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distinct sensory, short-term and long-term stores."},{"text":"The MSM was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974.","correct":false,"explanation":"Baddeley and Hitch proposed the working memory model in 1974, not the MSM. The multi-store model was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968."},{"text":"The MSM was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1974.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the MSM’s date with the publication of the working memory model. Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the multi-store model in 1968."},{"text":"The MSM was proposed by Broadbent in 1958.","correct":false,"explanation":"Broadbent’s 1958 work concerned selective attention and filter theory rather than the multi-store model. The MSM was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968."}]},{"id":"948ac3d0-426a-46f0-8c71-97dc870b71b0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The MSM treats memory as a [ ] system made of [ ].","back":"The MSM treats memory as a linear system made of separate stores.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The MSM treats memory as a linear system made of separate stores.","correct":true,"explanation":"The MSM presents information as moving in a linear sequence through distinct sensory, short-term and long-term memory stores, with processes such as attention and rehearsal transferring it."},{"text":"The MSM treats memory as a unitary system made of a single store.","correct":false,"explanation":"A unitary, single-store account contradicts the defining feature of the MSM. It describes memory as a linear system consisting of separate sensory, short-term and long-term stores."},{"text":"The MSM treats memory as a hierarchical system made of separate stores.","correct":false,"explanation":"The stores are not arranged as a hierarchy of higher and lower levels. The MSM depicts a linear flow of information through separate memory stores."},{"text":"The MSM treats memory as a linear system made of one flexible store.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the model is linear, it does not propose one flexible memory store. It distinguishes separate sensory, short-term and long-term stores with different characteristics."}]},{"id":"32584539-c83c-47a2-ab59-32cbb3381ea5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A store's [ ] is how much it can hold; its [ ] is how long information can remain.","back":"A store's capacity is how much it can hold; its duration is how long information can remain.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A store's capacity is how much it can hold; its duration is how long information can remain.","correct":true,"explanation":"Capacity refers to the amount of information a memory store can contain, while duration refers to the length of time that information remains available there."},{"text":"A store's duration is how much it can hold; its capacity is how long information can remain.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two characteristics. Capacity measures how much information a store holds, whereas duration measures how long that information can remain in the store."},{"text":"A store's coding is how much it can hold; its duration is how long information can remain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Coding describes the form in which information is represented, not the amount held. Capacity is how much a store holds, while duration is how long it remains."},{"text":"A store's capacity is how much it can hold; its coding is how long information can remain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Coding concerns whether information is represented acoustically, visually or semantically, rather than how long it remains. The time information remains is its duration."}]},{"id":"1b171b7b-bfb6-425b-9124-655d5ee45cad","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In the MSM, what must happen for sensory information to enter STM?","back":"It must receive attention.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It must receive attention.","correct":true,"explanation":"Attention selects information from the sensory register for further processing. In the MSM, sensory information that receives attention passes into short-term memory."},{"text":"It must receive rehearsal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rehearsal maintains information in STM and can transfer it to LTM; it does not move sensory input into STM. That transfer requires attention."},{"text":"It must be encoded acoustically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acoustic coding is associated mainly with STM, but it is not the process that transfers sensory information there. Sensory information enters STM when attention is directed towards it."},{"text":"It must enter long-term memory.","correct":false,"explanation":"Information does not need to reach LTM before entering STM; this reverses the model’s sequence. Attention transfers selected sensory information into short-term memory."}]},{"id":"75eb5a5d-c234-4fd3-b969-dca2bfa9f6da","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What type of coding does the sensory register use?","back":"Modality-specific coding.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Modality-specific coding.","correct":true,"explanation":"The sensory register codes information according to the sense through which it arrives, such as iconic coding for visual input and echoic coding for auditory input."