33:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/075vy1fh16gh5.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/060-i_62-vse1.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2yhf9vq09dqoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/316m85d5s15pp.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_itvjgqsumf8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/33xgs57_c1jx_.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/32qmkt01ta8b2.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/097slu7xaeast.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/117yqm55h4y_p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2eoustw-nfu98.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3hkl04r--3y18.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ydqdr10ndcei.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ekz38h993cj8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0mgw5qzpc_1eu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/09_ag440ieydu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3_o3al2nkyqic.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2z-64g1onu4uw.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/00ol_16j3a2oa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0odk_0my0_b5-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0dbk553rgd90s.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0aq3eylxphp57.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2srfni4gkx9g6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3k8iy5tn80za8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2hccrcvndngge.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bt82o91jhwht.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_vtmw66zj1j7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0ep4vrgb00zlb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2s1hkstzlmj2o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2wp4esku6l29e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1__39-dgg7p8-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2gb4dscyul4eg.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1y5xmyjgu8grb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0kpd0j3i_7yor.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0sf7rskx57j6y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ghbpnibq2fva.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505"],"Gingerbread"] 35:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/075vy1fh16gh5.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/060-i_62-vse1.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2yhf9vq09dqoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/316m85d5s15pp.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_itvjgqsumf8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/33xgs57_c1jx_.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/32qmkt01ta8b2.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/097slu7xaeast.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/117yqm55h4y_p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2eoustw-nfu98.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3hkl04r--3y18.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ydqdr10ndcei.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ekz38h993cj8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0mgw5qzpc_1eu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/09_ag440ieydu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3_o3al2nkyqic.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2z-64g1onu4uw.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/00ol_16j3a2oa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0odk_0my0_b5-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0dbk553rgd90s.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0aq3eylxphp57.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2srfni4gkx9g6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3k8iy5tn80za8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2hccrcvndngge.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bt82o91jhwht.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_vtmw66zj1j7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0ep4vrgb00zlb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2s1hkstzlmj2o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2wp4esku6l29e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1__39-dgg7p8-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2gb4dscyul4eg.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1y5xmyjgu8grb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0kpd0j3i_7yor.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0sf7rskx57j6y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ghbpnibq2fva.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505"],"RecordResourceResume"] 36:I[830476,["/_next/static/chunks/075vy1fh16gh5.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/060-i_62-vse1.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2yhf9vq09dqoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/316m85d5s15pp.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_itvjgqsumf8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/33xgs57_c1jx_.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/32qmkt01ta8b2.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/097slu7xaeast.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/117yqm55h4y_p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2eoustw-nfu98.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3hkl04r--3y18.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ydqdr10ndcei.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ekz38h993cj8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0mgw5qzpc_1eu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/09_ag440ieydu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3_o3al2nkyqic.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2z-64g1onu4uw.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/00ol_16j3a2oa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0odk_0my0_b5-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0dbk553rgd90s.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0aq3eylxphp57.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2srfni4gkx9g6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3k8iy5tn80za8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2hccrcvndngge.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bt82o91jhwht.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_vtmw66zj1j7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0ep4vrgb00zlb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2s1hkstzlmj2o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2wp4esku6l29e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1__39-dgg7p8-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2gb4dscyul4eg.