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from real or imagined group pressure."},{"text":"A desire to fit in with a social group.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wanting to fit in is normative social influence, which produces conformity. Obedience is distinguished by a direct order from an authority figure."},{"text":"An observation of others in an unfamiliar situation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Observing others for guidance is associated with informational social influence and conformity. Obedience requires a direct order from an authority figure."},{"text":"A change in behaviour caused by peer pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing behaviour because of peer pressure describes conformity rather than obedience. Obedience occurs when an authority figure gives a direct order."}]},{"id":"46d3cce3-7a4f-4dca-a814-df1fbffb53ce","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Conformity occurs through [ ] without a [ ].","back":"Conformity occurs through real or imagined group pressure without a direct order.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Conformity occurs through real or imagined group pressure without a direct order.","correct":true,"explanation":"Conformity involves changing behaviour or beliefs in response to actual or perceived group pressure, rather than following an explicit command from an authority figure."},{"text":"Conformity occurs through pressure from an authority figure without a direct order.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pressure from an authority figure confuses conformity with authority-based influence. Conformity arises from real or imagined group pressure and does not involve a direct order."},{"text":"Conformity occurs through real or imagined group pressure without a change in behaviour or belief.","correct":false,"explanation":"Conformity necessarily involves a change in behaviour or belief due to group pressure. What it lacks is a direct order from an authority figure."},{"text":"Conformity occurs through independent personal choice without a group influence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Independent choice without group influence is not conformity. Conformity occurs through real or imagined group pressure but does not require a direct order."}]},{"id":"cd4c9b1f-8c88-44de-bdfc-8f240a2af1d8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In agency theory, what role does an obedient person take?","back":"They act as an agent carrying out another person’s orders.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They act as an agent carrying out another person’s orders.","correct":true,"explanation":"In the agentic state, individuals see themselves as instruments of authority, carrying out the authority figure’s wishes rather than acting independently."},{"text":"They act as an authority figure issuing orders to another person.","correct":false,"explanation":"The authority figure gives the commands rather than entering the obedient role. An obedient person becomes an agent who carries out another person’s orders."},{"text":"They act as an autonomous individual following their own moral principles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Following personal moral principles describes the autonomous state, in which people accept responsibility. An obedient person acts as an agent carrying out another’s orders."},{"text":"They act as a group member matching the behaviour of their peers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Matching peers describes conformity to group pressure, not agency theory’s account of obedience. An obedient person acts as an agent for an authority figure."}]},{"id":"518c5b8e-59ca-4be6-b017-00a3e442d35c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the [ ], people see themselves as personally responsible for their behaviour.","back":"In the autonomous state, people see themselves as personally responsible for their behaviour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"autonomous state","correct":true,"explanation":"The autonomous state involves acting according to one’s own principles and accepting personal responsibility for the consequences of one’s behaviour."},{"text":"agentic state","correct":false,"explanation":"In the agentic state, responsibility is displaced onto the authority figure. People see themselves as personally responsible for their behaviour in the autonomous state."},{"text":"agentic shift","correct":false,"explanation":"The agentic shift is the transition into the agentic state, not a condition of personal responsibility. Personal responsibility characterises the autonomous state."},{"text":"legitimate authority","correct":false,"explanation":"Legitimate authority is a factor that encourages obedience and the agentic shift. The autonomous state is where people regard themselves as personally responsible."}]},{"id":"62316e2e-d70b-40b3-a044-812e0f856634","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In the agentic state, who is perceived as responsible for the action?","back":"The authority figure giving the order.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The authority figure giving the order.","correct":true,"explanation":"Someone in the agentic state views the authority figure as responsible because the individual sees themselves merely as an instrument carrying out instructions."},{"text":"The person performing the action.","correct":false,"explanation":"Choosing the person performing the action reflects autonomous responsibility. In the agentic state, responsibility is displaced onto the authority figure who issued the order."},{"text":"The peer group observing the action.","correct":false,"explanation":"Peers may affect conformity, but they are not assigned responsibility in the agentic state. Responsibility is perceived to lie with the authority figure giving the order."},{"text":"The victim receiving the action.","correct":false,"explanation":"The victim is affected by the action but is not seen as directing it. In the agentic state, perceived responsibility rests with the ordering authority figure."}]},{"id":"1bffc565-7fd9-4258-bdb4-742a43dc853a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] is movement from the autonomous state into the agentic state.","back":"The agentic shift is movement from the autonomous state into the agentic state.