},{"text":"Acoustic coding.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acoustic coding is mainly associated with short-term memory rather than the whole sensory register. Sensory coding is modality-specific because it depends on the incoming sense."},{"text":"Semantic coding.","correct":false,"explanation":"Semantic coding, based on meaning, is mainly associated with long-term memory. The sensory register uses modality-specific coding corresponding to visual, auditory and other sensory inputs."},{"text":"Visual coding.","correct":false,"explanation":"Visual coding applies only to iconic sensory memory and excludes information from other senses. The overall sensory register therefore uses modality-specific coding."}]},{"id":"f0f69370-2892-4b70-9753-9d5ae31bebca","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The sensory register has [ ] capacity, but visual information usually lasts [ ].","back":"The sensory register has very large capacity, but visual information usually lasts less than a second.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The sensory register has very large capacity, but visual information usually lasts less than a second.","correct":true,"explanation":"The sensory register can briefly receive a very large amount of incoming information. Iconic, or visual, sensory information fades extremely rapidly, usually within less than one second."},{"text":"The sensory register has very large capacity, but visual information usually lasts 18-30 seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"The capacity is correctly described, but 18-30 seconds is the usual duration assigned to unrehearsed STM. Visual sensory information normally lasts less than a second."},{"text":"The sensory register has limited capacity, but visual information usually lasts less than a second.","correct":false,"explanation":"The brief visual duration is correct, but limited capacity is associated with STM. The sensory register has a very large capacity for incoming sensory information."},{"text":"The sensory register has about seven items capacity, but visual information usually lasts several minutes.","correct":false,"explanation":"About seven items confuses sensory capacity with Miller’s STM estimate, while several minutes greatly overstates iconic duration. Sensory capacity is very large and visual traces last less than a second."}]},{"id":"0856eb28-297c-415e-84cc-b06d34000041","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"STM mainly uses [ ] coding and has a capacity of about [ ].","back":"STM mainly uses acoustic coding and has a capacity of about $7 \\pm 2$ items.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"STM mainly uses acoustic coding and has a capacity of about $7 \\pm 2$ items.","correct":true,"explanation":"Research associated STM mainly with sound-based, or acoustic, coding. Miller estimated its limited capacity as approximately seven items, with a typical range of five to nine."},{"text":"STM mainly uses semantic coding and has a capacity of about $7 \\pm 2$ items.","correct":false,"explanation":"The capacity matches Miller’s estimate, but semantic coding is mainly associated with LTM. In the MSM, STM primarily uses acoustic coding and holds about seven plus or minus two items."},{"text":"STM mainly uses acoustic coding and has a capacity of about unlimited items.","correct":false,"explanation":"The coding type is correct, but unlimited capacity is associated with LTM rather than STM. STM has a limited capacity of approximately seven plus or minus two items."},{"text":"STM mainly uses visual coding and has a capacity of about $4 \\pm 1$ items.","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses a later, lower estimate of immediate memory capacity and gives the wrong primary coding type for the MSM. STM is mainly acoustic with about seven plus or minus two items."}]},{"id":"aea8b085-2874-4da9-8b80-381c6cc3ac7c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How long can STM hold information without rehearsal?","back":"About 18-30 seconds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"About 18-30 seconds.","correct":true,"explanation":"Without maintenance rehearsal, information in STM rapidly decays. Peterson and Peterson’s findings support a duration of roughly 18-30 seconds before most information is lost."},{"text":"About 1-2 seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"This duration is closer to very brief sensory memory and underestimates STM persistence. Without rehearsal, STM is generally described as lasting approximately 18-30 seconds."},{"text":"About 7-9 seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses Miller’s item-based capacity range with a duration measured in seconds. Unrehearsed information can generally remain in STM for about 18-30 seconds."},{"text":"About 60-90 seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overestimates how long unrehearsed information remains in STM, perhaps assuming continued repetition. Without rehearsal, its accepted duration is approximately 18-30 seconds."}]},{"id":"0b6a2128-e41a-4135-b943-ca1d22467c46","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does maintenance rehearsal do in the MSM?","back":"Keeps information active in STM.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Keeps information active in STM.","correct":true,"explanation":"Maintenance rehearsal repeatedly cycles information in short-term memory, preventing it from decaying while rehearsal continues."},{"text":"Transfers information into LTM.