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Pengpid et al. targeted hazardous and harmful alcohol use among adult hospital out-patients."},{"text":"Compulsive and disordered tobacco use.","correct":false,"explanation":"Smoking was not the health behaviour examined. The researchers screened for hazardous and harmful alcohol use and tested an intervention intended to reduce it."},{"text":"Unhealthy and excessive dietary intake.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dietary behaviour was not investigated in this study. Pengpid et al. specifically targeted hazardous and harmful alcohol use."}]},{"id":"d1f2b353-5dad-4c48-9e92-4e769c4fee8f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What was Pengpid et al.'s aim?","back":"Test whether screening and brief intervention could reduce hazardous/harmful alcohol use.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Test whether screening and brief intervention could reduce hazardous/harmful alcohol use.","correct":true,"explanation":"The researchers aimed to determine whether identifying risky drinkers through screening and then providing a brief intervention could reduce hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption."},{"text":"Test whether medication and inpatient treatment could reduce hazardous/harmful alcohol use.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study did not test medication or residential care. It examined whether screening followed by a brief intervention could reduce hazardous or harmful alcohol use."},{"text":"Test whether screening without further intervention could reduce hazardous/harmful alcohol use.","correct":false,"explanation":"This omits the active brief intervention and reflects the misconception that assessment alone was the treatment. The study tested screening and brief intervention together."},{"text":"Test whether long-term group psychotherapy could reduce hazardous/harmful alcohol use.","correct":false,"explanation":"The intervention was brief rather than long-term group therapy. Pengpid et al. tested whether screening and a short structured intervention could reduce risky drinking."}]},{"id":"2bacef14-510f-4459-93b4-94f980e5ebca","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Who were the participants in Pengpid et al.?","back":"Adult hospital out-patients in South Africa.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Adult hospital out-patients in South Africa.","correct":true,"explanation":"The sample consisted of adults attending hospital out-patient services in South Africa, where eligible participants were screened for hazardous or harmful alcohol use."},{"text":"Adolescent secondary-school pupils in South Africa.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sample was not drawn from schools or restricted to adolescents. Pengpid et al. recruited adult hospital out-patients in South Africa."},{"text":"Adult residential in-patients in South Africa.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses out-patient treatment with admission to hospital. Participants were adult hospital out-patients in South Africa, so they were not residential in-patients."},{"text":"Adult primary-care doctors in South Africa.","correct":false,"explanation":"Healthcare professionals were not the target participants. The researchers recruited adult hospital out-patients in South Africa and assessed their alcohol use."}]},{"id":"077cabb6-c7c5-4089-a5f0-adb2fc22b8c6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which screening tool did Pengpid et al. use?","back":"AUDIT, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"AUDIT, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test.","correct":true,"explanation":"AUDIT is a standard screening questionnaire covering alcohol consumption, alcohol-related problems and signs of dependence, making it suitable for identifying hazardous or harmful drinking."},{"text":"BDI, the Beck Depression Inventory.","correct":false,"explanation":"The BDI measures symptoms of depression rather than patterns of alcohol use. Pengpid et al. used AUDIT, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test."},{"text":"STAI, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.","correct":false,"explanation":"The STAI assesses state and trait anxiety, not hazardous drinking. The study used AUDIT, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, to screen alcohol use."},{"text":"MMSE, the Mini-Mental State Examination.","correct":false,"explanation":"The MMSE screens cognitive functioning and possible impairment rather than alcohol consumption. Pengpid et al. used AUDIT, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test."}]},{"id":"6e8f0889-51f7-46c4-8f98-11d7d53e4174","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"AUDIT assesses drinking frequency, alcohol-related problems and signs of [ ].","back":"AUDIT assesses drinking frequency, alcohol-related problems and signs of dependence.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"dependence","correct":true,"explanation":"AUDIT includes items assessing symptoms associated with alcohol dependence, alongside questions about drinking frequency and alcohol-related problems."},{"text":"depression","correct":false,"explanation":"Depression may coexist with alcohol misuse, but it is not one of AUDIT’s three assessment areas. The tool assesses signs of dependence."},{"text":"withdrawal","correct":false,"explanation":"Withdrawal can be associated with dependence, but the assessment category is broader than this single symptom. AUDIT assesses signs of dependence."},{"text":"intoxication","correct":false,"explanation":"Intoxication refers to the immediate effects of alcohol, not the broader pattern assessed in this category. AUDIT examines signs of dependence."}]},{"id":"38660c27-4d30-4f6d-9722-3f7f3ffaf252","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How does hazardous alcohol use differ from harmful alcohol use?","back":"

Hazardous: increases risk of future harm.