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"agentic shift","correct":true,"explanation":"The agentic shift is the psychological transition from acting autonomously and accepting responsibility to acting as an authority figure’s agent."},{"text":"agentic state","correct":false,"explanation":"The agentic state is the condition reached after responsibility has been transferred to authority. The movement into that state is called the agentic shift."},{"text":"autonomous shift","correct":false,"explanation":"Agency theory does not use autonomous shift for movement into obedience. The transition from the autonomous state to the agentic state is the agentic shift."},{"text":"legitimacy of authority","correct":false,"explanation":"Legitimacy of authority can make the transition more likely, but it is not the transition itself. That movement is called the agentic shift."}]},{"id":"9072af1c-6927-4c79-b277-0f7f7e323bc5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What makes an agentic shift more likely?","back":"A legitimate authority figure.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A legitimate authority figure.","correct":true,"explanation":"Perceiving an authority figure as entitled to give orders encourages individuals to surrender personal responsibility and enter the agentic state."},{"text":"A unanimous peer group.","correct":false,"explanation":"A unanimous peer group is primarily associated with conformity rather than the agentic shift. The shift becomes more likely when an authority figure is seen as legitimate."},{"text":"A close and visible victim.","correct":false,"explanation":"A close, visible victim increases awareness of harm and generally makes obedience less likely. An agentic shift is encouraged by a legitimate authority figure."},{"text":"An illegitimate authority figure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Questioning an authority’s legitimacy makes people less willing to transfer responsibility and obey. A legitimate authority figure is more likely to produce an agentic shift."}]},{"id":"12ede842-0107-404a-bd55-b96fd7faa325","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Legitimate authority can be signalled by role, [ ], status, expertise, or [ ].","back":"Legitimate authority can be signalled by role, uniform, status, expertise, or institutional setting.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Legitimate authority can be signalled by role, uniform, status, expertise, or institutional setting.","correct":true,"explanation":"Uniforms and respected institutional settings provide visible social cues that a person occupies an authorised role and has a legitimate right to issue orders."},{"text":"Legitimate authority can be signalled by role, proximity, status, expertise, or institutional setting.","correct":false,"explanation":"Proximity can alter obedience levels, but it does not itself signal an authority’s right to command. Uniform and institutional setting are recognised signs of legitimate authority."},{"text":"Legitimate authority can be signalled by role, uniform, status, expertise, or personal friendship.","correct":false,"explanation":"Personal friendship may increase liking or trust but does not formally establish legitimate authority. Institutional setting can signal recognised power alongside role, uniform, status, and expertise."},{"text":"Legitimate authority can be signalled by role, group size, status, expertise, or task difficulty.","correct":false,"explanation":"Group size and task difficulty relate more closely to conformity and situational demands. Uniform and institutional setting are cues that specifically support legitimate authority."}]},{"id":"857b430d-9595-4218-acfb-bc0525183d71","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In Milgram’s study, the experimenter’s [ ] and the [ ] setting signalled legitimate authority.","back":"In Milgram’s study, the experimenter’s lab coat and the Yale University setting signalled legitimate authority.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In Milgram’s study, the experimenter’s lab coat and the Yale University setting signalled legitimate authority.","correct":true,"explanation":"The lab coat conveyed professional status, while Yale University’s prestige made the setting appear credible. Together, these cues encouraged participants to recognise the experimenter’s legitimate authority."},{"text":"In Milgram’s study, the experimenter’s business suit and the local hospital setting signalled legitimate authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses Milgram’s procedure with a medical context. The experimenter’s lab coat and the prestigious Yale University setting were the specific cues that signalled legitimate authority."},{"text":"In Milgram’s study, the experimenter’s police uniform and the Harvard University setting signalled legitimate authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"Milgram did not present the experimenter as a police officer or conduct the original study at Harvard. A lab coat and the Yale University setting conveyed authority."},{"text":"In Milgram’s study, the experimenter’s casual clothes and the community centre setting signalled legitimate authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"Casual clothing and an ordinary community setting would reduce perceived authority. Milgram used an experimenter in a lab coat and Yale University’s prestigious surroundings."}]},{"id":"4c706b40-8f43-4e46-8a14-8c48b300a797","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"After obedience has started, what do binding factors make difficult?","back":"Stopping or breaking off obedience.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Stopping or breaking off obedience.","correct":true,"explanation":"Binding factors help participants continue after obedience begins by reducing moral strain or justifying their actions. They therefore make stopping or withdrawing from the situation more difficult."},{"text":"Starting or entering obedience.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the role of binding factors, which operate after obedience has begun. They make stopping or breaking off obedience difficult rather than making it difficult to start."