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses maintenance rehearsal with prolonged rehearsal. Maintenance rehearsal keeps information active in STM, whereas extended repetition is proposed to transfer it into LTM."},{"text":"Retrieves information from LTM.","correct":false,"explanation":"Retrieval brings stored information from LTM back into STM. Maintenance rehearsal instead keeps information currently held in STM active through repetition."},{"text":"Moves information into the sensory register.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sensory register receives information directly from the environment, not through rehearsal. Maintenance rehearsal keeps attended information active in STM."}]},{"id":"f97d5156-a9b6-45a4-b5b5-0e41e262eb05","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does prolonged rehearsal do in the MSM?","back":"Transfers information into LTM.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Transfers information into LTM.","correct":true,"explanation":"In the MSM, rehearsing information for a prolonged period transfers it from short-term memory into long-term memory for more lasting storage."},{"text":"Keeps information only in STM.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes the immediate effect of maintenance rehearsal but overlooks prolonged rehearsal. In the MSM, sufficiently prolonged rehearsal transfers information into LTM."},{"text":"Returns information to the sensory register.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sensory register receives environmental input before STM and is not a destination for rehearsed material. Prolonged rehearsal transfers information into LTM."},{"text":"Retrieves information back into STM.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the direction of information flow. Retrieval moves information from LTM to STM, while prolonged rehearsal transfers information from STM into LTM."}]},{"id":"06da9468-d1d9-45fa-8e52-52b78116807b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"LTM mainly uses [ ] coding and has [ ] capacity.","back":"LTM mainly uses semantic coding and has potentially unlimited capacity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"LTM mainly uses semantic coding and has potentially unlimited capacity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Long-term memory primarily stores information according to meaning, known as semantic coding, and the MSM describes its storage capacity as potentially unlimited."},{"text":"LTM mainly uses acoustic coding and has potentially unlimited capacity.","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the characteristic coding of STM and LTM. Acoustic coding is mainly associated with STM, while LTM mainly uses semantic coding and has potentially unlimited capacity."},{"text":"LTM mainly uses semantic coding and has very limited capacity.","correct":false,"explanation":"The coding type is correct, but the capacity is confused with STM’s limited capacity. LTM mainly uses semantic coding and has potentially unlimited capacity."},{"text":"LTM mainly uses visual coding and has seven-item capacity.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly assigns a limited, item-based capacity to LTM and misidentifies its main coding. LTM mainly uses semantic coding and has potentially unlimited capacity."}]},{"id":"a12565e6-82fd-439c-afc7-e285613953ef","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What duration does LTM have in the MSM?","back":"Potentially lifelong.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Potentially lifelong.","correct":true,"explanation":"The MSM proposes that information stored in long-term memory can remain there for an individual’s entire lifetime, although retrieval may sometimes fail."},{"text":"18-30 seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the estimated duration of STM without rehearsal, not LTM. Long-term memories can have a potentially lifelong duration."},{"text":"Less than one second.","correct":false,"explanation":"This duration is associated with some sensory-register information rather than LTM. The MSM describes long-term memory as potentially lifelong."},{"text":"Around 30 minutes.","correct":false,"explanation":"This underestimates the persistence of information in LTM by treating it as temporary storage. The MSM proposes that LTM duration is potentially lifelong."}]},{"id":"c7853fcd-e02a-4426-933c-c34c29c2415d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In the MSM, where must LTM information be retrieved before conscious use?","back":"Back into STM.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Back into STM.","correct":true,"explanation":"The MSM proposes that information stored in LTM must be retrieved into STM before it can enter conscious awareness and be actively used."},{"text":"Back into the sensory register.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sensory register receives new environmental input rather than retrieved memories. LTM information must be brought back into STM for conscious use."},{"text":"Directly into conscious awareness.","correct":false,"explanation":"This skips the STM stage required by the MSM’s linear structure. Stored information must first be retrieved from LTM back into STM for conscious use."},{"text":"Into the central executive.","correct":false,"explanation":"The central executive belongs to the working memory model, not the MSM. In the MSM, LTM information is retrieved back into STM before conscious use."