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1y5xmyjgu8grb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0kpd0j3i_7yor.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0sf7rskx57j6y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ghbpnibq2fva.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505"],"FlashcardAccessBranch"] 37:I[315438,["/_next/static/chunks/075vy1fh16gh5.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/060-i_62-vse1.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2yhf9vq09dqoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/316m85d5s15pp.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_itvjgqsumf8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/33xgs57_c1jx_.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/32qmkt01ta8b2.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/097slu7xaeast.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/117yqm55h4y_p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2eoustw-nfu98.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3hkl04r--3y18.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ydqdr10ndcei.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ekz38h993cj8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0mgw5qzpc_1eu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/09_ag440ieydu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3_o3al2nkyqic.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2z-64g1onu4uw.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/00ol_16j3a2oa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0odk_0my0_b5-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0dbk553rgd90s.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0aq3eylxphp57.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2srfni4gkx9g6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3k8iy5tn80za8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2hccrcvndngge.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bt82o91jhwht.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_vtmw66zj1j7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0ep4vrgb00zlb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2s1hkstzlmj2o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2wp4esku6l29e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1__39-dgg7p8-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2gb4dscyul4eg.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1y5xmyjgu8grb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0kpd0j3i_7yor.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0sf7rskx57j6y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ghbpnibq2fva.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505"],"TopicFlashcardRunner"] 24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/as-level/psychology/edexcel/as-freud-s-psychodynamic-explanation-of-aggression/flashcards","label":"Freud's psychodynamic explanation of aggression","subjectCode":"as_level_psychology","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"570a6079-61c9-4746-b59e-e1b0f448684b","title":"Freud's psychodynamic explanation of aggression Flashcards","topicId":"ef6bb2a3-8296-5b38-812d-992a4ae4a174","topicSlug":"as-freud-s-psychodynamic-explanation-of-aggression","cards":[{"id":"9d1582fb-bea6-4caf-85a0-32f7f76f7ccc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A psychodynamic explanation sees behaviour as caused by inner psychological forces, especially [ ].","back":"A psychodynamic explanation sees behaviour as caused by inner psychological forces, especially unconscious conflicts, instincts and emotions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"unconscious conflicts, instincts and emotions","correct":true,"explanation":"Psychodynamic explanations emphasise forces outside conscious awareness. Freud argued that unresolved conflicts, instinctive drives and repressed emotions can shape behaviour, including aggression."},{"text":"conscious decisions, intentions and judgements","correct":false,"explanation":"Focusing on deliberate thought mistakes the psychodynamic approach for a conscious decision-making account. The approach particularly emphasises unconscious conflicts, instincts and emotions as causes of behaviour."},{"text":"learned responses, reinforcement and punishment","correct":false,"explanation":"Learning through reinforcement and punishment belongs to the behaviourist approach. Psychodynamic theory instead explains behaviour through unconscious conflicts, instincts and emotions."},{"text":"social expectations, group norms and roles","correct":false,"explanation":"Group norms and social roles are central to social explanations rather than Freud’s psychodynamic approach. Freud particularly stressed unconscious conflicts, instincts and emotions."}]},{"id":"1794cfee-2601-4095-8dcc-b36231bcc165","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is Freud’s basic claim about aggressive behaviour?","back":"Aggression can express unconscious instinctive drives, not just the immediate situation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Aggression can express unconscious instinctive drives, not just the immediate situation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud viewed aggression as a possible expression of instinctive drives operating outside conscious awareness. Its origins may therefore lie deeper than the immediate circumstances."},{"text":"Aggression is learned through reinforcement, not produced by unconscious drives.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses Freud’s account with behaviourism, which explains aggression through conditioning and reinforcement. Freud argued that aggression can express unconscious instinctive drives."},{"text":"Aggression results from faulty interpretations, not from instinctive forces.","correct":false,"explanation":"This substitutes a cognitive explanation based on interpretations for Freud’s psychodynamic theory. Freud proposed that aggression can express unconscious instinctive drives."},{"text":"Aggression is caused entirely by the immediate situation, not inner conflict.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Freud’s claim by treating aggression as purely situational. Psychodynamic theory argues that unconscious instinctive drives and inner conflicts may be expressed through aggression."