},{"text":"Hearing or understanding orders.","correct":false,"explanation":"Binding factors do not interfere with perceiving or comprehending instructions. They help people justify continued obedience, making it harder to stop or break off their actions."},{"text":"Giving or repeating orders.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes the authority figure’s behaviour rather than the participant’s difficulty. Binding factors make it harder for the obedient person to stop or break off obedience."}]},{"id":"efb883b6-a7f7-46f9-8646-cc3707acf216","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which binding factor makes each new order feel less dramatic?","back":"Gradual commitment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Gradual commitment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gradual commitment involves increasing demands in small steps. Because each order differs only slightly from the previous one, the next action seems less dramatic or difficult to accept."},{"text":"Shifting responsibility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shifting responsibility reduces personal accountability by blaming the authority, but it does not explain why successive orders seem less dramatic. That effect comes from gradual commitment."},{"text":"Legitimate authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"Legitimate authority explains why a person believes an order should be followed, not why each successive order feels like a small step. The relevant binding factor is gradual commitment."},{"text":"Moral strain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Moral strain is the psychological discomfort caused by obeying a harmful order. Gradual commitment, rather than moral strain, makes each new demand seem only slightly more serious."}]},{"id":"790d5a75-ca6b-4d84-91d2-d57ba63e9095","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which binding factor involves telling yourself the authority is responsible?","back":"Shifting responsibility.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Shifting responsibility.","correct":true,"explanation":"Shifting responsibility allows an obedient person to see the authority figure as accountable for the consequences. This reduces personal guilt and helps continued obedience."},{"text":"Gradual commitment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gradual commitment makes escalating demands seem less dramatic because they increase in small steps. Telling yourself that the authority is accountable is shifting responsibility."},{"text":"Legitimate authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"Legitimate authority concerns accepting another person’s right to issue orders. The binding factor involving denial of personal accountability is shifting responsibility."},{"text":"Autonomous action.","correct":false,"explanation":"Autonomous action involves accepting personal control and responsibility, which is the opposite of this justification. Shifting responsibility places accountability for the outcome on the authority."}]},{"id":"695e7107-2c53-47f7-b49e-3e875b8a8efc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does Milgram’s 65% 450-volt finding support agency theory?","back":"Ordinary people obeyed legitimate authority despite distress.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ordinary people obeyed legitimate authority despite distress.","correct":true,"explanation":"The 65% completion rate shows that ordinary participants could follow a legitimate authority’s orders to the maximum voltage, even while displaying severe distress, as agency theory predicts."},{"text":"Most people rejected legitimate authority before feeling distress.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Milgram’s result: 65% continued to 450 volts, and many showed considerable distress. Their continued obedience to legitimate authority supports agency theory."},{"text":"Ordinary people obeyed their peers despite authority’s objections.","correct":false,"explanation":"Participants followed the experimenter’s instructions, not peer pressure against the experimenter. Agency theory is supported because ordinary people obeyed a perceived legitimate authority despite distress."},{"text":"Authoritarian people obeyed legitimate authority because they lacked distress.","correct":false,"explanation":"Milgram’s finding was not restricted to people identified as authoritarian, and participants often displayed intense distress. Agency theory emphasises ordinary people entering an agentic state under legitimate authority."}]},{"id":"f87605d9-3ea3-4b0e-93a9-f965f5412c58","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did Hofling et al. (1966) show about medical obedience?","back":"Nurses often obeyed an unknown doctor’s excessive-dose telephone order.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Nurses often obeyed an unknown doctor’s excessive-dose telephone order.","correct":true,"explanation":"In Hofling’s field experiment, most nurses prepared to administer an excessive dose after receiving a telephone instruction from an unfamiliar doctor, demonstrating obedience to medical authority."},{"text":"Nurses often refused an unknown doctor’s excessive-dose telephone order.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although nurses said they would refuse such an instruction, most actually complied in the field experiment. They obeyed an unknown doctor’s excessive-dose telephone order."},{"text":"Nurses often obeyed a known doctor’s safe-dose written order.","correct":false,"explanation":"This removes the study’s crucial conflicts with hospital rules: the doctor was unknown, the order was given by telephone, and the requested dose was excessive."},{"text":"Nurses often obeyed an unknown patient’s excessive-dose telephone order.","correct":false,"explanation":"The caller claimed to be a doctor, whose professional status provided legitimate authority. The study did not examine nurses following excessive-dose instructions from patients."}]},{"id":"d232ef00-6c21-41d1-bbab-30dff22f072c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does disobedience in Milgram’s study weaken agency theory?","back":"