}]},{"id":"6d80032f-bf15-4e0d-94b8-39b66f79f8e9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"MSM application: why might an unsaved phone number be forgotten after you stop repeating it?","back":"STM has 18-30 second duration without rehearsal.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"STM has 18-30 second duration without rehearsal.","correct":true,"explanation":"Without continued repetition, the phone number is likely to decay from STM after approximately 18-30 seconds, so it may be forgotten once rehearsal stops."},{"text":"STM has less than one-second duration without rehearsal.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses STM with the very brief duration of sensory memory. STM typically lasts about 18-30 seconds without rehearsal, explaining why the number fades."},{"text":"STM has 18-30 second duration even with rehearsal.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks the purpose of maintenance rehearsal, which can keep information active beyond its normal duration. STM lasts about 18-30 seconds specifically without rehearsal."},{"text":"STM has unlimited duration without rehearsal.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly assigns LTM-like duration to STM. Without rehearsal, STM normally retains information for only about 18-30 seconds before it decays."}]},{"id":"14408483-5797-482d-983a-401b59ed446d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Baddeley (1966): worse short-term recall for acoustically similar words suggests what?","back":"STM mainly uses acoustic coding.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"STM mainly uses acoustic coding.","correct":true,"explanation":"Acoustically similar words are easily confused in immediate recall because STM mainly represents information by its sound, providing evidence for acoustic coding."},{"text":"STM mainly uses semantic coding.","correct":false,"explanation":"Semantic coding concerns meaning and is mainly associated with LTM. Confusion between similar-sounding words in short-term recall indicates that STM mainly uses acoustic coding."},{"text":"STM mainly uses visual coding.","correct":false,"explanation":"Visual coding would predict greater confusion between words that look alike. Baddeley found poorer short-term recall for similar-sounding words, supporting acoustic coding in STM."},{"text":"LTM mainly uses acoustic coding.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assigns the result to the wrong memory store. Poor immediate recall of acoustically similar words supports acoustic coding in STM, not LTM."}]},{"id":"48422b13-a21d-4325-bd8a-d30d767cd156","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Baddeley (1966): worse long-term recall for semantically similar words suggests what?","back":"LTM mainly uses semantic coding.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"LTM mainly uses semantic coding.","correct":true,"explanation":"Semantically similar words have related meanings and are easily confused after a delay, indicating that LTM mainly organises and stores information by meaning."},{"text":"LTM mainly uses acoustic coding.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acoustic coding is mainly associated with STM and would produce confusion between similar-sounding words. Poor recall of semantically similar words supports semantic coding in LTM."},{"text":"LTM mainly uses visual coding.","correct":false,"explanation":"Visual coding would predict confusion between words with similar appearances. Baddeley’s semantically similar word list produced poorer long-term recall, supporting semantic coding instead."},{"text":"STM mainly uses semantic coding.","correct":false,"explanation":"This identifies the wrong memory store. The delayed recall task tested LTM, and poorer recall for words with similar meanings supports semantic coding in LTM."}]},{"id":"148b4de6-4e83-4c58-b374-8c75f87bb1c9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the serial position effect, [ ] is better recall of early words; [ ] is better recall of late words.","back":"In the serial position effect, primacy is better recall of early words; recency is better recall of late words.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the serial position effect, primacy is better recall of early words; recency is better recall of late words.","correct":true,"explanation":"Early words receive more rehearsal and are transferred to LTM, producing the primacy effect. Late words remain available in STM, producing the recency effect."},{"text":"In the serial position effect, recency is better recall of early words; primacy is better recall of late words.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two effects. Primacy describes better recall of early words, while recency describes better recall of late words in a sequence."},{"text":"In the serial position effect, primacy is better recall of early words; interference is better recall of late words.","correct":false,"explanation":"Interference describes memories disrupting one another, not enhanced recall at the end of a list. Better recall of late words is the recency effect."},{"text":"In the serial position effect, rehearsal is better recall of early words; recency is better recall of late words.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rehearsal can help explain why early words are remembered, but it is not the effect’s name. Better recall of early words is called primacy."}]},{"id":"9fd5a23e-2488-4968-b392-6b9560198d63","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How can the serial position effect support separate STM and LTM stores?","back":"

Primacy: early words rehearsed into LTM.
