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oppressively or unfairly to dominate another group and restrict its rights or freedom."},{"text":"legitimate, accountable and fair use of power","correct":false,"explanation":"Legitimate and accountable power protects against tyranny rather than defining it. Tyranny is the harsh, oppressive or unfair use of power by one group over another."},{"text":"peaceful, organised resistance to unequal power","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes collective opposition to inequality, not tyranny itself. Tyranny is the harsh, oppressive or unfair use of power by one group over another."},{"text":"equal, cooperative sharing of group power","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal and cooperative power-sharing is the opposite of domination. Tyranny is the harsh, oppressive or unfair use of power by one group over another."}]},{"id":"0aa1f0ae-7c22-4f45-b95b-210b185649ff","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] is the part of self-concept from group membership.","back":"Social identity is the part of self-concept from group membership.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Social identity","correct":true,"explanation":"Social identity is the aspect of self-concept derived from belonging to social groups, including the meanings and emotional significance attached to those memberships."},{"text":"Personal identity","correct":false,"explanation":"Personal identity concerns characteristics that distinguish an individual from other people. Social identity is the part of self-concept that comes from membership of social groups."},{"text":"Self-esteem","correct":false,"explanation":"Self-esteem is a person’s evaluation of their own worth, rather than the group-based part of self-concept. The correct term for that group-based component is social identity."},{"text":"Social categorisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Social categorisation is the process of classifying people into groups. Social identity is the part of a person’s self-concept that is derived from group membership."}]},{"id":"34df14c7-d5fd-4821-ac32-095ea747a5d3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Reicher and Haslam mainly investigate in the BBC Prison Study?","back":"Why people accept unequal power or challenge it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Why people accept unequal power or challenge it.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reicher and Haslam investigated the social and psychological conditions under which disadvantaged groups accept unequal power relations or collectively challenge the dominant group."},{"text":"Whether people automatically conform to assigned roles as guards or prisoners.","correct":false,"explanation":"Automatic conformity was the traditional explanation that the study questioned, not its main investigative conclusion. It focused on why people accept unequal power or challenge it."},{"text":"How individual personality traits produce cruelty or submission.","correct":false,"explanation":"This dispositional account wrongly places the emphasis on fixed personality traits. The study mainly investigated why groups accept unequal power relations or collectively challenge them."},{"text":"Why people obey direct orders from a legitimate authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"Obedience to direct authority is associated more closely with Milgram’s research. Reicher and Haslam investigated why people accept unequal power or challenge it."}]},{"id":"a2345e5c-5941-4160-a5e5-6da38a650e16","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What role-conformity explanation did Reicher and Haslam challenge?","back":"Role labels do not automatically make guards cruel or prisoners passive.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Role labels do not automatically make guards cruel or prisoners passive.","correct":true,"explanation":"The findings challenged automatic role conformity: participants’ behaviour depended on identification with their group and the developing social context, rather than simply receiving a role label."},{"text":"Role labels do not affect identification among guards or prisoners.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study did not claim that role labels are irrelevant to group identity. It showed that labels do not automatically make guards cruel or prisoners passive."},{"text":"Random allocation does not eliminate all personality differences between groups.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is a methodological observation rather than the role-conformity explanation being challenged. Reicher and Haslam argued that role labels do not automatically produce cruel guards and passive prisoners."},{"text":"Prison conditions do not influence how participants behave in groups.","correct":false,"explanation":"The social conditions of the prison were important to group behaviour. The challenged claim was that assigned role labels automatically make guards cruel and prisoners passive."}]},{"id":"cb6f5edb-f0ce-4fd5-9bd9-a9e1fe2a36f6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Who took part in Reicher and Haslam’s study?","back":"15 adult male volunteers, selected after psychometric screening.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"15 adult male volunteers, selected after psychometric screening.","correct":true,"explanation":"The sample consisted of 15 adult men who volunteered and were admitted only after psychometric screening assessed their suitability and psychological well-being."