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The Yerkes-Dodson Law predicts that excessively high arousal overloads cognitive processing, so performance and memory recall drop drastically."},{"text":"Cognitive performance and memory recall remain completely stable.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks the damaging effect of extreme stress. Once arousal exceeds the optimal level, attention and cognitive processing are disrupted, causing performance and memory recall to drop drastically."},{"text":"Cognitive performance and memory recall reach their optimum.","correct":false,"explanation":"Peak performance occurs at a moderate, optimal level of arousal, not at an excessively high level. 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The researchers tested whether high arousal impaired identification and recall in a realistic setting."},{"text":"To test if long exposure duration improves the accuracy of eyewitness identification and recall in a realistic environment.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study did not primarily investigate whether exposure duration improves recognition. It tested whether high physiological arousal impairs eyewitness identification and recall under realistic conditions."},{"text":"To test if post-event co-witness discussion impairs the accuracy of eyewitness identification and recall in a realistic environment.","correct":false,"explanation":"The researchers were not testing discussion between witnesses or memory conformity. Their primary aim was to assess whether high physiological arousal impaired eyewitness identification and recall accuracy."}]},{"id":"a83d006f-2033-4ace-9b02-0e2f530b91fb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How were the 56 participants in the London Dungeon study sampled?","back":"Opportunity sampling (recruited after purchasing tickets).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Opportunity sampling (recruited after purchasing tickets).","correct":true,"explanation":"Participants were approached because they were readily available after independently buying London Dungeon tickets, making this opportunity sampling rather than random or systematically selected recruitment."},{"text":"Random sampling (selected from the electoral register).","correct":false,"explanation":"Random sampling requires every member of a defined population to have an equal chance of selection. These participants were approached because they were conveniently available after buying tickets, so opportunity sampling was used."},{"text":"Volunteer sampling (responded to an online advertisement).","correct":false,"explanation":"Volunteer sampling would involve people responding to an advertisement or invitation. Here, researchers recruited readily available visitors after they had purchased tickets, which is opportunity sampling."},{"text":"Systematic sampling (selected every tenth ticket holder).","correct":false,"explanation":"Systematic sampling selects participants using a fixed interval, such as every tenth visitor. The study instead recruited available ticket holders, so its method was opportunity sampling."}]},{"id":"591c1dd0-7973-4ef6-a85b-e13b5517a3ac","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The study took place in the Labyrinth section of the [ ] where participants encountered a Scary Person for 45 seconds.","back":"The study took place in the Labyrinth section of the London Dungeon where participants encountered a Scary Person for 45 seconds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"London Dungeon","correct":true,"explanation":"The encounter occurred in the Labyrinth section of the London Dungeon, a frightening visitor attraction that provided a realistic setting for investigating arousal and eyewitness memory."},{"text":"London Eye","correct":false,"explanation":"The London Eye is an observation wheel and was not the study location. The encounter took place in the Labyrinth section of the London Dungeon."},{"text":"Madame Tussauds","correct":false,"explanation":"Madame Tussauds is a separate London attraction and was not used in this research. Participants encountered the Scary Person inside the London Dungeon’s Labyrinth."},{"text":"Edinburgh Dungeon","correct":false,"explanation":"Edinburgh Dungeon is a related attraction, making this an easy location confusion. Valentine and Mesout conducted the study in the Labyrinth at the London Dungeon."}]},{"id":"4df9bc4e-3f0d-4708-ba91-76562f0e933f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The study took place in the Labyrinth section of the London Dungeon where participants encountered a [ ] for 45 seconds.","back":"The study took place in the Labyrinth section of the London Dungeon where participants encountered a Scary Person for 45 seconds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Scary Person","correct":true,"explanation":"During the 45-second Labyrinth encounter, an actor known as the Scary Person approached participants. Their later recall and identification of this individual were then assessed."