Recency: late words still in STM.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Primacy: early words rehearsed into LTM.
Recency: late words still in STM.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The primacy effect is linked to rehearsal and transfer into LTM, whereas the recency effect occurs because the final words remain available in STM."},{"text":"

Primacy: early words retained in STM.
Recency: late words rehearsed into LTM.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the stores involved. Early words are rehearsed into LTM, whereas late words produce recency because they are still present in STM."},{"text":"

Primacy: early words held in sensory memory.
Recency: late words stored permanently.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Sensory memory cannot retain early list items for the required duration, and late items are not necessarily permanent. Primacy reflects LTM, while recency reflects STM."},{"text":"

Primacy: early words displaced from STM.
Recency: late words lost from STM.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Displacement and loss would reduce recall rather than produce superior recall. Primacy comes from early words entering LTM, while recency comes from late words remaining in STM."}]},{"id":"0ff30df9-e850-47be-a26e-bb531f880462","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did HM’s difficulty forming new long-term memories suggest?","back":"STM and LTM can be affected differently.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"STM and LTM can be affected differently.","correct":true,"explanation":"HM could use short-term memory but struggled to form new long-term memories after surgery. This dissociation supports the view that STM and LTM are separate stores."},{"text":"STM and LTM are always affected equally.","correct":false,"explanation":"HM’s intact short-term functioning alongside impaired formation of long-term memories shows unequal effects. The evidence therefore suggests that STM and LTM can be affected differently."},{"text":"STM automatically transfers everything into LTM.","correct":false,"explanation":"HM could temporarily retain information without successfully forming new long-term memories, so transfer is not automatic. His case suggests STM and LTM can be affected differently."},{"text":"STM depends entirely on intact LTM.","correct":false,"explanation":"HM retained short-term memory despite severe difficulty forming new long-term memories, contradicting complete dependence. His case indicates that STM and LTM can be affected differently."}]},{"id":"d120905c-8407-451e-bda4-d211db5ca618","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model argue about STM?","back":"STM is active and component-based.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"STM is active and component-based.","correct":true,"explanation":"The working memory model presents STM as an active system containing specialised components, including the central executive, phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad."},{"text":"STM is passive and entirely unitary.","correct":false,"explanation":"This matches the simplified MSM view rather than the working memory model. Baddeley and Hitch argued that STM is active and divided into specialised components."},{"text":"STM is permanent and unlimited in capacity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Permanence and potentially unlimited capacity are associated with LTM, not STM. The working memory model instead describes STM as active and component-based."},{"text":"STM is sensory and modality-independent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Working memory is not merely a sensory register, and its subsystems process different modalities. Baddeley and Hitch described STM as active and component-based."}]},{"id":"9b1a3046-edce-49ad-bede-ce3bf3f6d2a5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did KF’s poorer verbal STM than visual STM suggest?","back":"STM is not one unitary store.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"STM is not one unitary store.","correct":true,"explanation":"KF’s verbal STM was much more impaired than his visual STM. This selective deficit suggests STM contains separate components rather than functioning as one unitary store."},{"text":"STM is one completely unitary store.","correct":false,"explanation":"A single unitary store should show comparable impairment across information types. KF’s poorer verbal than visual STM instead suggests that STM has separate components."},{"text":"LTM is not one unitary store.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although LTM also has distinct types, KF’s selective difficulty concerned short-term verbal processing. His case therefore suggests that STM, specifically, is not one unitary store."},{"text":"STM stores only verbal information.","correct":false,"explanation":"KF retained relatively stronger visual STM, showing that short-term storage is not exclusively verbal. His uneven performance suggests STM includes multiple specialised components."}]},{"id":"1d76d071-2fac-40b6-8355-dfd24e72c243","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which LTM types make the MSM’s single-store view too simple?","back":"

Episodic: personal events.