Some participants disobeyed the same authority figure.
Other factors must also affect obedience.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Some participants disobeyed the same authority figure.
Other factors must also affect obedience.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Participants responded differently despite facing the same legitimate authority. This variation suggests that entering an agentic state cannot fully explain obedience and that other situational or dispositional factors matter."},{"text":"

All participants obeyed the same authority figure.
Agency theory therefore explains all obedience.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Milgram did not find universal obedience: 35% stopped before 450 volts. Their disobedience under the same authority indicates that additional factors must influence behaviour."},{"text":"

Some participants obeyed a different authority figure.
Authority alone must therefore cause obedience.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Participants in the standard condition encountered the same experimenter, yet some obeyed and others disobeyed. This difference weakens any claim that authority alone determines obedience."},{"text":"

Some participants felt distressed but still obeyed.
No other factors are needed to explain obedience.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Distress alongside continued obedience supports agency theory rather than explaining why others disobeyed. Disobedience under the same authority suggests that other influences also affect obedience."}]},{"id":"0d1fce5c-393c-4f26-9800-0a847504eb93","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A weakness of agency theory is that the [ ] is difficult to [ ].","back":"A weakness of agency theory is that the agentic state is difficult to measure directly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A weakness of agency theory is that the agentic state is difficult to measure directly.","correct":true,"explanation":"The agentic state is an inferred internal condition rather than a directly observable behaviour. Researchers cannot easily test whether participants genuinely surrendered personal responsibility to an authority."},{"text":"A weakness of agency theory is that the autonomous state is difficult to induce experimentally.","correct":false,"explanation":"Agency theory’s measurement problem concerns the inferred agentic state, not difficulty inducing ordinary autonomous behaviour. The agentic state cannot be observed or measured directly."},{"text":"A weakness of agency theory is that the legitimate authority is difficult to identify clearly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Researchers can identify the person issuing orders and manipulate cues of legitimate authority. The deeper problem is that the proposed agentic state is difficult to measure directly."},{"text":"A weakness of agency theory is that the moral strain is difficult to reduce completely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Agency theory does not depend on eliminating moral strain; obedient participants may remain distressed. Its methodological weakness is that the internal agentic state is difficult to measure directly."}]},{"id":"d92ba782-c3cd-4301-878a-5bb564886003","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is it wrong to say people in the agentic state “have no choice”?","back":"They perceive responsibility as shifted, but can still resist.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They perceive responsibility as shifted, but can still resist.","correct":true,"explanation":"The agentic state changes how individuals perceive responsibility for their actions, transferring it to an authority figure. It does not remove free will, so resistance remains possible."},{"text":"They lose personal control completely and are unable to resist.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses reduced personal responsibility with the loss of free will. People in an agentic state perceive responsibility as shifted to authority, but they can still resist."},{"text":"They forget moral standards and no longer recognise harmful actions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Agency theory does not claim that moral awareness disappears. Individuals may experience moral strain because they recognise the harm, yet perceive the authority as responsible."},{"text":"They become automatically obedient whenever an authority gives an order.","correct":false,"explanation":"The agentic state makes obedience more likely, not inevitable. Individuals perceive responsibility as belonging to the authority, but retain the capacity to reject an order."}]},{"id":"002d8b1b-782e-41a6-8e3d-b44f6c7a2f6f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did Burger’s 2009 replication improve ethical safeguards?","back":"