Harmful: already causing damage.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Hazardous: increases risk of future harm.
Harmful: already causing damage.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Hazardous use creates an elevated risk of later consequences, whereas harmful use means physical, psychological or social damage is already occurring."},{"text":"

Hazardous: already causing damage.
Harmful: increases risk of future harm.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two definitions. Hazardous use raises the risk of future harm, while harmful use has already produced damage."},{"text":"

Hazardous: involves physical dependence.
Harmful: involves social drinking.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Dependence is not required for hazardous use, and ordinary social drinking is not necessarily harmful. Hazardous use risks future harm; harmful use already causes damage."},{"text":"

Hazardous: occurs only occasionally.
Harmful: occurs every day.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The distinction is based on consequences and risk, not simply drinking frequency. Hazardous use risks future harm, whereas harmful use already causes damage."}]},{"id":"c3b50c4a-bd5e-484a-93cb-f0845a7b429f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A brief intervention is a short, structured conversation designed to motivate change in [ ].","back":"A brief intervention is a short, structured conversation designed to motivate change in risky behaviour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"risky behaviour","correct":true,"explanation":"A brief intervention uses a focused, structured discussion to increase awareness and motivation, helping an individual make changes to risky behaviour."},{"text":"personality traits","correct":false,"explanation":"Brief interventions aim to change modifiable actions rather than stable personality characteristics. The structured conversation motivates change in risky behaviour."},{"text":"clinical diagnoses","correct":false,"explanation":"A diagnosis is a classification, not a behaviour that a person is motivated to alter. Brief interventions encourage change in risky behaviour."},{"text":"genetic inheritance","correct":false,"explanation":"Inherited characteristics cannot be changed through a short motivational conversation. A brief intervention is designed to encourage change in risky behaviour."}]},{"id":"b0092c57-2b9e-40e7-acdd-a152a9645aba","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What research design did Pengpid et al. use?","back":"A randomised controlled trial.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A randomised controlled trial.","correct":true,"explanation":"Participants were allocated randomly to conditions so the effect of the brief intervention could be compared with a control condition under a controlled design."},{"text":"A longitudinal correlational study.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although outcomes were measured over time, the researchers manipulated intervention allocation rather than merely examining associations. The design was a randomised controlled trial."},{"text":"A cross-sectional survey study.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cross-sectional survey measures variables at one time without assigning an intervention. Pengpid et al. conducted a randomised controlled trial."},{"text":"A naturalistic observational study.","correct":false,"explanation":"The researchers did not simply observe naturally occurring drinking behaviour. They randomly allocated participants to controlled conditions in a randomised controlled trial."}]},{"id":"ffc67ec4-444e-4f8b-b8c3-d58129366d81","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In an RCT, participants are randomly allocated to an [ ] or a [ ].","back":"In an RCT, participants are randomly allocated to an intervention group or a control group.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In an RCT, participants are randomly allocated to an intervention group or a control group.","correct":true,"explanation":"Random allocation places participants into an intervention group receiving the treatment or a control group providing a comparison, helping researchers test whether the intervention causes any observed difference."},{"text":"In an RCT, participants are randomly allocated to an experimental condition or a correlational condition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Correlational research is a different research design, not a condition within an RCT. Participants are allocated to an intervention group or a control group to permit causal comparison."},{"text":"In an RCT, participants are randomly allocated to an intervention group or a matched-pairs group.","correct":false,"explanation":"Matched pairs describes a method of organising participants rather than the comparison condition. An RCT randomly allocates participants to an intervention group or a control group."},{"text":"In an RCT, participants are randomly allocated to an independent group or a repeated-measures group.","correct":false,"explanation":"Independent groups and repeated measures are experimental designs, not the two treatment conditions. In an RCT, allocation is to an intervention group or a control group."}]},{"id":"db0c5d1b-43e6-4a76-9dc1-82e11053179d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Pengpid et al., what was the independent variable?","back":"Condition: brief intervention or control/usual care.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Condition: brief intervention or control/usual care.","correct":true,"explanation":"The researchers manipulated condition by allocating participants either to the brief alcohol intervention or to the control condition receiving usual care, making condition the independent variable."},{"text":"Alcohol use: baseline drinking or follow-up drinking.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alcohol use was measured as an outcome rather than manipulated, so it was a dependent variable. The independent variable was condition: brief intervention or control/usual care."},{"text":"Follow-up time: 6 months or 12 months.","correct":false,"explanation":"Follow-up time identified when outcomes were measured, but the key manipulated variable was condition. Participants received either the brief intervention or control/usual care."