Semantic: facts and meanings.
Procedural: skills and actions.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Episodic: personal events.
Semantic: facts and meanings.
Procedural: skills and actions.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Evidence distinguishes episodic memory for experiences, semantic memory for knowledge and procedural memory for skills. These different LTM systems challenge the MSM’s single-store account."},{"text":"

Iconic: personal events.
Echoic: facts and meanings.
Haptic: skills and actions.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Iconic, echoic and haptic refer to sensory-memory modalities, not types of LTM. The recognised LTM types are episodic, semantic and procedural memory."},{"text":"

Acoustic: personal events.
Visual: facts and meanings.
Spatial: skills and actions.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Acoustic, visual and spatial describe forms of coding or processing rather than the main LTM systems. LTM is divided into episodic, semantic and procedural memory."},{"text":"

Central: personal events.
Phonological: facts and meanings.
Visuo-spatial: skills and actions.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These terms are derived from components of working memory, not categories of LTM. The distinct LTM types are episodic, semantic and procedural memory."}]},{"id":"7fda5479-b3fa-4b7b-9179-e1c97ce0b3ca","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does levels of processing challenge rehearsal in the MSM?","back":"Meaningful processing improves LTM more than shallow repetition.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Meaningful processing improves LTM more than shallow repetition.","correct":true,"explanation":"Levels of processing theory argues that deep semantic processing creates stronger long-term memories than simple maintenance rehearsal, challenging the MSM’s emphasis on repetition."},{"text":"Shallow repetition improves LTM more than meaningful processing.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses levels of processing theory. Deep, meaningful semantic processing generally produces better long-term retention than shallow repetition alone."},{"text":"Meaningful processing improves STM but prevents long-term storage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deep processing does not prevent long-term storage; it strengthens it. Levels of processing research shows that meaningful processing improves LTM more than shallow repetition."},{"text":"Maintenance rehearsal guarantees permanent long-term memory storage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repetition does not guarantee permanent storage, as its effectiveness depends on processing depth. Meaningful semantic processing tends to improve LTM more than shallow maintenance rehearsal."}]},{"id":"8345d830-ab4b-4877-93e1-1e1e4db63802","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Controlled word-list tasks help by controlling [ ], but may lack [ ].","back":"Controlled word-list tasks help by controlling extraneous variables, but may lack ecological validity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Controlled word-list tasks help by controlling extraneous variables, but may lack ecological validity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Standardised word lists allow researchers to control unwanted influences and establish cause and effect, but artificial memorisation tasks may not represent memory use in everyday life."},{"text":"Controlled word-list tasks help by controlling ecological validity, but may lack extraneous variables.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the evaluation. Laboratory word-list tasks control extraneous variables, but their artificial nature means they may lack ecological validity."},{"text":"Controlled word-list tasks help by controlling demand characteristics, but may lack population validity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Word lists do not necessarily eliminate participants guessing the study’s aims, and population validity concerns samples. Their main strength is controlling extraneous variables, while their weakness is ecological validity."},{"text":"Controlled word-list tasks help by controlling participant variables, but may lack internal validity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Standardised tasks alone do not control individual differences, and laboratory control usually supports internal validity. They primarily control extraneous variables but may lack ecological validity."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Multi-store model of memory","title":"Multi-store model of memory Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/psychology/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"41c29051-b56b-5a63-9385-7461bc9ab668","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]