}]},{"id":"f8dd1f18-85e6-40c1-b17d-5ed2225a0906","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The unconscious contains thoughts, wishes, fears and impulses outside awareness that can still [ ].","back":"The unconscious contains thoughts, wishes, fears and impulses outside awareness that can still influence behaviour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"influence behaviour","correct":true,"explanation":"In Freud’s theory, unconscious material remains outside awareness but continues to affect feelings, decisions and actions. It can therefore influence behaviour without conscious recognition."},{"text":"remain psychologically inactive","correct":false,"explanation":"Being outside awareness does not make unconscious material inactive. Freud argued that unconscious thoughts, wishes, fears and impulses can continue to influence behaviour."},{"text":"affect behaviour only when recalled","correct":false,"explanation":"This wrongly assumes that unconscious material must enter conscious memory before having an effect. Freud maintained that it can influence behaviour while remaining outside awareness."},{"text":"be directly observed by others","correct":false,"explanation":"The unconscious is inferred from behaviour, dreams and slips rather than directly observed. Its contents remain outside awareness but can still influence behaviour."}]},{"id":"4913eafe-f468-4ba2-99b3-95cfd3b6e424","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which part of personality produces aggressive impulses from instinctive drives?","back":"The id.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The id.","correct":true,"explanation":"The id is the instinctive component of personality. It generates aggressive and other basic impulses while seeking immediate gratification according to the pleasure principle."},{"text":"The ego.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ego manages the id’s impulses by considering reality and possible consequences; it does not originate instinctive aggression. Aggressive impulses arise from the id."},{"text":"The superego.","correct":false,"explanation":"The superego represents internalised moral standards and may produce guilt about aggression. The id is the personality component that generates instinctive aggressive impulses."},{"text":"The conscious.","correct":false,"explanation":"Conscious awareness is not one of the instinctive sources in Freud’s structural model. The id produces aggressive impulses from basic drives, often outside awareness."}]},{"id":"dc337a5d-831d-4327-843f-ccc6209031cf","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The id operates by the [ ] and seeks [ ].","back":"The id operates by the pleasure principle and seeks immediate satisfaction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The id operates by the pleasure principle and seeks immediate satisfaction.","correct":true,"explanation":"The id demands immediate gratification of instinctive urges, regardless of consequences or social rules. Freud described this as operating according to the pleasure principle."},{"text":"The id operates by the reality principle and seeks delayed satisfaction.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assigns the ego’s reality-based delay of gratification to the id. The id follows the pleasure principle and seeks immediate satisfaction of its impulses."},{"text":"The id operates by the morality principle and seeks immediate satisfaction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Moral control is associated with the superego, not the id. The id operates according to the pleasure principle and demands immediate satisfaction."},{"text":"The id operates by the pleasure principle and seeks socially acceptable satisfaction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the pleasure principle is correctly associated with the id, socially acceptable gratification requires ego control. The id itself seeks immediate satisfaction without considering acceptability."}]},{"id":"8edaf53e-88b1-4894-b286-3e2da084fbfa","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Freud’s later theory, which instinct can be directed outwards as aggression?","back":"The death instinct, or Thanatos.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The death instinct, or Thanatos.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud proposed that Thanatos is an instinct towards death and destruction. When redirected away from the self, its destructive energy can appear as aggression towards others."},{"text":"The life instinct, or Eros.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eros concerns life, survival, reproduction and constructive attachment rather than destructive aggression. Freud linked outwardly directed aggression to the death instinct, Thanatos."},{"text":"The sexual instinct, or libido.","correct":false,"explanation":"Libido is the psychic energy associated with sexual and life instincts, not the later destructive drive. Freud linked outward aggression specifically to Thanatos."},{"text":"The moral instinct, or conscience.","correct":false,"explanation":"Conscience belongs to the superego and restrains unacceptable behaviour; it is not Freud’s destructive instinct. The instinct that can become outward aggression is Thanatos."}]},{"id":"c0a32088-be17-4c9b-b736-c2a7459a6748","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The ego operates by the [ ] and seeks socially acceptable satisfaction of [ ].","back":"The ego operates by the reality principle and seeks socially acceptable satisfaction of id impulses.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The ego operates by the reality principle and seeks socially acceptable satisfaction of id impulses.","correct":true,"explanation":"The ego considers real-world demands and consequences while finding acceptable ways to meet the id’s urges. Freud called this operation according to the reality principle."},{"text":"The ego operates by the pleasure principle and seeks socially acceptable satisfaction of id impulses.","correct":false,"explanation":"The pleasure principle belongs to the id and demands immediate gratification. The ego follows the reality principle while finding socially acceptable satisfaction for id impulses."},{"text":"The ego operates by the reality principle and seeks socially acceptable satisfaction of superego demands.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ego does follow the reality principle, but it primarily mediates and finds acceptable outlets for id impulses. Superego demands impose moral restrictions rather than instinctive urges requiring satisfaction."},{"text":"The ego operates by the morality principle and seeks socially acceptable satisfaction of superego demands.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the ego with the superego’s moral function. The ego operates according to the reality principle and seeks acceptable ways to satisfy id impulses."