},{"text":"Neutral Person","correct":false,"explanation":"The person was deliberately frightening rather than emotionally neutral, allowing the researchers to examine memory under substantial arousal. The actor encountered was called the Scary Person."},{"text":"Police Officer","correct":false,"explanation":"Participants did not encounter a police officer during the Labyrinth experience. They faced an actor designated the Scary Person, whom they later attempted to describe and identify."},{"text":"Tour Guide","correct":false,"explanation":"Although staff operated the attraction, the target of the eyewitness task was not a tour guide. Participants encountered and later identified the Scary Person."}]},{"id":"ce868997-4b54-4d47-b789-ee907cee8dae","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How did researchers objectively measure the participants' stress levels?","back":"By using wireless heart rate monitors to track physiological arousal.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"By using wireless heart rate monitors to track physiological arousal.","correct":true,"explanation":"Wireless heart rate monitors provided an objective physiological measure of arousal during the experience, avoiding exclusive reliance on participants’ subjective reports of how stressed they felt."},{"text":"By using self-report anxiety questionnaires to rate physiological arousal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Self-report questionnaires provide subjective ratings rather than an objective physiological measure. The researchers objectively assessed stress by recording participants’ arousal with wireless heart rate monitors."},{"text":"By using structured behavioural observations to record physiological arousal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Behavioural observations may suggest distress but do not directly measure physiological arousal. The study obtained an objective stress measure using wireless heart rate monitors."},{"text":"By using eyewitness recall test scores to calculate physiological arousal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Recall scores measure memory performance, not stress itself. Participants’ physiological arousal was objectively tracked during the experience using wireless heart rate monitors."}]},{"id":"b9794e08-8153-4d9f-b951-50b72a802352","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] is a temporary emotional response to a specific threat, while trait anxiety is a stable, long-term personality characteristic.","back":"State anxiety is a temporary emotional response to a specific threat, while trait anxiety is a stable, long-term personality characteristic.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"State anxiety","correct":true,"explanation":"State anxiety is a short-lived emotional condition produced by an immediate situation or threat. It can fluctuate over time, unlike the enduring disposition described by trait anxiety."},{"text":"Trait anxiety","correct":false,"explanation":"Trait anxiety is the stable tendency to experience anxiety across situations, not a temporary response to one threat. The short-term emotional response is state anxiety."},{"text":"Generalised anxiety","correct":false,"explanation":"Generalised anxiety involves persistent, broad worry rather than a short-lived reaction to a particular threat. The temporary emotional response described here is state anxiety."},{"text":"Social anxiety","correct":false,"explanation":"Social anxiety specifically concerns fear of social scrutiny or judgement and is not defined simply by being temporary. A short-term response to a current threat is state anxiety."}]},{"id":"cbfe3a36-77b9-422f-8955-298854565052","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"State anxiety is a temporary emotional response to a specific threat, while [ ] is a stable, long-term personality characteristic.","back":"State anxiety is a temporary emotional response to a specific threat, while trait anxiety is a stable, long-term personality characteristic.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"trait anxiety","correct":true,"explanation":"Trait anxiety is an enduring personality tendency to experience anxiety across situations. It is relatively stable over time, unlike temporary and situation-dependent state anxiety."},{"text":"state anxiety","correct":false,"explanation":"State anxiety is the temporary emotional reaction to an immediate threat, not a stable personality characteristic. The enduring tendency to experience anxiety is trait anxiety."},{"text":"situational anxiety","correct":false,"explanation":"Situational anxiety refers to anxiety associated with particular circumstances rather than an enduring personality disposition. The stable, long-term characteristic is called trait anxiety."},{"text":"test anxiety","correct":false,"explanation":"Test anxiety is specifically associated with assessment situations and is not the general stable characteristic defined here. The long-term personality tendency is trait anxiety."}]},{"id":"c04fe309-0819-463c-9800-4bdb58263889","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What were the two cognitive tasks participants completed after the tour?","back":"