},{"text":"24 adult male volunteers, selected after psychometric screening.","correct":false,"explanation":"The figure of 24 is commonly confused with the Stanford Prison Experiment. Reicher and Haslam used 15 adult male volunteers selected after psychometric screening."},{"text":"15 male psychology students, selected after psychometric screening.","correct":false,"explanation":"The participants were not specifically recruited as psychology students. They were 15 adult male volunteers who had undergone psychometric screening before selection."},{"text":"15 adult male volunteers, selected without psychometric screening.","correct":false,"explanation":"The number and sex are correct, but the study did use psychometric screening to assess applicants. The sample was 15 adult male volunteers selected after that screening."}]},{"id":"b9998d7b-6ccf-4d1d-b7ff-80065662a22b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How were participants assigned to guard or prisoner roles?","back":"They were randomly allocated.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They were randomly allocated.","correct":true,"explanation":"Random allocation assigned participants to guard and prisoner roles, reducing the likelihood that systematic pre-existing differences determined which role each person received."},{"text":"They were matched by personality scores.","correct":false,"explanation":"Psychometric tests screened participants for suitability but were not used to match them into roles. Guard and prisoner roles were assigned through random allocation."},{"text":"They were assigned according to preference.","correct":false,"explanation":"Allowing participants to choose would have introduced self-selection differences between the groups. Instead, participants were randomly allocated to guard or prisoner roles."},{"text":"They were allocated by the researchers’ judgement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Researcher judgement was not used to decide the roles, as that could introduce selection bias. Participants were randomly allocated to the guard and prisoner groups."}]},{"id":"5f30abda-36ba-4fad-8845-3e681cbdcb56","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The initial role split was [ ].","back":"The initial role split was 5 guards and 10 prisoners.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"5 guards and 10 prisoners","correct":true,"explanation":"The original allocation placed five participants in the higher-power guard group and ten in the prisoner group, making a total sample of 15 participants."},{"text":"10 guards and 5 prisoners","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the sizes of the two groups. The initial allocation consisted of five guards and ten prisoners, not ten guards and five prisoners."},{"text":"6 guards and 9 prisoners","correct":false,"explanation":"This keeps the total at 15 but shifts one participant into the wrong group. The initial split was five guards and ten prisoners."},{"text":"7 guards and 8 prisoners","correct":false,"explanation":"This near-even division overlooks the deliberately unequal group sizes. The study initially allocated five participants as guards and ten as prisoners."}]},{"id":"f4232461-3df0-4cc6-98e7-84a21c3a8301","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where did the BBC Prison Study take place?","back":"A purpose-built simulated prison in a BBC building.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A purpose-built simulated prison in a BBC building.","correct":true,"explanation":"The researchers constructed a simulated prison specifically for the study inside a BBC building, allowing close observation and filming under controlled conditions."},{"text":"A converted university basement prison at Stanford University.","correct":false,"explanation":"A converted Stanford University basement was used in Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment. The BBC Prison Study used a purpose-built simulated prison in a BBC building."},{"text":"A working prison wing inside a British prison.","correct":false,"explanation":"The research did not take place among inmates in an operational prison. It used a purpose-built simulated prison located within a BBC building."},{"text":"A standard television studio set in a BBC building.","correct":false,"explanation":"The BBC location can make an ordinary studio set seem plausible, but the environment was a purpose-built simulated prison designed specifically for the study."}]},{"id":"030e8928-ca1c-46cd-b067-a93c974b8400","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did the initial possibility of prisoner promotion make group boundaries seem?","back":"Permeable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Permeable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Promotion allowed prisoners to cross into the guard group, so membership appeared changeable rather than permanently fixed by the original allocation."},{"text":"Impermeable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Impermeable boundaries cannot be crossed. While promotion remained possible, prisoners could move into the guard group, so the boundary initially appeared permeable."},{"text":"Fixed.","correct":false,"explanation":"A fixed boundary would prevent movement between groups. The possibility of promotion instead suggested that prisoners could change their group membership, making the boundary permeable."},{"text":"Illegitimate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Legitimacy concerns whether a hierarchy is fair or justified, not whether people can cross group boundaries. Possible promotion made the boundary seem permeable."