}]},{"id":"11093081-931a-4fee-b6a9-9e7ea1caf226","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might the ego stop someone immediately acting on an aggressive impulse?","back":"It considers consequences, such as punishment, guilt or rejection.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It considers consequences, such as punishment, guilt or rejection.","correct":true,"explanation":"The ego follows the reality principle, assessing likely real-world and social outcomes. Anticipated punishment, guilt or rejection can therefore delay or prevent aggressive action."},{"text":"It demands immediate gratification, regardless of punishment or rejection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Demanding immediate gratification describes the id and would encourage acting on aggression rather than stopping it. The ego restrains action by considering consequences such as punishment or rejection."},{"text":"It releases instinctive energy, without considering guilt or consequences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unrestricted release of instinctive energy reflects the id’s pleasure principle, not the ego’s control. The ego may stop aggression because it anticipates punishment, guilt or rejection."},{"text":"It represses every impulse, permanently removing aggression from the mind.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ego does not permanently eliminate every aggressive impulse; it manages, delays or redirects them. Immediate aggression may be prevented by considering likely consequences."}]},{"id":"ada5caf0-ab02-4ecc-a0a8-880dbf73c202","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which defence mechanism redirects aggression from a dangerous target to a safer target?","back":"Displacement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Displacement.","correct":true,"explanation":"Displacement redirects an aggressive impulse away from a threatening or powerful original target and towards a person or object that is safer to confront."},{"text":"Projection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Projection involves attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings to somebody else. Displacement is the correct mechanism because it transfers aggression from a dangerous target to a safer one."},{"text":"Repression.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repression pushes distressing impulses out of conscious awareness rather than redirecting them. Displacement moves aggression from its original dangerous target to a less threatening substitute."},{"text":"Regression.","correct":false,"explanation":"Regression is a return to behaviour associated with an earlier developmental stage. Displacement instead explains aggression being redirected towards a safer and more accessible target."}]},{"id":"3794a560-2b6f-47b2-b4a4-2dabbebd7fb4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which defence mechanism channels unacceptable aggression into sport or creative work?","back":"Sublimation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sublimation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sublimation converts an unacceptable aggressive impulse into a socially acceptable activity, such as competitive sport, artistic work or another constructive achievement."},{"text":"Displacement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Displacement redirects aggression towards a safer target, which may still involve hostility. Sublimation specifically channels the impulse into socially acceptable activities such as sport or creative work."},{"text":"Repression.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repression excludes unacceptable aggression from conscious awareness rather than using it constructively. Sublimation transforms that aggressive energy into an acceptable activity or achievement."},{"text":"Projection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Projection means perceiving one’s own unacceptable aggressive feelings as belonging to someone else. Sublimation is the mechanism that channels those feelings into sport or creative work."}]},{"id":"09d2e5e9-1e6b-4773-88d6-4085e6bc12d7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The superego can create [ ] because it represents internalised [ ].","back":"The superego can create guilt because it represents internalised rules, values and ideals.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The superego can create guilt because it represents internalised rules, values and ideals.","correct":true,"explanation":"The superego contains internalised moral standards acquired from parents and society. When behaviour or impulses violate these rules, it punishes the ego through feelings of guilt."},{"text":"The superego can create pleasure because it represents internalised rules, values and ideals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pleasure is associated primarily with the id and its pleasure principle. The superego represents internalised rules, values and ideals, producing guilt when its moral standards are violated."},{"text":"The superego can create guilt because it represents internalised primitive drives and instincts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Primitive drives and instincts belong to the id, not the superego. The superego produces guilt because it contains internalised rules, values and ideals."},{"text":"The superego can create rational compromise because it represents internalised external opportunities and threats.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rational compromise and attention to external reality are functions of the ego. The superego internalises rules, values and ideals, and can create guilt when these are breached."}]},{"id":"b7b3dd9b-d413-4f5f-92a6-6c10a6b5aa1f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Freud explains aggression as a [ ] between id impulses, ego control and superego morality.","back":"Freud explains aggression as a personality conflict between id impulses, ego control and superego morality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"personality conflict","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud viewed behaviour as arising from conflict among the id’s instinctive impulses, the ego’s realistic control and the superego’s internalised moral demands."},{"text":"conditioned response","correct":false,"explanation":"A conditioned response belongs to behaviourist explanations based on learned associations. Freud instead explains aggression through personality conflict among the id, ego and superego."