Stopped at 150 volts.
Screened participants.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Stopped at 150 volts.
Screened participants.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Stopping at 150 volts limited participants’ exposure to escalating distress, while screening excluded those at greater risk of psychological harm, making the replication more ethically acceptable."},{"text":"

Stopped at 300 volts.
Debriefed participants.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Debriefing is an important safeguard, but Burger’s distinctive changes were screening participants and stopping at 150 volts. Continuing to 300 volts would allow substantially greater distress."},{"text":"

Stopped at 450 volts.
Screened participants.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Screening did reduce the risk of harm, but continuing to 450 volts would reproduce Milgram’s full procedure. Burger stopped at 150 volts to prevent further escalation."},{"text":"

Started at 150 volts.
Deceived participants.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Beginning at 150 volts and using deception would not constitute the main ethical improvements. Burger screened participants and ended the procedure at 150 volts to limit distress."}]},{"id":"731e5701-9cf1-4345-9cb1-9fdb681d026f","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which three factors determine social pressure in Latané’s theory?","back":"

Strength
Immediacy
Number

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Strength
Immediacy
Number

","correct":true,"explanation":"Latané proposed that social impact depends on the source’s strength, its physical or psychological immediacy, and the number of sources exerting pressure on the target."},{"text":"

Status
Proximity
Unanimity

","correct":false,"explanation":"These resemble factors found in obedience and conformity research, but Latané’s formal theory identifies strength, immediacy and number as the three determinants of social pressure."},{"text":"

Legitimacy
Visibility
Responsibility

","correct":false,"explanation":"Legitimacy and responsibility are more closely associated with agency theory, while visibility is not one of Latané’s named factors. The correct three are strength, immediacy and number."},{"text":"