Free recall (physical description of the actor)
Photo lineup (9-person, target-present)

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Free recall (physical description of the actor)
Photo lineup (9-person, target-present)

","correct":true,"explanation":"Participants first recalled the actor’s physical appearance without prompts, then attempted to identify the actor from a nine-person lineup in which the target was present."},{"text":"

Cued recall (details of the Labyrinth)
Photo lineup (9-person, target-absent)

","correct":false,"explanation":"The recall task was free recall of the actor’s physical description, not cued recall of the setting. The nine-person lineup was target-present because it included the actor."},{"text":"

Free recall (sequence of the tour)
Photo lineup (6-person, target-present)

","correct":false,"explanation":"Participants recalled physical descriptors of the actor rather than the tour’s sequence, and the target-present photo lineup contained nine people, not six."},{"text":"

Recognition recall (emotional details of the tour)
Photo lineup (9-person, target-absent)

","correct":false,"explanation":"The cognitive tasks measured free recall of the actor’s physical description and identification from a nine-person, target-present lineup, not emotional recall and a target-absent lineup."}]},{"id":"d04d68ee-f803-440a-8a8d-383c162c36ee","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why was the photo lineup described as target-present?","back":"The actual actor from the Labyrinth was included in the lineup.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The actual actor from the Labyrinth was included in the lineup.","correct":true,"explanation":"A target-present lineup contains the person witnessed during the event. Here, the actual actor encountered in the Labyrinth appeared among the lineup photographs."},{"text":"The actual actor from the Labyrinth was excluded from the lineup.","correct":false,"explanation":"Excluding the witnessed actor would make the lineup target-absent. It was target-present because the actual actor from the Labyrinth was included among the photographs."},{"text":"The same nine actors from the Labyrinth were included in the lineup.","correct":false,"explanation":"The lineup did not contain nine actors encountered during the tour. It was target-present specifically because the one actual actor from the Labyrinth was included."},{"text":"The actor’s photograph was shown before the lineup began.","correct":false,"explanation":"Target-present describes the lineup’s composition, not whether a photograph was shown beforehand. The actual actor’s photograph was one of the options in the lineup."}]},{"id":"2fc5776a-085d-4bc6-866a-a8eb9baa8d0c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What were the identification accuracy percentages for the High vs. Low anxiety groups?","back":"

High Anxiety: 17%
Low Anxiety: 75%

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

High Anxiety: 17%
Low Anxiety: 75%

","correct":true,"explanation":"Only 17% of the high-anxiety group made an accurate identification, compared with 75% of the low-anxiety group, demonstrating a strong negative association between anxiety and accuracy."},{"text":"

High Anxiety: 75%
Low Anxiety: 17%

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two groups. Identification accuracy was 17% for high-anxiety participants and 75% for low-anxiety participants, suggesting that greater anxiety impaired eyewitness performance."},{"text":"

High Anxiety: 25%
Low Anxiety: 71%

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are plausible approximations rather than the reported results. The study found 17% identification accuracy in the high-anxiety group and 75% in the low-anxiety group."},{"text":"