},{"text":"AUDIT score: hazardous drinking or low-risk drinking.","correct":false,"explanation":"AUDIT scores measured participants’ alcohol-related outcomes and therefore formed a dependent variable. The independent variable was allocation to brief intervention or control/usual care."}]},{"id":"3cc5b775-2628-4be9-8bfb-cc8bafe9b020","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name one dependent variable in Pengpid et al.","back":"AUDIT score or reported drinking behaviour at follow-up.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"AUDIT score or reported drinking behaviour at follow-up.","correct":true,"explanation":"AUDIT score and reported drinking behaviour were measured after the assigned condition, so they served as dependent variables indicating whether participants’ alcohol use had changed."},{"text":"Condition or allocation to brief intervention at baseline.","correct":false,"explanation":"Condition was deliberately varied by the researchers, making it the independent variable rather than an outcome. A dependent variable was AUDIT score or reported drinking behaviour at follow-up."},{"text":"Usual care or participation in the control group.","correct":false,"explanation":"Usual care and control-group participation describe the comparison condition, not a measured outcome. The dependent variables included AUDIT score and reported drinking behaviour at follow-up."},{"text":"Random allocation or assignment to the intervention group.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random allocation was the procedure used to assign conditions, not a dependent variable. The researchers measured outcomes such as AUDIT score or reported drinking behaviour at follow-up."}]},{"id":"e94f9715-cdea-458c-b73a-b1e850e0321f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did the brief alcohol intervention include?","back":"A short alcohol-focused discussion with feedback and advice.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A short alcohol-focused discussion with feedback and advice.","correct":true,"explanation":"The brief intervention involved a short discussion specifically focused on alcohol use, during which participants received feedback about their drinking and advice intended to encourage reduction."},{"text":"A long-term abstinence programme with medication and counselling.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study tested a brief, low-cost intervention rather than an intensive treatment programme. It consisted of a short alcohol-focused discussion with feedback and advice."},{"text":"A general health questionnaire with screening and diagnosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Screening or diagnosis alone does not constitute the intervention tested. Participants received a short alcohol-focused discussion that provided personalised feedback and advice about their drinking."},{"text":"A peer support meeting with group therapy and monitoring.","correct":false,"explanation":"The intervention was an individual brief discussion, not ongoing peer-led group therapy. Its central components were alcohol-focused feedback and advice delivered over a short period."}]},{"id":"6949b92b-de11-4ee5-9d0b-d4fde13ca5d2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Participants were commonly followed up after around [ ] and [ ].","back":"Participants were commonly followed up after around 6 months and 12 months.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Participants were commonly followed up after around 6 months and 12 months.","correct":true,"explanation":"Outcomes were commonly reassessed at approximately 6 months and 12 months, allowing researchers to examine whether drinking behaviour changed and whether any effects persisted over time."},{"text":"Participants were commonly followed up after around 3 months and 6 months.","correct":false,"explanation":"These intervals shift both assessments too early. The commonly reported follow-ups occurred at around 6 months and 12 months, enabling medium- and longer-term comparisons."},{"text":"Participants were commonly followed up after around 6 weeks and 12 weeks.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses months with weeks and greatly shortens the follow-up period. Participants were commonly assessed after around 6 months and 12 months."},{"text":"Participants were commonly followed up after around 12 months and 24 months.","correct":false,"explanation":"This doubles the relevant follow-up intervals and places both assessments too late. The commonly used follow-up points were around 6 months and 12 months."}]},{"id":"3026294a-e2ea-434e-9a64-1b52f19c599d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happened to alcohol use over time in Pengpid et al.?","back":"Alcohol use tended to reduce over time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Alcohol use tended to reduce over time.","correct":true,"explanation":"Follow-up measures generally indicated lower alcohol use over time. However, this overall reduction does not by itself establish that the brief intervention caused the improvement."},{"text":"Alcohol use tended to increase over time.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the observed direction of change. Alcohol use generally tended to reduce over time, although group comparisons were needed to judge whether the intervention caused that reduction."},{"text":"Alcohol use remained unchanged over time.","correct":false,"explanation":"The findings did not indicate complete stability in participants’ drinking. Alcohol use tended to reduce over time, though improvement across both groups could reflect factors other than the intervention."},{"text":"Alcohol use became more variable over time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Variability was not the main reported pattern of change. The central finding was that alcohol use tended to reduce over time, based on follow-up outcome measures."}]},{"id":"0d777db2-350f-41b1-9f44-31d7101ba4e7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was the main conclusion about brief interventions?","back":"They may be useful, low-cost public health tools.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They may be useful, low-cost public health tools.","correct":true,"explanation":"Brief interventions require relatively little time and expense and may help reduce harmful alcohol use, supporting their potential value as accessible public health tools."