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drug.","correct":false,"explanation":"Non-psychoactive drugs do not produce the characteristic mental or behavioural changes described. A psychoactive drug alters mood, perception, thinking or behaviour."},{"text":"A placebo treatment.","correct":false,"explanation":"A placebo contains no active drug responsible for psychological changes. A drug that alters mood, perception, thinking or behaviour is a psychoactive drug."},{"text":"A nutritional supplement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nutritional supplements are taken to add nutrients to the diet, not specifically to alter psychological functioning. The definition given is that of a psychoactive drug."}]},{"id":"832dfa13-01cf-4e3a-b3a0-a0860d11ec66","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Addiction involves difficulty [ ] and continuing despite [ ].","back":"Addiction involves difficulty controlling use and continuing despite negative consequences.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Addiction involves difficulty controlling use and continuing despite negative consequences.","correct":true,"explanation":"Addiction is characterised by impaired control over drug use and persistence even when the person experiences harmful physical, psychological or social consequences."},{"text":"Addiction involves difficulty controlling use and continuing despite positive consequences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Continuing because an activity has positive consequences does not demonstrate the harmful persistence central to addiction. Addiction involves continuing drug use despite negative consequences."},{"text":"Addiction involves difficulty initiating use and continuing despite negative consequences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Addiction concerns difficulty limiting or stopping use, not difficulty beginning it. The defining pattern is impaired control and continued use despite negative consequences."},{"text":"Addiction involves difficulty obtaining drugs and continuing despite beneficial consequences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Problems obtaining a drug do not define addiction, and beneficial outcomes do not indicate harmful persistence. Addiction involves difficulty controlling use despite negative consequences."}]},{"id":"cb6a1845-a74c-4381-b20a-05e55040a2e1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A drug becomes the central priority in someone’s life. Which addiction feature is shown?","back":"Salience.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Salience.","correct":true,"explanation":"Salience occurs when obtaining, taking or recovering from a drug dominates a person’s thoughts, feelings and behaviour, making the drug a central life priority."},{"text":"Tolerance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tolerance means needing progressively larger doses to achieve the same effect, not making the drug life’s main priority. That dominance is the feature called salience."},{"text":"Withdrawal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Withdrawal refers to unpleasant physical or psychological effects after reducing or stopping drug use. When drug use becomes the central priority, the feature is salience."},{"text":"Relapse.","correct":false,"explanation":"Relapse is returning to drug use after a period of reduction or abstinence. A drug dominating someone’s thoughts and activities demonstrates salience instead."}]},{"id":"a5b30ba9-48c9-4173-b42c-52d510c9323f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Someone wants to stop using a drug but cannot cut down. Which addiction feature is shown?","back":"Reduced control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Reduced control.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reduced control is shown by unsuccessful attempts to reduce or stop drug use, despite a genuine intention or desire to do so."},{"text":"Salience.","correct":false,"explanation":"Salience describes a drug becoming the dominant priority in someone’s life. Being unable to cut down despite wanting to stop specifically demonstrates reduced control."},{"text":"Tolerance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tolerance involves needing more of a drug to obtain the previous effect. Failed attempts to reduce consumption indicate reduced control, not tolerance."},{"text":"Withdrawal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Withdrawal consists of unpleasant symptoms when drug use is reduced or stopped. The inability to cut down despite wanting to do so shows reduced control."}]},{"id":"ce425592-8746-4238-8d1d-6761b200626f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Returning to drug use after trying to stop is called what?","back":"Relapse.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Relapse.","correct":true,"explanation":"Relapse is the return to drug-taking behaviour after someone has attempted to stop or has maintained a period of abstinence."},{"text":"Withdrawal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Withdrawal is the collection of unpleasant symptoms experienced when drug use is reduced or stopped. Returning to use after trying to stop is relapse."},{"text":"Tolerance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tolerance is a reduced response to the same dose, often leading to increased consumption. Resuming drug use following an attempt to stop is relapse."},{"text":"Abstinence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Abstinence means refraining from taking the drug, so it is the opposite of returning to use. A return after attempting to stop is relapse."