},{"text":"genetic adaptation","correct":false,"explanation":"A genetic adaptation would form part of a biological or evolutionary account. Freud’s psychodynamic account describes aggression as personality conflict involving id impulses, ego control and superego morality."},{"text":"conscious decision","correct":false,"explanation":"Freud emphasised unconscious forces rather than a wholly deliberate choice to behave aggressively. His explanation centres on personality conflict among the id, ego and superego."}]},{"id":"66712b64-c4e7-498c-8285-4d353f70e8bc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Catharsis is the release of [ ]; safe release may reduce [ ].","back":"Catharsis is the release of built-up emotional tension; safe release may reduce direct aggression.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Catharsis is the release of built-up emotional tension; safe release may reduce direct aggression.","correct":true,"explanation":"Catharsis provides a safe outlet for accumulated emotional tension. In Freud’s hydraulic model, releasing this pressure can make direct aggressive behaviour less likely."},{"text":"Catharsis is the release of built-up physical strength; safe release may reduce direct aggression.","correct":false,"explanation":"Catharsis concerns accumulated emotional tension, not physical strength. Freud proposed that safely releasing this psychological pressure may reduce the likelihood of direct aggression."},{"text":"Catharsis is the release of built-up emotional tension; safe release may reduce moral development.","correct":false,"explanation":"Catharsis is not expected to reduce moral development. By releasing built-up emotional tension through a safe outlet, it may reduce direct aggression towards others."},{"text":"Catharsis is the release of internalised moral rules; safe release may reduce unconscious awareness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Internalised moral rules belong to the superego and are not what catharsis releases. Catharsis releases built-up emotional tension, potentially reducing direct aggression."}]},{"id":"eec1092e-b956-4b62-acd0-77aee8ba1570","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is Freud’s model of aggression described as hydraulic?","back":"Aggressive pressure builds up and needs an outlet.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Aggressive pressure builds up and needs an outlet.","correct":true,"explanation":"The model resembles a hydraulic system because aggressive energy is treated like pressure accumulating inside a closed system until it is released through an outlet."},{"text":"Aggressive behaviour is copied from influential role models.","correct":false,"explanation":"Copying role models is part of social learning theory, not Freud’s hydraulic model. Freud proposed that aggressive pressure accumulates internally and therefore needs an outlet."},{"text":"Aggressive tendencies remain fixed and cannot be released.","correct":false,"explanation":"The hydraulic analogy assumes that aggressive pressure can be discharged, not that it remains permanently fixed. It builds up internally and requires an outlet."},{"text":"Aggressive impulses appear suddenly without accumulating pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"This removes the defining feature of the hydraulic analogy: gradual pressure accumulation. Freud argued that aggressive pressure builds up and eventually needs an outlet."}]},{"id":"fe38a0bc-7388-477d-9591-2fad5d89adc8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A student humiliated by a teacher later shouts at a younger sibling. What mechanism explains this?","back":"Displacement: aggression is redirected to a safer target.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Displacement: aggression is redirected to a safer target.","correct":true,"explanation":"The teacher is the original source of frustration but is risky to confront. The student therefore displaces the aggression onto a younger, less threatening sibling."},{"text":"Projection: aggression is attributed to a safer target.","correct":false,"explanation":"Projection would involve claiming that the sibling has the aggressive feelings. Displacement is correct because the student redirects aggression from the threatening teacher to the safer sibling."},{"text":"Sublimation: aggression is redirected to a safer target.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sublimation channels aggression into a socially acceptable activity, such as sport. Shouting at a sibling is displacement because the aggression is transferred to a safer target."},{"text":"Repression: aggression is removed from conscious awareness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repression would keep the aggressive impulse outside conscious awareness rather than expressing it. The student’s outburst at a safer substitute target demonstrates displacement."}]},{"id":"9ea9d8ed-1b6f-43e7-89f4-32453d128b6a","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How does a biological explanation differ from Freud’s psychodynamic explanation of aggression?","back":"

Freud: hidden mental conflict.
Biology: bodily processes.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Freud: hidden mental conflict.
Biology: bodily processes.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud’s psychodynamic approach locates aggression in unconscious conflict among personality structures. Biological explanations instead focus on bodily factors such as genes, hormones, brain structures or neurotransmitters."},{"text":"

Freud: bodily processes.
Biology: hidden mental conflict.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two approaches. Freud emphasises hidden mental conflict, whereas biological accounts explain aggression through bodily processes such as hormones, genes and neural activity."},{"text":"

Freud: observed role models.
Biology: learned imitation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Observation and imitation belong to social learning theory rather than either explanation given here. Freud focuses on hidden mental conflict, while biology focuses on bodily processes."},{"text":"

Freud: conscious calculation.
Biology: moral reasoning.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither approach is accurately described: Freud stresses unconscious conflict, not conscious calculation, and biological accounts examine bodily processes rather than moral reasoning."}]},{"id":"810032a7-8d6a-42da-9c94-bc39ab76f4c3","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"In biological explanations, what does the amygdala do compared with the prefrontal cortex?","back":"

Amygdala: threat detection and emotional responses.