Power
Distance
Consensus

","correct":false,"explanation":"These terms loosely resemble the theory’s ideas but are not its specified factors. Latané states that social impact is determined by strength, immediacy and number."}]},{"id":"4462cf41-f6be-49c3-9e01-6d61676d9e44","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In social impact theory, what did Bickman’s guard-uniform finding show?","back":"A high-status uniform can increase obedience.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A high-status uniform can increase obedience.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bickman found that people were more likely to follow instructions from someone dressed as a guard, supporting the idea that a high-status uniform increases social influence."},{"text":"A low-status uniform can increase obedience.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Bickman’s finding. Compliance was greater when the person giving orders wore a guard’s high-status uniform, rather than clothing associated with lower status."},{"text":"A familiar uniform can decrease obedience.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study concerned the authority and status communicated by a guard’s uniform, not its familiarity. A high-status uniform increased the likelihood that instructions would be followed."},{"text":"A high-status uniform can decrease obedience.","correct":false,"explanation":"This gives the relationship in the wrong direction. Bickman’s guard condition produced greater compliance, showing that a high-status uniform can increase obedience to instructions."}]},{"id":"c93cd6b5-d3e0-406c-946c-c0d61d6eb604","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did Milgram’s telephone variation show about immediacy?","back":"Obedience dropped when the experimenter was not physically present.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Obedience dropped when the experimenter was not physically present.","correct":true,"explanation":"Giving instructions by telephone reduced the experimenter’s immediacy, weakening social pressure on the participant. Consequently, obedience was lower than when the experimenter was physically present."},{"text":"Obedience increased when the experimenter was not physically present.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Milgram’s result. The experimenter’s absence reduced immediacy and made resistance easier, so obedience dropped rather than increased during telephone instructions."},{"text":"Obedience remained unchanged when the experimenter was not physically present.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks the effect of proximity to authority. When the experimenter gave orders by telephone, reduced immediacy weakened pressure and caused obedience to drop."},{"text":"Obedience stopped completely when the experimenter was not physically present.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduced immediacy lowered obedience but did not eliminate it. Some participants continued despite telephone instructions, so the accurate conclusion is that obedience dropped."}]},{"id":"5c4e591f-1be3-4dcc-87a7-05e31c0a2b17","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Adding a second source has a bigger effect than adding a [ ] because number has [ ].","back":"Adding a second source has a bigger effect than adding a tenth source because number has diminishing returns.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Adding a second source has a bigger effect than adding a tenth source because number has diminishing returns.","correct":true,"explanation":"Social impact rises as sources are added, but each additional source contributes less than the previous one. Therefore, adding a second source has more impact than adding a tenth."},{"text":"Adding a second source has a bigger effect than adding a first source because number has diminishing returns.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diminishing returns means the earliest sources produce the largest increases, so adding the first source is not less influential than adding the second. The comparison should be with a tenth source."},{"text":"Adding a second source has a bigger effect than adding a tenth source because number has increasing returns.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing returns would mean later additions have progressively larger effects, contradicting the comparison. Latané proposed diminishing returns, so the second source adds more impact than the tenth."},{"text":"Adding a second source has a bigger effect than adding a third source because number has constant returns.","correct":false,"explanation":"Constant returns would make every added source equally influential, so the second could not have a bigger effect than the third. Social impact instead shows diminishing returns."}]},{"id":"fd896b2b-7002-4a00-b1e8-6a97d5f7ff07","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can social impact theory be criticised as descriptive?","back":"It predicts when pressure is stronger, not inner psychological processes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It predicts when pressure is stronger, not inner psychological processes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Social impact theory specifies how strength, immediacy and number alter pressure, but it does not explain the internal mental mechanisms through which that pressure produces obedience."},{"text":"It explains why authority is legitimate, not observable patterns of obedience.","correct":false,"explanation":"This attributes an explanation of legitimacy to social impact theory. The descriptive criticism is that it predicts when pressure will be stronger without explaining the underlying psychological processes."},{"text":"It predicts how responsibility shifts, not changes in social pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shifting responsibility belongs to agency theory, not social impact theory. Social impact theory predicts when pressure becomes stronger but offers limited explanation of the internal processes involved."},{"text":"It explains how pressure is resisted, not when obedience occurs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social impact theory does not mainly explain resistance mechanisms. It describes when social pressure should be stronger according to strength, immediacy and number, without detailing inner psychological processes."}]},{"id":"900b5a37-d5d3-45e5-9026-ad6b244b3db4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does each obedience theory mainly focus on?","back":"

Agency theory: perceived responsibility.
Social impact theory: social pressure.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Agency theory: perceived responsibility.
Social impact theory: social pressure.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Agency theory explains obedience through the perceived transfer of responsibility to authority, whereas social impact theory explains how the strength, immediacy and number of sources create pressure."},{"text":"

Agency theory: social pressure.
Social impact theory: perceived responsibility.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the theories’ central concerns. Agency theory focuses on perceived responsibility and the agentic state, while social impact theory focuses on variations in social pressure."},{"text":"

Agency theory: group unanimity.
Social impact theory: moral development.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Group unanimity is mainly associated with conformity, while moral development is not the central focus of either theory. Agency concerns perceived responsibility; social impact concerns social pressure."},{"text":"

Agency theory: personality traits.
Social impact theory: unconscious conflict.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither theory primarily uses these explanations. Agency theory focuses on how responsibility is perceived, while social impact theory examines pressure produced by strength, immediacy and number."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Theories of obedience","title":"Theories of obedience Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/psychology/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"b48e46c6-37ff-5c2f-8bd8-ee491b1991a5","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]