},{"text":"They are complete replacements for specialist treatment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Brief interventions may help at a population level but cannot replace specialist treatment for every person with serious alcohol problems. They were viewed as useful, low-cost public health tools."},{"text":"They are effective only for dependent drinkers.","correct":false,"explanation":"The conclusion was not restricted to people with alcohol dependence, and severe cases may require specialist support. Brief interventions may instead be useful, low-cost public health tools."},{"text":"They are expensive, intensive clinical treatments.","correct":false,"explanation":"This contradicts the defining advantages of a brief intervention, which requires limited time and resources. The study suggested such interventions may be useful, low-cost public health tools."}]},{"id":"4d16144e-c0cc-4de9-8539-2791f2a8a528","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is improvement over time alone not enough to prove the intervention worked?","back":"The intervention group must improve more than the control group.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The intervention group must improve more than the control group.","correct":true,"explanation":"Both groups may improve because of time, measurement, or outside influences. Stronger improvement in the intervention group is needed to attribute the difference specifically to the intervention."},{"text":"The intervention group must improve from its own baseline score.","correct":false,"explanation":"A baseline improvement could result from regression to the mean, repeated measurement, or wider changes. The intervention group must improve more than the control group to support causation."},{"text":"The control group must remain completely unchanged over time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Control participants can change naturally or because of external influences; they do not need to remain unchanged. The crucial evidence is greater improvement in the intervention group."},{"text":"The intervention group must report lower scores at baseline.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lower baseline scores would create an initial group difference rather than demonstrate an intervention effect. Evidence requires the intervention group to improve more than the control group after allocation."}]},{"id":"be9537c3-fe3d-444c-9f7a-099b0e114ada","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did random allocation improve internal validity?","back":"Participant variables should be spread more evenly across groups.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Participant variables should be spread more evenly across groups.","correct":true,"explanation":"Random allocation helps distribute individual differences, such as age, motivation and drinking habits, across conditions. This reduces the likelihood that participant variables explain differences in the results."},{"text":"Participant variables should be concentrated in the experimental group.","correct":false,"explanation":"Concentrating individual differences in one group would create a confounding variable and reduce internal validity. Random allocation should spread participant variables more evenly across all groups."},{"text":"Situational variables should be eliminated from every testing condition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random allocation assigns participants to conditions; it does not eliminate differences in settings or procedures. Its benefit is spreading participant variables more evenly across the groups."},{"text":"Population validity should be increased by making the sample representative.","correct":false,"explanation":"Representativeness concerns population validity and is mainly determined by sampling, not allocation. Random allocation improves internal validity by distributing participant variables more evenly between conditions."}]},{"id":"dd67a266-49da-4807-b1b2-7dc0c3a9d1cb","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Using real hospital out-patients gave Pengpid et al. good [ ].","back":"Using real hospital out-patients gave Pengpid et al. good ecological validity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"ecological validity","correct":true,"explanation":"Studying genuine hospital out-patients in a real healthcare context makes the research more representative of everyday clinical circumstances, giving the study good ecological validity."},{"text":"inter-rater reliability","correct":false,"explanation":"Inter-rater reliability concerns agreement between different observers or scorers, not the realism of participants or settings. Real hospital out-patients therefore improve ecological validity."},{"text":"test-retest reliability","correct":false,"explanation":"Test-retest reliability concerns whether a measure produces consistent results on separate occasions. Using genuine out-patients instead increases ecological validity by making the study realistic."},{"text":"internal validity","correct":false,"explanation":"Internal validity concerns whether the intervention, rather than a confounding variable, caused the outcome. Real hospital out-patients mainly strengthen ecological validity because they reflect a genuine clinical context."}]},{"id":"4f0f1cfe-db54-4f9f-a065-0010bf095422","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did using AUDIT improve reliability?","back":"Participants answered the same structured questions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Participants answered the same structured questions.","correct":true,"explanation":"AUDIT is a standardised questionnaire, so each participant responds to the same structured items. This consistency makes the procedure replicable and the resulting measurements more reliable."},{"text":"Participants answered different personalised questions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Personalised questions would reduce standardisation because participants would not be measured in the same way. AUDIT improves reliability by giving everyone the same structured questions."},{"text":"Researchers interpreted the unstructured interviews freely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Free interpretation of unstructured interviews could produce inconsistent scores and researcher bias. AUDIT improves reliability because participants answer the same structured questions."