}]},{"id":"f203cd30-0423-4dc7-a551-eb5e268d8a65","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did possible promotion initially weaken prisoner unity?","back":"Permeable boundaries encouraged individual mobility, not group resistance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Permeable boundaries encouraged individual mobility, not group resistance.","correct":true,"explanation":"Because prisoners could potentially become guards, they were encouraged to pursue personal advancement rather than identify with prisoners and challenge the hierarchy collectively."},{"text":"Impermeable boundaries encouraged collective resistance, not individual mobility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Impermeable boundaries would block personal advancement and can strengthen identification with the disadvantaged group. Initially, promotion made the boundaries permeable and encouraged individual mobility."},{"text":"Illegitimate boundaries encouraged group resistance, not personal advancement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Perceived unfairness can promote collective opposition rather than weaken unity. Prisoner unity initially weakened because permeable boundaries offered individual advancement through promotion."},{"text":"Shared social identity encouraged prisoner unity, not individual mobility.","correct":false,"explanation":"A shared prisoner identity would strengthen unity and coordinated resistance. The promotion system instead encouraged prisoners to seek individual mobility across a permeable boundary."}]},{"id":"d5afa9cc-1622-4afc-84c1-9a71ef3f53f9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Stopping further promotions made the group boundary seem [ ].","back":"Stopping further promotions made the group boundary seem impermeable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"impermeable","correct":true,"explanation":"Once promotions ended, prisoners could no longer move into the guard group, so the boundary between the two groups appeared impossible to cross."},{"text":"permeable","correct":false,"explanation":"Permeable means that movement between groups remains possible. Ending promotions removed that opportunity, making the prisoner-guard boundary appear impermeable."},{"text":"legitimate","correct":false,"explanation":"Legitimate describes a hierarchy perceived as fair or justified. Stopping promotions affected whether group membership could change, making the boundary impermeable."},{"text":"unstable","correct":false,"explanation":"An unstable hierarchy is one that might be overturned, whereas ending promotions specifically prevented movement between groups and therefore made the boundary impermeable."}]},{"id":"63794a85-4fa8-44db-8b56-45fa36a587f3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Questioning the original role allocation made the hierarchy seem [ ].","back":"Questioning the original role allocation made the hierarchy seem illegitimate.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"illegitimate","correct":true,"explanation":"Doubts about whether the original allocations were genuinely fair undermined the justification for the guard-prisoner hierarchy, causing it to be perceived as illegitimate."},{"text":"legitimate","correct":false,"explanation":"A legitimate hierarchy is regarded as fair and justified. Questioning how roles were originally allocated had the opposite effect, making the hierarchy seem illegitimate."},{"text":"permeable","correct":false,"explanation":"Permeability concerns whether individuals can move between groups, not whether the hierarchy is justified. Questioning role allocation made the hierarchy appear illegitimate."},{"text":"unstable","correct":false,"explanation":"Stability concerns whether a hierarchy can change or be overturned. Doubts about the fairness of role allocation primarily made the hierarchy seem illegitimate."}]},{"id":"00c19a04-388c-436c-ba8e-94e6c7ca69d4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The new prisoner with trade-union experience helped create [ ].","back":"The new prisoner with trade-union experience helped create cognitive alternatives.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"cognitive alternatives","correct":true,"explanation":"His trade-union knowledge helped prisoners imagine a workable alternative to the existing hierarchy, showing that collective resistance and social change were possible."},{"text":"individual mobility","correct":false,"explanation":"Individual mobility involves one person moving into a higher-status group. The trade-unionist instead helped prisoners envisage different social arrangements, creating cognitive alternatives."},{"text":"role conformity","correct":false,"explanation":"Role conformity would involve accepting and performing the assigned prisoner role. His experience instead encouraged prisoners to imagine alternatives to the existing hierarchy."},{"text":"social competition","correct":false,"explanation":"Social competition is collective action intended to improve the group’s position. The newcomer first helped prisoners imagine that change was possible by creating cognitive alternatives."}]},{"id":"e279ca9b-7da3-44a0-9d94-0cd0f8377d28","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What do cognitive alternatives make more likely?","back":"Collective action against the current system.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Collective action against the current system.","correct":true,"explanation":"Imagining a realistic alternative to the existing social order helps disadvantaged group members believe change is possible, increasing their willingness to act together."