder can prevent an area appearing uncontrolled. This informs rapid repairs, environmental clean-ups and foot patrols intended to reassure residents and deter offending."},{"text":"It informs delayed repairs, clean-ups and foot patrol policing.","correct":false,"explanation":"The theory emphasises dealing with signs of disorder quickly, not delaying repairs. Prompt action is considered useful because it may prevent further deterioration and reassure the community."},{"text":"It informs rapid repairs, surveillance and imprisonment policing.","correct":false,"explanation":"The practical implications are environmental maintenance and visible preventive patrols, rather than imprisonment policing. The theory is used to guide rapid repairs, clean-ups and foot patrol strategies."},{"text":"It informs crime mapping, clean-ups and foot patrol policing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Crime mapping may assist policing generally, but it is not the specific usefulness derived from broken windows theory here. The theory directly informs rapid repairs alongside clean-ups and foot patrols."}]},{"id":"56d93350-38d5-4fd2-8fa1-3c32ab648d7e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Because much evidence is [ ], disorder-crime links do not prove [ ].","back":"Because much evidence is correlational, disorder-crime links do not prove causation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Because much evidence is correlational, disorder-crime links do not prove causation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Correlational evidence shows that disorder and crime vary together, but it cannot establish that disorder causes crime. A third factor could produce both patterns, so causation remains unproven."},{"text":"Because much evidence is causal, disorder-crime links do not prove correlation.","correct":false,"explanation":"The terms are reversed. Evidence showing variables are associated is correlational and cannot prove causation; causal evidence would be the stronger basis for claiming that disorder produces crime."},{"text":"Because much evidence is anecdotal, disorder-crime links do not prove reliability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Anecdotal evidence is not the key description of the evidence here, and reliability is not the causal conclusion being tested. The correct terms are correlational and causation."},{"text":"Because much evidence is experimental, disorder-crime links do not prove generalisability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Experimental evidence can support causal conclusions when variables are controlled, whereas the relevant evidence is correlational. The limitation is that correlation does not prove causation."}]},{"id":"9edf43f3-1414-4377-a37a-1e656c255f6f","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What alternative causes may explain both disorder and crime?","back":"

Poverty, unemployment or poor housing.
Lack of services in the area.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Poverty, unemployment or poor housing.
Lack of services in the area.

","correct":true,"explanation":"These factors can independently contribute to both visible disorder and crime. They provide alternative explanations, meaning disorder may be a symptom of wider social deprivation rather than its direct cause."},{"text":"

Affluence, employment or good housing.
Abundance of services in the area.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These conditions generally indicate fewer structural disadvantages and therefore do not provide the intended explanation for concentrated disorder and crime. Poverty, unemployment, poor housing and limited services are the relevant alternatives."},{"text":"

Strict law enforcement, employment or good housing.
High community participation in the area.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Strict enforcement and strong community participation are more likely to reduce crime or disorder than explain both occurring together. Structural deprivation and inadequate services are the alternative causes identified."},{"text":"

Low population density, unemployment or good housing.
Effective services in the area.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This combination omits the deprivation factors that can generate both problems and includes conditions usually associated with lower disorder. The relevant alternatives are poverty, poor housing and a lack of services."}]},{"id":"ed2c8105-9fc6-4ab9-a902-3355f2cd9573","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can zero tolerance policing be ethically problematic?","back":"It may over-police disadvantaged communities or target groups unfairly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It may over-police disadvantaged communities or target groups unfairly.","correct":true,"explanation":"Zero tolerance gives police broad discretion to act against minor disorder. In disadvantaged areas this can produce disproportionate surveillance, stop-and-search or punishment and unfairly target particular social groups."},{"text":"It may under-police disadvantaged communities or target groups fairly.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ethical concern is excessive or disproportionate policing, not insufficient policing or fair treatment. Zero tolerance can over-police disadvantaged communities and unfairly target particular groups."},{"text":"It may over-police affluent communities or protect groups unfairly.","correct":false,"explanation":"The criticism focuses on disadvantaged communities, where intensive enforcement can reinforce social inequalities. Affluent communities are not the central group identified as vulnerable to disproportionate zero tolerance policing."},{"text":"It may reduce policing in disadvantaged communities or target groups unfairly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Zero tolerance is criticised for increasing intensive enforcement rather than reducing it. The ethical problem is that disadvantaged communities may be over-policed and groups targeted unfairly."}]},{"id":"ec28415b-56c7-4147-930e-251d8b46f4af","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are recorded crime statistics a validity issue here?","back":"

Some crimes are not reported.
More policing can detect more offences.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Some crimes are not reported.
More policing can detect more offences.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Recorded crime reflects reporting and policing as well as actual offending. Unreported crimes are missing, while increased police activity can raise recorded offences without a real increase in crime."},{"text":"

All crimes are reported.
More policing can prevent more offences.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Recorded statistics cannot assume complete reporting, and detecting offences is different from preventing them. The validity problem is under-reporting combined with policing that identifies more offences."},{"text":"

Some crimes are not reported.
Less policing can detect more offences.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The first point is correct, but the second reverses the likely relationship: greater police presence and activity can uncover more offences. This can inflate recorded crime without reflecting increased offending."},{"text":"

Some crimes are reported.
More policing can hide more offences.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Although some crimes are reported, the issue is that others are not, and more policing generally detects rather than hides offences. Both features make recorded crime an imperfect validity measure."}]},{"id":"b77427ed-350e-4a93-a247-9b0c6d9491d5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why may broken windows theory be ethnocentric?","back":"It is based mainly on American urban policing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is based mainly on American urban policing.","correct":true,"explanation":"The theory was developed and applied largely in American urban contexts. Applying its conclusions directly to other countries may ignore cultural, social and policing differences, making it ethnocentric."},{"text":"It is based mainly on British rural policing.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ethnocentrism criticism arises because the evidence and applications are mainly American and urban, not British and rural. Findings from that context may not generalise universally."},{"text":"It is based mainly on European urban policing.","correct":false,"explanation":"The key concern is the dominance of American urban evidence and practice. Describing the basis as European misses the cultural context that creates the ethnocentrism problem."},{"text":"It is based mainly on global community policing.","correct":false,"explanation":"A globally representative evidence base would reduce, rather than create, this particular ethnocentrism concern. The theory is criticised because it relies mainly on American urban policing."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Crime prevention (Social)","title":"Crime prevention (Social) Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/psychology/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"905f575b-2acc-5ef8-82fa-936574673d02","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]