}]},{"id":"672922d8-57ed-4726-b94c-55e1172f017d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What reinforcement occurs when a drug produces a rewarding effect?","back":"Positive reinforcement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Positive reinforcement.","correct":true,"explanation":"Positive reinforcement occurs when drug-taking adds a pleasurable or rewarding effect, increasing the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated."},{"text":"Negative reinforcement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Negative reinforcement strengthens behaviour by removing something unpleasant, such as withdrawal symptoms. A rewarding effect added by the drug produces positive reinforcement."},{"text":"Positive punishment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Positive punishment adds an unpleasant consequence to reduce behaviour. A pleasurable drug effect increases future use, so it functions as positive reinforcement."},{"text":"Negative punishment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Negative punishment reduces behaviour by removing something desirable. A drug reward instead adds a desirable experience and strengthens use through positive reinforcement."}]},{"id":"7e3abd1b-7df5-4e91-aefe-ee4f32f018a6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What reinforcement occurs when taking a drug removes withdrawal or anxiety?","back":"Negative reinforcement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Negative reinforcement.","correct":true,"explanation":"Negative reinforcement occurs when drug use removes an unpleasant state, such as withdrawal or anxiety, making future drug-taking more likely."},{"text":"Positive reinforcement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Positive reinforcement involves adding a pleasurable reward after drug-taking. Relief from withdrawal or anxiety instead removes something unpleasant, producing negative reinforcement."},{"text":"Positive punishment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Positive punishment adds an unpleasant consequence to reduce behaviour. Removing withdrawal or anxiety strengthens drug-taking, so the process is negative reinforcement."},{"text":"Negative punishment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Negative punishment removes something desirable to decrease behaviour. Drug-taking that removes an unpleasant feeling increases behaviour through negative reinforcement."}]},{"id":"34415aaa-0bb5-429a-890f-142f0f56bda6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which neurotransmitter is associated with reward, motivation and learning?","back":"Dopamine.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Dopamine.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dopamine is central to the brain’s reward pathways and contributes to motivation, reinforcement learning and the development of addictive drug-taking behaviours."},{"text":"Serotonin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Serotonin contributes strongly to mood, sleep and appetite regulation, but dopamine is the neurotransmitter most directly associated with reward, motivation and reinforcement learning."},{"text":"GABA.","correct":false,"explanation":"GABA is the brain’s main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neuronal activity. Dopamine is more specifically associated with reward processing, motivation and learning."},{"text":"Acetylcholine.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acetylcholine is particularly important in muscle action, attention and memory. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter primarily linked to reward, motivation and reinforcement learning."}]},{"id":"9fefb0fc-e4f0-49c3-96b3-3caa6babdaa9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did Olds and Milner show about reward-related brain areas?","back":"Rats repeatedly pressed a lever to stimulate them.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Rats repeatedly pressed a lever to stimulate them.","correct":true,"explanation":"The rats repeatedly produced electrical stimulation in reward-related brain areas, showing that activation of these areas was reinforcing and motivated continued lever pressing."},{"text":"Rats repeatedly avoided a lever that stimulated them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoidance would suggest that the stimulation was unpleasant rather than rewarding. The rats repeatedly pressed a lever to stimulate these brain areas because the experience was reinforcing."},{"text":"Rats pressed a lever only once to stimulate them.","correct":false,"explanation":"A single response would not demonstrate sustained reinforcement. The rats repeatedly pressed the lever, showing that stimulation of the brain areas acted as a reward."},{"text":"Rats repeatedly pressed a lever to deactivate them.","correct":false,"explanation":"The experiment involved activating reward-related areas, not switching them off. Rats repeatedly pressed the lever to receive the stimulation, demonstrating its reinforcing effect."}]},{"id":"06218949-a4b7-4931-8af3-629c519ace83","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In tolerance, the same dose has a [ ], so more is needed for the [ ].","back":"In tolerance, the same dose has a weaker effect, so more is needed for the previous effect.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In tolerance, the same dose has a weaker effect, so more is needed for the previous effect.","correct":true,"explanation":"Tolerance develops when the body responds less strongly to a familiar dose. A larger dose is therefore needed to reproduce the effect previously achieved."},{"text":"In tolerance, the same dose has a stronger effect, so more is needed for the previous effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"A stronger response to the same dose describes sensitisation rather than tolerance. In tolerance, the same dose has a weaker effect, so more is needed for the previous effect."