High Anxiety: 17%
Low Anxiety: 57%

","correct":false,"explanation":"The high-anxiety figure is correct, but the low-anxiety percentage has its digits transposed. The reported identification accuracies were 17% and 75%, respectively."}]},{"id":"69c327ed-4044-4287-9498-b3ce733aeb8e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How did high anxiety affect the participants' ability to recall physical descriptors?","back":"High-anxiety participants recalled significantly fewer correct physical descriptors than low-anxiety participants.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"High-anxiety participants recalled significantly fewer correct physical descriptors than low-anxiety participants.","correct":true,"explanation":"Higher anxiety was associated with poorer free recall: participants in the high-anxiety group produced significantly fewer accurate details about the actor’s physical appearance."},{"text":"High-anxiety participants recalled significantly more correct physical descriptors than low-anxiety participants.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the observed relationship. High anxiety impaired eyewitness recall, so high-anxiety participants reported significantly fewer correct physical descriptors than low-anxiety participants."},{"text":"High-anxiety participants recalled the same number of correct physical descriptors as low-anxiety participants.","correct":false,"explanation":"The groups did not perform equally on free recall. High-anxiety participants recalled significantly fewer correct physical descriptors than those in the low-anxiety group."},{"text":"High-anxiety participants recalled slightly fewer correct physical descriptors than low-anxiety participants.","correct":false,"explanation":"Describing the difference as merely slight overlooks its statistical significance. High-anxiety participants recalled significantly fewer correct physical descriptors than low-anxiety participants."}]},{"id":"de592b56-e263-45cb-826d-f1ec2d2b4b18","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What was the finding regarding gender and eyewitness performance?","back":"Females reported higher state anxiety, but there was no significant difference between genders in identification accuracy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Females reported higher state anxiety, but there was no significant difference between genders in identification accuracy.","correct":true,"explanation":"Although female participants experienced greater state anxiety, gender itself did not produce a statistically significant difference in the accuracy of lineup identifications."},{"text":"Females reported higher state anxiety, and there was a significant female advantage in identification accuracy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Higher reported anxiety among females did not translate into greater identification accuracy. The study found no significant gender difference in accurate lineup identification."},{"text":"Males reported higher state anxiety, but there was no significant difference between genders in identification accuracy.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assigns the anxiety finding to the wrong gender. Females reported higher state anxiety, although identification accuracy did not differ significantly between females and males."},{"text":"Females reported lower state anxiety, and there was a significant male advantage in identification accuracy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both claims conflict with the findings. Females reported higher state anxiety, while gender was not associated with a significant difference in identification accuracy."}]},{"id":"c3407611-15c6-46ca-90fa-0aa28d4156e6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which statistical test was used to analyze the relationship between anxiety levels and identification accuracy?","back":"Chi-Square ($\\\\chi^2$) test of association.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Chi-Square ($\\\\chi^2$) test of association.","correct":true,"explanation":"A Chi-Square test of association is suitable because both variables were categorical: anxiety group was high or low, and identification was accurate or inaccurate."},{"text":"Spearman’s rho ($r_s$) test of correlation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spearman’s rho assesses a correlation involving ordinal or ranked data. Here, both variables were categorical, so a Chi-Square test of association was appropriate."},{"text":"Mann-Whitney U ($U$) test of difference.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mann-Whitney U compares two independent groups on ordinal or non-normally distributed scores. The study instead tested association between two categorical variables using Chi-Square."},{"text":"Wilcoxon signed-rank ($W$) test of difference.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Wilcoxon test is designed for related or repeated-measures scores. These categorical frequency data required a Chi-Square test of association instead."}]},{"id":"0027c46a-d8ad-4532-860e-373535812e6a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do you calculate the degrees of freedom ($df$) for the $2 \\\\times 2$ contingency table in this study?","back":"$$df = (r - 1)(c - 1) = (2 - 1) \\\\times (2 - 1) = 1$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$df = (r - 1)(c - 1) = (2 - 1) \\\\times (2 - 1) = 1$","correct":true,"explanation":"For a contingency table, degrees of freedom equal the number of rows minus one multiplied by the number of columns minus one. A $2 \\times 2$ table therefore has one degree of freedom."},{"text":"$$df = (r - 1)(c - 1) = (2 - 1) + (2 - 1) = 2$","correct":false,"explanation":"This adds the row and column terms instead of multiplying them. The correct calculation is $(2 - 1)(2 - 1)$, giving one degree of freedom."},{"text":"$$df = (r)(c) = (2) \\times (2) = 4$","correct":false,"explanation":"This counts the four cells rather than calculating degrees of freedom. Subtract one from both the row and column totals, then multiply to obtain one."},{"text":"$$df = (r + 1)(c + 1) = (2 + 1) \\times (2 + 1) = 9$","correct":false,"explanation":"Degrees of freedom require subtracting one from each table dimension, not adding one. For two rows and two columns, $(2 - 1)(2 - 1) = 1$."