Prefrontal cortex: impulse control and decision-making.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Amygdala: threat detection and emotional responses.
Prefrontal cortex: impulse control and decision-making.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The amygdala processes potential threats and emotional reactions, while the prefrontal cortex regulates impulses and supports considered decisions, helping to inhibit inappropriate aggression."},{"text":"

Amygdala: impulse control and decision-making.
Prefrontal cortex: threat detection and emotional responses.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the functions of the two regions. The amygdala detects threats and generates emotional responses, whereas the prefrontal cortex controls impulses and supports decision-making."},{"text":"

Amygdala: memory formation and spatial navigation.
Prefrontal cortex: balance and motor coordination.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses their roles with functions associated with the hippocampus and cerebellum. The amygdala processes threats, while the prefrontal cortex regulates impulses and decisions."},{"text":"

Amygdala: language production and speech.
Prefrontal cortex: visual processing and recognition.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Language production and visual processing are primarily linked to other cortical regions. The amygdala handles threat-related emotion, while the prefrontal cortex supports impulse control and decisions."}]},{"id":"e5805071-f6b0-4c83-907a-a122932786fd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is lower serotonin associated with in aggression?","back":"Impulsive aggression.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Impulsive aggression.","correct":true,"explanation":"Lower serotonin is associated with reduced regulation of mood and impulses, making sudden, poorly controlled acts of aggression more likely."},{"text":"Planned aggression.","correct":false,"explanation":"Planned aggression involves deliberate, goal-directed behaviour rather than poor impulse control. Lower serotonin is particularly associated with impulsive aggression."},{"text":"Reduced aggression.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the observed association. Lower serotonin is linked to weaker impulse regulation and therefore a greater likelihood of impulsive aggression."},{"text":"Defensive avoidance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoidance is not the characteristic association tested here. Low serotonin is linked to impaired behavioural inhibition and increased impulsive aggression."}]},{"id":"16311045-701f-4b2c-a915-52c879b3f1bf","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Why are biological explanations more directly measurable than Freud’s?","back":"

Biology: brain scans, hormone tests or genetic comparisons.
Freud: id, ego and superego are not directly observed.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Biology: brain scans, hormone tests or genetic comparisons.
Freud: id, ego and superego are not directly observed.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Biological variables can be investigated using objective measurements, whereas Freud’s proposed personality structures are unconscious theoretical constructs that cannot be observed or measured directly."},{"text":"

Biology: personal interviews, dreams or free association.
Freud: id, ego and superego are directly photographed.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This assigns psychoanalytic methods to biology and treats abstract constructs as physical structures. Biology uses scans, tests and genetic comparisons, while Freud’s structures cannot be directly observed."},{"text":"

Biology: unconscious conflicts, instincts or defence mechanisms.
Freud: id, ego and superego are measured in blood.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Unconscious conflicts and defence mechanisms belong to psychodynamic theory, and personality structures cannot be detected in blood. Biological explanations use directly measurable physical evidence."},{"text":"

Biology: case studies, interpretations or symbolic analysis.
Freud: id, ego and superego are visible on brain scans.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses Freud’s interpretive evidence with biological methods. Brain scans can measure neural activity, but they do not display the id, ego or superego."}]},{"id":"6b88c269-2fad-4ea7-a39c-45de805356ff","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How has Freud’s catharsis idea influenced real-world applications?","back":"Therapies and anger management encourage safe expression, not suppression.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Therapies and anger management encourage safe expression, not suppression.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud’s catharsis idea suggests that expressing aggressive feelings safely can release built-up tension, influencing therapies and anger-management approaches that discourage emotional suppression."},{"text":"Therapies and anger management encourage total suppression, not expression.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the application of catharsis. Approaches influenced by Freud encourage aggression or anger to be expressed safely rather than completely suppressed."},{"text":"Therapies and anger management encourage punishment, not emotional discussion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Punishment is associated with behaviourist approaches rather than Freudian catharsis. Catharsis influenced therapies that provide controlled ways to express anger instead of suppressing it."},{"text":"Therapies and anger management encourage avoidance, not emotional expression.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoiding emotional expression conflicts with the catharsis principle. Freud’s idea influenced methods that encourage safe expression of anger to release accumulated aggressive tension."}]},{"id":"d8f5d5bd-7872-4ee1-87f5-356ed9f93be6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is Freud’s explanation difficult to test scientifically?","back":"Unconscious concepts like id, ego and superego cannot be directly measured.