},{"text":"In tolerance, the same dose has a weaker effect, so more is needed for the reduced effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"The larger dose is taken to restore the previous effect, not to maintain the reduced effect. Tolerance means that the original dose now produces a weaker response."},{"text":"In tolerance, the same dose has a unchanged effect, so more is needed for the previous effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"If the effect were unchanged, there would be no reason to increase the dose. Tolerance specifically means that the same dose produces a weaker effect."}]},{"id":"b7aa6a62-15e9-478d-b103-fe843bd47daa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can tolerance increase the risk of overdose or poisoning?","back":"It can lead to higher doses being taken.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can lead to higher doses being taken.","correct":true,"explanation":"As tolerance weakens the effect of a familiar dose, a person may take increasingly high doses. This raises the risk of toxic effects and overdose."},{"text":"It can lead to lower doses being taken.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the usual behavioural response to tolerance. Because the familiar dose becomes less effective, the person may take higher doses, increasing overdose or poisoning risk."},{"text":"It can lead to less frequent doses being taken.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tolerance does not normally encourage reduced use; it can encourage dose escalation. Taking higher doses to regain the previous effect increases the risk of toxicity."},{"text":"It can lead to unchanged doses being taken.","correct":false,"explanation":"Keeping the dose unchanged would not explain the increased overdose risk associated with tolerance. The danger arises because users may take higher doses to restore the previous effect."}]},{"id":"76bdd069-bf57-4e96-87a3-07bc5feeb7c2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] means reduced effect at the same dose; [ ] means needing the drug to function or avoid discomfort.","back":"Tolerance means reduced effect at the same dose; dependence means needing the drug to function or avoid discomfort.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Tolerance means reduced effect at the same dose; dependence means needing the drug to function or avoid discomfort.","correct":true,"explanation":"Tolerance is a reduced response to a dose that previously had a stronger effect. Dependence involves relying on the drug to function normally or prevent discomfort."},{"text":"Dependence means reduced effect at the same dose; tolerance means needing the drug to function or avoid discomfort.","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the two concepts. Tolerance is the reduced effect of the same dose, whereas dependence is the need for the drug to function or avoid discomfort."},{"text":"Sensitisation means reduced effect at the same dose; dependence means needing the drug to function or avoid discomfort.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sensitisation usually involves an increased response after repeated exposure, not a reduced one. Reduced effect at the same dose is tolerance, while reliance on the drug is dependence."},{"text":"Tolerance means reduced effect at the same dose; withdrawal means needing the drug to function or avoid discomfort.","correct":false,"explanation":"Withdrawal refers to symptoms experienced when drug use is reduced or stopped. Dependence is the underlying need for the drug to function or avoid discomfort."}]},{"id":"297bc131-ffe0-4a4d-aec0-ea56b70d57c7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Sweating and trembling after stopping a drug suggest which dependence type?","back":"Physical dependence.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Physical dependence.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sweating and trembling are bodily withdrawal symptoms, indicating that the body has adapted to the drug and reacts physically when the drug is stopped."},{"text":"Psychological dependence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Psychological dependence centres on beliefs, emotions and perceived inability to cope without the drug. Sweating and trembling are bodily withdrawal symptoms showing physical dependence."},{"text":"Behavioural dependence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repeated habits may contribute to drug use, but sweating and trembling are physiological withdrawal reactions. They therefore indicate physical dependence rather than a learned routine."},{"text":"Social dependence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social influences may encourage drug use, but they do not explain bodily symptoms after stopping. Sweating and trembling indicate physical dependence caused by bodily adaptation."}]},{"id":"4df53788-c8ef-445c-965a-7c4d17855260","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Believing you cannot cope or socialise without a drug suggests which dependence type?","back":"Psychological dependence.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Psychological dependence.","correct":true,"explanation":"The belief that the drug is necessary for coping or socialising reflects emotional and cognitive reliance. This is psychological dependence, even without obvious physical symptoms."},{"text":"Physical dependence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical dependence is identified through bodily adaptation and withdrawal symptoms such as sweating or trembling. Believing the drug is needed to cope or socialise indicates psychological dependence."},{"text":"Behavioural dependence.","correct":false,"explanation":"A learned routine may cue drug use, but the defining feature here is a belief about being unable to cope. That cognitive reliance indicates psychological dependence."