}]},{"id":"38b9e649-b2fb-4071-ba46-2a8d6821cfcc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the statistical analysis, the observed value was [ ], which was much higher than the critical value of 2.71, indicating significant results.","back":"In the statistical analysis, the observed value was 14.86, which was much higher than the critical value of 2.71, indicating significant results.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"14.86","correct":true,"explanation":"The observed Chi-Square value was 14.86. Because this exceeded the critical value of 2.71 at one degree of freedom, the association was statistically significant."},{"text":"14.68","correct":false,"explanation":"This transposes the final two digits of the reported statistic. The observed Chi-Square value was 14.86, well above the critical value of 2.71."},{"text":"4.86","correct":false,"explanation":"This drops the leading digit from the reported statistic. The observed value was 14.86, which exceeded 2.71 and supported a significant association."},{"text":"12.15","correct":false,"explanation":"This may result from incorrectly subtracting the critical value from the observed statistic. The reported observed value itself was 14.86, not the difference between values."}]},{"id":"3398a003-329e-4c50-8bbc-8c76165ef224","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the statistical analysis, the observed value was 14.86, which was much higher than the critical value of [ ], indicating significant results.","back":"In the statistical analysis, the observed value was 14.86, which was much higher than the critical value of 2.71, indicating significant results.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"2.71","correct":true,"explanation":"The observed value of 14.86 exceeded the critical value of 2.71, allowing the researchers to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the result was statistically significant."},{"text":"3.84","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the study’s stated threshold with a commonly used chi-squared critical value at the 5% significance level. The reported critical value was 2.71."},{"text":"6.63","correct":false,"explanation":"This is associated with a more stringent chi-squared significance threshold, rather than the threshold reported in this analysis. The study compared 14.86 with 2.71."},{"text":"1.64","correct":false,"explanation":"This resembles a critical value from a standard normal test, not the critical value used in the reported analysis. The correct figure was 2.71."}]},{"id":"dbed7c65-e31c-43ff-9287-f11791b6589c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does this field experiment have higher ecological validity than lab experiments?","back":"The fear was genuine and physiological, occurring in a real-world immersive environment rather than via a video.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The fear was genuine and physiological, occurring in a real-world immersive environment rather than via a video.","correct":true,"explanation":"Participants experienced genuine fear inside the London Dungeon, so their anxiety and eyewitness responses were more natural than responses produced by an artificial laboratory stimulus."},{"text":"The fear was carefully standardised, with every participant exposed to identical lighting and visitor movements.","correct":false,"explanation":"Standardisation would improve control and replicability, not ecological validity, and conditions were not identical in the field. Ecological validity came from genuine fear in an immersive environment."},{"text":"The fear was measured by self-report, allowing scores to be compared numerically across participants.","correct":false,"explanation":"Numerical self-report scores help measure anxiety but do not make the setting realistic. Ecological validity was higher because participants experienced genuine physiological fear in a real attraction."},{"text":"The fear was simulated through video, avoiding the unpredictability of a genuine horror attraction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Video-based fear would be less natural and is characteristic of laboratory research. This study had higher ecological validity because fear occurred genuinely within an immersive attraction."}]},{"id":"a08325c5-7585-44d8-a8ec-80f6a73d8b6c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is a real-world application of Valentine and Mesout's findings?","back":"It warns the justice system to be cautious of eyewitness identification if the witness experienced extreme terror.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It warns the justice system to be cautious of eyewitness identification if the witness experienced extreme terror.","correct":true,"explanation":"The high-anxiety participants identified the actor much less accurately, suggesting that courts and police should treat identifications made after extreme fear with particular caution."},{"text":"It advises the justice system to trust eyewitness identification if the witness experienced extreme terror.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the study’s conclusion: extreme anxiety was associated with poorer identification accuracy. The justice system should therefore be cautious about testimony from severely frightened witnesses."},{"text":"It tells the justice system to exclude every eyewitness who reports experiencing any anxiety.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overgeneralises the findings, which concerned especially high anxiety rather than all anxiety. The application is to exercise caution when witnesses have experienced extreme terror."},{"text":"It recommends the justice system use heart rate as conclusive proof that an eyewitness is accurate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Physiological arousal does not prove that a memory is accurate; high anxiety was linked to worse identification. The findings support caution with eyewitnesses who experienced extreme terror."}]},{"id":"8af26274-34c4-4e2a-b327-b581165839b3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might the sample in this study lack generalizability to the wider population?","back":"Visitors to a horror attraction may be sensation-seekers, reacting differently to stress than the average person.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Visitors to a horror attraction may be sensation-seekers, reacting differently to stress than the average person.","correct":true,"explanation":"People who voluntarily enter horror attractions may enjoy unusually intense stimulation, so their responses to fear may not represent those of the wider population."