},{"text":"Individual mobility within the current system.","correct":false,"explanation":"Individual mobility involves seeking personal advancement within the existing system. Cognitive alternatives instead make coordinated group action against that system more likely."},{"text":"Passive acceptance of the current system.","correct":false,"explanation":"Passive acceptance is more likely when people cannot imagine the hierarchy changing. Cognitive alternatives show that another arrangement is possible and encourage collective action."},{"text":"Greater conformity to the current system.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater conformity would preserve the established hierarchy. By enabling people to imagine a different social order, cognitive alternatives increase collective opposition to the current system."}]},{"id":"51aa5c35-53f1-4ed6-b913-6379f283d9bf","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was the main finding about the guards’ group identity?","back":"They failed to develop a strong shared social identity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They failed to develop a strong shared social identity.","correct":true,"explanation":"The guards did not internalise their assigned group membership or agree on common norms, leaving them divided and unable to act collectively with confidence."},{"text":"They succeeded in developing strong group cohesion.","correct":false,"explanation":"The guards became divided rather than cohesive, partly because they differed over how authority should be exercised. They therefore failed to form a strong shared social identity."},{"text":"They developed a strong shared prisoner identity.","correct":false,"explanation":"A shared prisoner identity developed among prisoners after conditions changed, not among the guards. The guards themselves failed to establish a strong shared social identity."},{"text":"They developed a strong sense of self-esteem.","correct":false,"explanation":"Personal confidence is not the key group-level finding. The study showed that the guards lacked a shared social identity and therefore struggled to coordinate their behaviour."}]},{"id":"e2e13a53-60d8-498e-846d-1bf203aa66b6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What changed for prisoners after promotions stopped and the hierarchy seemed unfair?","back":"They developed stronger shared identity and resisted guards more effectively.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They developed stronger shared identity and resisted guards more effectively.","correct":true,"explanation":"With advancement blocked and the hierarchy viewed as unfair, prisoners increasingly identified with one another, enabling coordinated resistance against the guards."},{"text":"They pursued greater individual mobility and resisted guards less effectively.","correct":false,"explanation":"Individual mobility became less attractive once promotions ended. Prisoners consequently developed stronger shared identity and became more effective in resisting the guards collectively."},{"text":"They developed greater role acceptance and obeyed guards more consistently.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acceptance is more likely when a hierarchy seems legitimate and alternatives appear unavailable. Here, perceived unfairness strengthened prisoner identification and resistance."},{"text":"They developed weaker shared identity and resisted guards less effectively.","correct":false,"explanation":"The prisoners’ identity strengthened rather than weakened after promotions stopped. Their growing solidarity allowed them to organise and resist the guards more effectively."}]},{"id":"2d2bc137-9577-4d24-8f4c-fa4aeb9f321b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why was the study stopped early on Day 8?","back":"Ethical concerns about a possible new harsh hierarchy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ethical concerns about a possible new harsh hierarchy.","correct":true,"explanation":"Researchers ended the study because participants appeared ready to establish a more oppressive social order, creating an unacceptable risk of psychological harm if the study continued."},{"text":"Ethical concerns after participants created a stable equal society.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study was not stopped because participants had successfully restored equality. It ended because a new harsh hierarchy appeared likely, raising serious ethical concerns about participants’ welfare."},{"text":"Methodological concerns about the simulation lacking realism.","correct":false,"explanation":"The researchers did not end the study because the prison simulation lacked realism. They stopped it because participants might establish a new harsh hierarchy that could cause psychological harm."},{"text":"Practical concerns about growing participant boredom.","correct":false,"explanation":"Participant boredom was not the reason for stopping the study. Researchers intervened because plans for a new harsh hierarchy created ethical concerns and an increasing risk of harm."}]},{"id":"30074656-9e5a-494a-b766-778a666d55fd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"According to Reicher and Haslam, when can tyranny emerge?","back":"

Authoritarian identity gains support.
Democratic alternatives seem to fail.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Authoritarian identity gains support.
Democratic alternatives seem to fail.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Reicher and Haslam argued that tyranny becomes possible when people identify with and support an authoritarian movement after losing confidence in viable democratic solutions."},{"text":"

Democratic identity gains support.