},{"text":"Social dependence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mention of socialising may make this label tempting, but the key feature is the person’s belief that the drug is necessary. This shows psychological dependence."}]},{"id":"94acff47-2002-496e-84f0-8d51f4126081","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Physical dependence focuses on the [ ]; psychological dependence focuses on [ ] tied to the drug.","back":"Physical dependence focuses on the body adapting; psychological dependence focuses on thoughts, emotions or routines tied to the drug.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Physical dependence focuses on the body adapting; psychological dependence focuses on thoughts, emotions or routines tied to the drug.","correct":true,"explanation":"Physical dependence develops through physiological adaptation and can produce bodily withdrawal symptoms. Psychological dependence involves cognitive, emotional or habitual reliance on the drug."},{"text":"Physical dependence focuses on the thoughts, emotions or routines; psychological dependence focuses on body adapting tied to the drug.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the distinction. Physical dependence concerns bodily adaptation, while psychological dependence concerns thoughts, emotions and routines associated with using the drug."},{"text":"Physical dependence focuses on the body adapting; psychological dependence focuses on changes in drug metabolism tied to the drug.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changes in metabolism are physiological adaptations, so they belong with physical dependence. Psychological dependence instead focuses on thoughts, emotions or routines connected with the drug."},{"text":"Physical dependence focuses on the belief that the drug is necessary; psychological dependence focuses on thoughts, emotions or routines tied to the drug.","correct":false,"explanation":"Believing that the drug is necessary is a cognitive feature of psychological dependence, not physical dependence. Physical dependence focuses on the body adapting to repeated use."}]},{"id":"6767788f-9509-43a5-9aa2-b07ef09f0d47","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A dependent person reduces a drug and gets nausea, anxiety and craving. What is this?","back":"Withdrawal.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Withdrawal.","correct":true,"explanation":"Withdrawal is the collection of physical and psychological symptoms that occurs when a dependent person reduces or stops a drug. Nausea, anxiety and craving are typical examples."},{"text":"Tolerance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tolerance means that the same dose produces a weaker effect and a larger dose may be needed. Symptoms after reducing a drug are withdrawal, not tolerance."},{"text":"Intoxication.","correct":false,"explanation":"Intoxication refers to the immediate effects experienced while a drug is active. Nausea, anxiety and craving following dose reduction are symptoms of withdrawal."},{"text":"Sensitisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sensitisation is an increased response to a drug after repeated exposure. Distressing symptoms that appear when a dependent person reduces the drug are withdrawal."}]},{"id":"2fe771e5-f9d6-4f51-883f-15f5b58c5496","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can withdrawal make relapse more likely?","back":"Taking the drug again relieves distress or helps them feel normal.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Taking the drug again relieves distress or helps them feel normal.","correct":true,"explanation":"Withdrawal produces distressing physical or psychological symptoms. Taking the drug removes or reduces these symptoms, reinforcing drug-taking and making relapse more likely."},{"text":"Taking the drug again increases distress or makes them feel less normal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Taking the drug generally reduces withdrawal symptoms rather than intensifying them. Relapse becomes likely because renewed drug use relieves distress or restores a feeling of normality."},{"text":"Taking the drug again eliminates tolerance or helps them avoid dependence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Resuming drug use does not eliminate tolerance or prevent dependence and may strengthen both. Relapse is encouraged because the drug relieves withdrawal distress or helps the person feel normal."},{"text":"Withdrawal permanently removes cravings or helps them resist the drug.","correct":false,"explanation":"Withdrawal usually creates cravings rather than permanently removing them. Taking the drug becomes reinforcing because it relieves the resulting distress or helps the person feel normal."}]},{"id":"9b7c2205-496a-4ed9-b184-a42ccc2858cb","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Withdrawal maintains addiction through [ ] because drug-taking removes [ ].","back":"Withdrawal maintains addiction through negative reinforcement because drug-taking removes unpleasant symptoms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Withdrawal maintains addiction through negative reinforcement because drug-taking removes unpleasant symptoms.","correct":true,"explanation":"Removing an unpleasant condition strengthens the behaviour responsible, which is negative reinforcement. Drug-taking is therefore maintained because it removes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms."},{"text":"Withdrawal maintains addiction through positive reinforcement because drug-taking removes unpleasant symptoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing an aversive experience is negative reinforcement, not positive reinforcement. Drug-taking is strengthened because it removes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms rather than adding a rewarding stimulus."