},{"text":"Visitors to a horror attraction were all trained actors, reacting professionally rather than naturally to the frightening environment.","correct":false,"explanation":"The participants were visitors, not trained actors; the actor was the person they later identified. Generalisability is limited because attraction visitors may be sensation-seekers."},{"text":"Visitors to a horror attraction were randomly selected, making them less representative than people recruited through volunteering.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random selection generally improves representativeness rather than reducing it, and these visitors formed a self-selecting group. Their possible sensation-seeking limits generalisability."},{"text":"Visitors to a horror attraction were eyewitness experts, using specialist identification strategies unavailable to the average person.","correct":false,"explanation":"There is no indication that participants were eyewitness experts. The relevant sampling concern is that voluntary horror-attraction visitors may be sensation-seekers who respond unusually to stress."}]},{"id":"5ae43090-92c4-4894-8ca4-9e7552294ac2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What ethical issue arose regarding consent, and how was it managed?","back":"Participants did not give initial informed consent; researchers used retrospective consent and a full debrief.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Participants did not give initial informed consent; researchers used retrospective consent and a full debrief.","correct":true,"explanation":"Obtaining prior consent could have revealed the memory test and altered behaviour. Researchers addressed this by explaining the study afterwards, gaining retrospective consent and fully debriefing participants."},{"text":"Participants gave full informed consent beforehand; researchers therefore did not need to provide a debrief afterwards.","correct":false,"explanation":"Participants were not informed about the study before taking part, and a debrief was therefore important. Researchers instead obtained retrospective consent and provided a full explanation afterwards."},{"text":"Participants were deceived about the actor’s identity; researchers managed this by withholding all information after the task.","correct":false,"explanation":"Permanently withholding information would not resolve an ethical concern. The central issue was absent initial informed consent, managed through retrospective consent and a full debrief."},{"text":"Participants lost their right to withdraw; researchers managed this by automatically deleting every participant’s data after the task.","correct":false,"explanation":"The reported consent issue was not managed by deleting all data. Participants lacked initial informed consent, so researchers sought retrospective consent and gave a full debrief."}]},{"id":"ebdaaa15-4c18-4be8-a559-53f43aa49d7d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What was a methodological weakness of using a field setting for this study?","back":"Lack of control over extraneous variables, such as exact light levels or the movement of other visitors.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Lack of control over extraneous variables, such as exact light levels or the movement of other visitors.","correct":true,"explanation":"The natural attraction setting prevented researchers from standardising every environmental condition. Differences in lighting or other visitors’ behaviour could therefore have influenced eyewitness identification."},{"text":"High control over extraneous variables, because lighting and visitor movement were standardised for every participant.","correct":false,"explanation":"High control would be a methodological strength, but field settings usually provide less control. Lighting and other visitors could vary, creating extraneous variables that affected identification."},{"text":"Low ecological validity, because participants completed the identification task in an artificial laboratory.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study’s real attraction setting gave it relatively high ecological validity rather than low ecological validity. Its weakness was reduced control over lighting, visitors and other extraneous variables."},{"text":"Severe demand characteristics, because participants knew beforehand that their eyewitness memory would be tested.","correct":false,"explanation":"Participants were not initially told about the eyewitness test, reducing this particular risk. The main field-setting weakness was limited control over environmental extraneous variables."}]},{"id":"2567d255-c985-4e61-9d45-5aebabe7f6f4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The high-anxiety group correctly identified the actor only [ ] of the time.","back":"The high-anxiety group correctly identified the actor only 17% of the time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"17%","correct":true,"explanation":"Only 17% of participants in the high-anxiety group correctly identified the actor, supporting the conclusion that extreme anxiety can substantially reduce eyewitness identification accuracy."},{"text":"39%","correct":false,"explanation":"This overestimates the high-anxiety group’s identification accuracy, possibly by confusing it with an overall or intermediate figure. The reported correct identification rate was only 17%."},{"text":"75%","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the high-anxiety group with the low-anxiety group, whose identification accuracy was much higher. Only 17% of high-anxiety participants correctly identified the actor."},{"text":"82%","correct":false,"explanation":"This may result from subtracting the correct figure from approximately 100% and treating failures as successes. The high-anxiety group’s correct identification rate was 17%."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Contemporary study: Valentine and Mesout (2009)","title":"Contemporary study: Valentine and Mesout (2009) Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/psychology/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"fdfe4d63-dba1-51bf-92bf-836f9b99ecf5","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]