Authoritarian alternatives seem to fail.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Strong democratic support and credible alternatives should inhibit tyranny rather than produce it. Tyranny emerges when authoritarian identity gains support and democratic alternatives appear unsuccessful."},{"text":"

Authoritarian identity loses support.
Democratic alternatives seem to fail.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The decline of authoritarian support would make tyranny less likely, even if democratic alternatives struggled. Tyranny requires an authoritarian identity to gain support as democratic options appear to fail."},{"text":"

Authoritarian identity gains support.
Democratic alternatives seem to succeed.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Successful democratic alternatives offer a credible barrier to tyranny. Reicher and Haslam proposed that tyranny can arise when democracy seems to fail and authoritarian identity gains support."}]},{"id":"4b0a5212-6b81-4ef0-9152-f3ca07b40bd5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Disadvantaged groups can resist power when they develop [ ].","back":"Disadvantaged groups can resist power when they develop shared identity and believe change is possible.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"shared identity and believe change is possible","correct":true,"explanation":"A shared identity enables disadvantaged people to see themselves as a united group, while believing change is possible gives them the confidence to challenge existing power relations collectively."},{"text":"personal inferiority and believe change is impossible","correct":false,"explanation":"Accepting individual inferiority would legitimise the existing hierarchy rather than encourage resistance. Resistance develops through shared identity and the belief that collective change is possible."},{"text":"competitive identities and believe hierarchy is permanent","correct":false,"explanation":"Competitive individualism separates disadvantaged people and discourages collective action. They can resist power when they form a shared identity and believe their coordinated efforts can produce change."},{"text":"dominant identity and believe authority is legitimate","correct":false,"explanation":"Identification with dominant leaders reinforces their authority instead of helping disadvantaged groups resist. Effective resistance depends on shared identity and belief in the possibility of social change."}]},{"id":"579820aa-f953-40cf-8eac-041011bda81f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is ecological validity a strength of the study?","back":"The simulated prison gave a richer social setting than questionnaires.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The simulated prison gave a richer social setting than questionnaires.","correct":true,"explanation":"The simulated prison allowed complex interactions and group processes to develop in a realistic social environment, providing greater ecological validity than isolated questionnaire responses would offer."},{"text":"The standardised instructions removed all variation between participants.","correct":false,"explanation":"Standardised instructions improve replicability rather than ecological validity. The study’s ecological strength came from the simulated prison providing a rich setting for genuine social interactions."},{"text":"The fixed questionnaires gave more controlled responses than interaction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Questionnaires may efficiently collect self-reports, but replacing interaction with fixed responses would reduce ecological validity. The simulated prison created the richer social context that strengthened the study."},{"text":"The random allocation made the prison identical to real life.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random allocation can reduce allocation bias, but it does not by itself create a realistic social environment. Ecological validity came from interaction within the simulated prison setting."}]},{"id":"48f74fa2-2a52-4746-a778-26eae88a7a48","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why was triangulation a strength of the study?","back":"Multiple evidence types made converging findings more convincing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Multiple evidence types made converging findings more convincing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Behavioural observations, physiological measures and self-reports could be compared with one another. Agreement across these different sources increased confidence that the findings reflected genuine processes."},{"text":"One evidence type made the findings fully consistent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Relying on one evidence type is not triangulation and leaves findings vulnerable to that method’s weaknesses. Multiple types produced converging evidence and therefore strengthened the conclusions."},{"text":"Contradictory evidence types made disagreements more convincing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Contradictory evidence would weaken confidence unless the differences could be explained. Triangulation was valuable because multiple evidence types converged on compatible findings, making them more convincing."},{"text":"Repeated identical measures made one method more convincing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repeating one measure may assess reliability, but it does not provide methodological triangulation. The strength arose because multiple different evidence types supported the same conclusions."}]},{"id":"b5a83ff1-a14d-4864-bbdc-3ebec5f74b3e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does the sample limit generalisability?","back":"Small all-male volunteers may not represent the wider population.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Small all-male volunteers may not represent the wider population.","correct":true,"explanation":"The small group lacked female participants and consisted of self-selecting volunteers, so its characteristics and responses may differ systematically from those of the wider population."