},{"text":"Withdrawal maintains addiction through negative reinforcement because drug-taking removes pleasurable effects.","correct":false,"explanation":"Negative reinforcement involves removing something unpleasant, not removing pleasure. In withdrawal, drug-taking is maintained because it takes away unpleasant physical or emotional symptoms."},{"text":"Withdrawal maintains addiction through punishment because drug-taking removes pleasurable effects.","correct":false,"explanation":"Punishment reduces behaviour, whereas withdrawal relief makes drug-taking more likely. The process is negative reinforcement because the drug removes unpleasant symptoms."}]},{"id":"34453646-a1d5-4afd-900f-8038bfd969db","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"According to Koob and Le Moal, how can long-term drug use shift motivation?","back":"From seeking pleasure to avoiding negative emotional states.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"From seeking pleasure to avoiding negative emotional states.","correct":true,"explanation":"Koob and Le Moal propose that pleasure becomes less important with chronic use. Continued drug-taking is increasingly motivated by escaping withdrawal and other negative emotional states."},{"text":"From avoiding negative emotional states to seeking pleasure.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the proposed motivational shift. Long-term use moves from obtaining pleasurable effects towards escaping withdrawal and other negative emotional states."},{"text":"From seeking social approval to avoiding external punishment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Approval and punishment are social motivations rather than the shift identified by Koob and Le Moal. Their account moves from pleasure-seeking to avoiding negative emotional states."},{"text":"From physical dependence to complete abstinence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical dependence and abstinence describe conditions or behaviours, not the proposed change in motivation. The shift is from seeking pleasure to escaping negative emotional states."}]},{"id":"304daddf-60a9-4b39-8458-12cb840c9e60","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which intervention can reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms?","back":"Nicotine replacement therapy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Nicotine replacement therapy.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nicotine replacement therapy supplies controlled nicotine without tobacco smoke. This reduces cravings and withdrawal symptoms while the person gradually adjusts to lower nicotine levels."},{"text":"Methadone maintenance therapy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Methadone is primarily used as a substitute treatment for opioid dependence, not nicotine dependence. Nicotine replacement therapy directly reduces nicotine cravings and withdrawal symptoms."},{"text":"Naloxone replacement therapy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Naloxone blocks opioid receptors and is used in opioid overdose treatment; it does not replace nicotine. Nicotine replacement therapy reduces nicotine withdrawal symptoms."},{"text":"Systematic desensitisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Systematic desensitisation treats learned fears through relaxation and graded exposure rather than supplying nicotine. Nicotine replacement therapy directly reduces nicotine withdrawal symptoms."}]},{"id":"4206e731-7cf4-4a5f-b5e6-760a55d8f31e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do tolerance, dependence and withdrawal challenge the idea that addiction is poor willpower?","back":"They show biological and psychological changes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They show biological and psychological changes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal involve genuine adaptations in the body and mind. Addiction therefore cannot be adequately explained as merely choosing badly or lacking willpower."},{"text":"They show a temporary lack of motivation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Addiction is not explained simply by a temporary reduction in effort or motivation. Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal demonstrate lasting biological and psychological changes."},{"text":"They show a fixed personality weakness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tolerance and withdrawal are not evidence of an unchanging personality flaw. They reflect biological and psychological adaptations caused by repeated drug use."},{"text":"They show social disapproval and poor choices.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social disapproval may affect drug-taking, but it does not account for tolerance, dependence or withdrawal. These processes demonstrate biological and psychological changes."}]},{"id":"3b83524c-bdac-4666-9703-a582bb051bd7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What individual-differences limitation applies to the addiction cycle?","back":"Not everyone follows the same pattern.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Not everyone follows the same pattern.","correct":true,"explanation":"People differ in biology, personality, circumstances and drug-use history, so addiction does not always develop through identical stages or follow one universal pattern."},{"text":"Everyone follows the same pattern.","correct":false,"explanation":"Claiming universality ignores variation between individuals in addiction development, maintenance and recovery. The limitation is that not everyone follows the same pattern."},{"text":"Only adults follow the same pattern.","correct":false,"explanation":"Addiction patterns can vary within every age group, not only between adults and younger people. The key limitation is that individuals do not all follow the same pattern."