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Unconscious concepts like id, ego and superego cannot be directly measured.","correct":true,"explanation":"The id, ego and superego are hypothetical unconscious structures without direct observable measures, making Freud’s claims difficult to test objectively or falsify scientifically."},{"text":"Conscious behaviours like speech, movement and choices cannot be directly measured.","correct":false,"explanation":"Speech, movement and choices can be observed and measured, so they are scientifically testable. Freud’s difficulty comes from relying on unconscious concepts such as the id, ego and superego."},{"text":"Biological structures like neurons, hormones and chromosomes cannot be directly measured.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neurons, hormones and chromosomes can be investigated using scans, tests and genetic techniques. Freud’s unconscious constructs, including the id, ego and superego, lack direct measurement."},{"text":"Experimental findings like scores, timings and responses cannot be directly measured.","correct":false,"explanation":"Scores, timings and recorded responses are measurable forms of experimental evidence. The scientific problem concerns Freud’s unobservable unconscious concepts, not measurable findings."}]},{"id":"7ada878c-f2e8-44d3-804c-987b6dfe20ae","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What finding from Bushman (2002) challenges catharsis?","back":"Punch-bag venting led to higher later aggression than not venting.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Punch-bag venting led to higher later aggression than not venting.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bushman found that participants who vented by hitting a punch bag subsequently behaved more aggressively, contradicting the claim that catharsis reduces aggressive impulses."},{"text":"Punch-bag venting led to lower later aggression than not venting.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Bushman’s result and would support catharsis. Participants who used a punch bag showed higher subsequent aggression than those who did not vent."},{"text":"Punch-bag venting led to equal later aggression as not venting.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study did not find that venting had no effect. Punch-bag venting produced higher later aggression than not venting, challenging the catharsis hypothesis."},{"text":"Punch-bag venting led to higher later calmness than not venting.","correct":false,"explanation":"Feeling calmer would support the popular catharsis assumption, but Bushman found increased subsequent aggression among those who vented using a punch bag."}]},{"id":"33c0043b-a60d-4527-b387-c76d55acb06b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why may Freud’s theory be culturally biased?","back":"Clinical evidence came mainly from middle-class Viennese patients.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Clinical evidence came mainly from middle-class Viennese patients.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud developed his theory largely from a narrow group of middle-class patients in Vienna, so its assumptions may not generalise across cultures and social groups."},{"text":"Clinical evidence came mainly from working-class Japanese patients.","correct":false,"explanation":"This misidentifies Freud’s culturally narrow sample. His clinical evidence came mainly from middle-class Viennese patients, limiting the theory’s wider cultural generalisability."},{"text":"Clinical evidence came mainly from rural African communities.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freud did not base his theory on evidence from rural African communities. His patients were mainly middle-class Viennese people, creating potential Western cultural bias."},{"text":"Clinical evidence came mainly from representative international samples.","correct":false,"explanation":"Representative international sampling would reduce cultural bias, but Freud relied mainly on middle-class Viennese patients, making universal generalisations questionable."}]},{"id":"57d2cf2d-cc7d-47f7-8521-c533b9e36eb1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can biological explanations of aggression be reductionist?","back":"They may overfocus on the body and neglect emotions, upbringing and context.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They may overfocus on the body and neglect emotions, upbringing and context.","correct":true,"explanation":"Biological explanations can reduce complex aggression to genes, hormones or brain structures, overlooking interacting psychological experiences, social learning and situational influences."},{"text":"They may overfocus on emotions and neglect the body, genetics and hormones.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes an excessive psychological focus rather than biological reductionism. Biological accounts may instead overemphasise bodily mechanisms while neglecting emotions, upbringing and context."},{"text":"They may overfocus on upbringing and neglect the brain, hormones and genetics.","correct":false,"explanation":"An emphasis on upbringing belongs more closely to environmental explanations. Biological reductionism occurs when bodily processes are prioritised and wider emotional or contextual factors are neglected."},{"text":"They may overfocus on society and neglect individuals, biology and cognition.","correct":false,"explanation":"This would be a criticism of an overly social explanation, not a biological one. Biological accounts are reductionist when they neglect emotions, upbringing and context."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Freud's psychodynamic explanation of aggression","title":"Freud's psychodynamic explanation of aggression Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/psychology/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"ef6bb2a3-8296-5b38-812d-992a4ae4a174","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]