},{"text":"Large mixed-gender participants may represent the wider population.","correct":false,"explanation":"A large randomly selected mixed-gender sample would generally strengthen representativeness rather than limit it. The actual limitation was the study’s small sample of all-male volunteers."},{"text":"Varied-age random participants may represent the wider population.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using participants of varied ages could improve population validity rather than necessarily restrict it. Generalisability was limited because the small volunteer sample included only men."},{"text":"Nationally representative volunteers may reflect the wider population.","correct":false,"explanation":"A nationally representative sample is specifically designed to support generalisation. This study instead used small all-male volunteer groups whose behaviour may not reflect the wider population."}]},{"id":"da9fe2fc-df25-4b40-bc37-2e35edfee759","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might BBC filming have created demand characteristics?","back":"Participants may act in interesting or acceptable ways for television.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Participants may act in interesting or acceptable ways for television.","correct":true,"explanation":"Knowing that the study was being filmed for broadcast may have encouraged participants to perform for viewers or present themselves favourably, making their behaviour less natural."},{"text":"Participants may act in entirely unaware or natural ways for television.","correct":false,"explanation":"Filming would not make participants forget the audience; awareness of television could heighten self-consciousness. They might instead behave in unusually interesting or socially acceptable ways."},{"text":"Researchers may analyse in interesting or acceptable ways for television.","correct":false,"explanation":"Demand characteristics concern participants altering behaviour in response to perceived expectations, not researchers changing their analysis. Filming could prompt interesting or acceptable performances for television."},{"text":"Participants may act in private or unobserved ways for television.","correct":false,"explanation":"Television exposure would more plausibly encourage performance or impression management than guarantee private behaviour. Participants might act in interesting or acceptable ways because they anticipated an audience."}]},{"id":"7897a4f7-784e-4f48-be25-9ccdffc48381","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why was confidentiality ethically complicated?","back":"The study was televised, so participants needed to know what would be shown.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The study was televised, so participants needed to know what would be shown.","correct":true,"explanation":"Broadcasting footage makes complete anonymity difficult and can reveal sensitive behaviour publicly. Informed consent therefore required participants to understand what material might be televised."},{"text":"The study was privately archived, so participants needed no broadcast information.","correct":false,"explanation":"Private storage would protect confidentiality rather than complicate it. The ethical issue arose because televised footage could identify participants, requiring clarity about what would be broadcast."},{"text":"The study was fully anonymous, so participants could not be identified.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using anonymous questionnaires would make identities easier to protect. Confidentiality was complicated because the study was televised, so participants needed informed understanding of what viewers would see."},{"text":"The study was internally reviewed, so only researchers could watch it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restricting footage to the research team would reduce public disclosure. The complication came from television broadcast and the need to inform participants which material might be shown."}]},{"id":"d22d338a-906a-4039-b478-e835c56c1c88","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Reicher and Haslam’s study is best seen as a [ ].","back":"Reicher and Haslam’s study is best seen as a controlled observational study with experimental manipulations.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"controlled observational study with experimental manipulations","correct":true,"explanation":"Researchers observed behaviour in a controlled, specially created prison environment while deliberately manipulating features such as permeability and legitimacy. This combines structured observation with experimental interventions."},{"text":"laboratory experiment with random allocation","correct":false,"explanation":"Calling it a laboratory experiment overlooks the absence of random allocation to conditions and the study’s emphasis on observing evolving group behaviour. It was a controlled observational study with experimental manipulations."},{"text":"naturalistic observational study without researcher intervention","correct":false,"explanation":"The prison environment was specially constructed, and the researchers actively changed aspects of the social situation. It was therefore a controlled observational study with experimental manipulations, not naturalistic observation."},{"text":"field experiment with independent groups design","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the study involved different participant roles, it was not conducted in a natural field setting or organised as a conventional independent groups experiment. It was controlled observation with experimental manipulations."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Contemporary study: Reicher and Haslam","title":"Contemporary study: Reicher and Haslam Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/psychology/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L39"}]}],"topicId":"a365019a-4f1d-5c01-afe8-b889b77a4922","walled":"$L3a"}],"$L3b","$L3c"]