},{"text":"Biology determines a fixed pattern.","correct":false,"explanation":"Individual variation means biology does not determine one inevitable addiction pathway. Different people may experience different stages, severities and routes to recovery."}]},{"id":"286e0209-3999-456e-9d8c-499c767cb641","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] is stronger because it combines biological, psychological and [ ] explanations.","back":"A biopsychosocial approach is stronger because it combines biological, psychological and social explanations.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A biopsychosocial approach is stronger because it combines biological, psychological and social explanations.","correct":true,"explanation":"A biopsychosocial approach integrates interacting influences at three levels: bodily processes, thoughts and behaviour, and the person’s relationships and wider social environment."},{"text":"A biological approach is stronger because it combines biological, psychological and social explanations.","correct":false,"explanation":"A purely biological approach focuses mainly on bodily processes and therefore does not integrate all three explanatory levels. The approach combining biological, psychological and social explanations is biopsychosocial."},{"text":"A biopsychosocial approach is stronger because it combines biological, psychological and cognitive explanations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cognitive explanations are already part of the psychological level, so this combination duplicates that level and omits social influences. A biopsychosocial approach includes social explanations."},{"text":"A behaviourist approach is stronger because it combines biological, psychological and environmental explanations.","correct":false,"explanation":"A behaviourist approach concentrates on learning processes rather than integrating biological, psychological and social levels. The broader account is the biopsychosocial approach."}]},{"id":"5cda8d10-bf4a-451f-ae43-808bc1e7fae2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can self-report research on drug taking be unreliable?","back":"People may under-report illegal or socially undesirable behaviour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"People may under-report illegal or socially undesirable behaviour.","correct":true,"explanation":"Illegal or stigmatised drug use can prompt socially desirable responding. Participants may conceal or minimise their behaviour, reducing the validity of self-report data."},{"text":"People always remember every detail of their drug use accurately.","correct":false,"explanation":"Memory for the frequency, quantity and circumstances of drug use can be incomplete or distorted. Participants may also under-report illegal or socially undesirable behaviour."},{"text":"People’s answers are unaffected by social desirability or legal concerns.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social desirability and fear of legal consequences can influence responses substantially. People may protect themselves or their image by under-reporting illegal or socially undesirable behaviour."},{"text":"Researchers can directly verify every reported episode of drug use.","correct":false,"explanation":"Researchers usually cannot observe or verify every instance of drug use, which is why they depend on participants’ honesty. Participants may under-report illegal or stigmatised behaviour."}]},{"id":"880ba335-e7e4-4f8d-a199-10248caa510e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Addiction research should follow the [ ] because people with addictions may be [ ].","back":"Addiction research should follow the BPS Code of Ethics and Conduct (2009) because people with addictions may be vulnerable participants.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Addiction research should follow the BPS Code of Ethics and Conduct (2009) because people with addictions may be vulnerable participants.","correct":true,"explanation":"The BPS Code provides ethical guidance for psychological research, and addiction can make participants vulnerable because dependence, stigma or impaired autonomy may increase their risk of harm or exploitation."},{"text":"Addiction research should follow the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria because people with addictions may be vulnerable participants.","correct":false,"explanation":"The DSM-5 provides criteria for diagnosing disorders rather than rules for conducting research. Researchers should follow the BPS Code of Ethics and Conduct because people with addictions may be vulnerable participants."},{"text":"Addiction research should follow the BPS Code of Ethics and Conduct (2009) because people with addictions may be deceptive participants.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assuming participants with addictions are deceptive is an unfair stereotype, not the ethical concern. They may be vulnerable participants, so researchers must protect their welfare under the BPS Code."},{"text":"Addiction research should follow the Misuse of Drugs Act (1971) because people with addictions may be criminal participants.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Misuse of Drugs Act regulates controlled substances rather than setting psychological research ethics, and addiction does not make someone inherently criminal. The BPS Code protects vulnerable participants."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Issues around drug taking","title":"Issues around drug taking Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/psychology/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"552738b9-789b-5953-98d6-89fa6bc19925","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]