},{"text":"Participants selected the questions they preferred.","correct":false,"explanation":"Allowing participants to choose questions would make comparisons inconsistent and weaken reliability. AUDIT standardises measurement by requiring participants to answer the same structured questions."}]},{"id":"b4735b19-801f-4acc-84f1-68545d8ae4f2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might self-report alcohol data be inaccurate?","back":"Under-reporting from embarrassment, memory problems or social desirability bias.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Under-reporting from embarrassment, memory problems or social desirability bias.","correct":true,"explanation":"Participants may forget their alcohol consumption or report less because heavy drinking is socially undesirable or embarrassing. Their self-reported intake may therefore be lower than their actual intake."},{"text":"Standardisation from everyone completing identical AUDIT questions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical AUDIT questions improve procedural consistency and reliability; they do not themselves make responses inaccurate. Inaccuracy may arise through under-reporting caused by embarrassment, memory problems or social desirability bias."},{"text":"Random allocation from participants entering different intervention groups.","correct":false,"explanation":"Allocation determines which condition participants enter and does not directly distort their reports of alcohol use. Under-reporting due to embarrassment, poor memory or social desirability can make the data inaccurate."},{"text":"Objective recording from researchers measuring every drink consumed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Directly recording every drink would avoid reliance on participants' memories and therefore improve accuracy. Pengpid et al.'s self-report data risked under-reporting through embarrassment, memory problems or social desirability bias."}]},{"id":"9d2b7b9d-1524-4a7a-9305-3dd3fad9d86d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] means participants dropping out before the end of a study.","back":"Attrition means participants dropping out before the end of a study.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Attrition","correct":true,"explanation":"Attrition is the loss of participants who leave a study before it has finished. It can bias findings if those who drop out differ systematically from those who remain."},{"text":"Randomisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Randomisation means assigning participants to conditions by chance, not losing them during a study. Participants dropping out before the end is known as attrition."},{"text":"Debriefing","correct":false,"explanation":"Debriefing involves explaining the study to participants, usually after their participation has ended. Participants leaving before the study is completed is called attrition."},{"text":"Deception","correct":false,"explanation":"Deception occurs when researchers withhold or misrepresent information about a study's true purpose. Participants dropping out before the end of a study is called attrition."}]},{"id":"65e698d7-a520-4077-a2f4-2fa5c6a11eeb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How could attrition bias Pengpid et al.'s findings?","back":"If heavier drinkers dropped out, success may be overstated.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"If heavier drinkers dropped out, success may be overstated.","correct":true,"explanation":"If heavier drinkers were more likely to leave, the final sample would contain participants with less severe drinking problems. This could make the intervention appear more successful than it was."},{"text":"If lighter drinkers dropped out, success may be overstated.","correct":false,"explanation":"Losing lighter drinkers would leave proportionally more severe drinkers in the final sample, which would be more likely to understate success. Overstatement may occur if heavier drinkers drop out."},{"text":"If all participants completed the study, success may be overstated.","correct":false,"explanation":"Complete participation means there is no attrition, so dropout cannot create attrition bias. Success may be overstated specifically if heavier drinkers leave before the study ends."},{"text":"If heavier drinkers were randomly allocated, success may be overstated.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random allocation should distribute heavier drinkers between conditions and does not itself produce attrition bias. Bias may occur if heavier drinkers subsequently drop out, making success appear greater."}]},{"id":"e5e242a8-0318-4848-b9dd-e95c075a1142","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why may Pengpid et al.'s findings have limited generalisability?","back":"The sample was South African hospital out-patients.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The sample was South African hospital out-patients.","correct":true,"explanation":"A sample drawn from one country and a specific clinical population may differ from people in other cultures or community settings. The findings may therefore not generalise widely."},{"text":"The sample was randomly allocated to intervention conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random allocation concerns the distribution of participant variables between conditions and improves internal validity. Limited generalisability arose because the participants were specifically South African hospital out-patients."},{"text":"The sample was assessed using the same AUDIT questions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using the same standardised questions improves reliability rather than limiting generalisability. Generalisability was restricted because the sample consisted specifically of South African hospital out-patients."},{"text":"The sample was representative of many countries and settings.","correct":false,"explanation":"Representation across many countries and settings would increase, not limit, generalisability. Pengpid et al.'s sample was restricted to South African hospital out-patients, so wider populations may differ."}]},{"id":"d3f5503f-39e1-465f-94f6-c33a24c59c52","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What ethical issue can a control group raise in this study?","back":"It may withhold a potentially beneficial intervention.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It may withhold a potentially beneficial intervention.","correct":true,"explanation":"Participants in the control group may be denied an intervention that could reduce harmful drinking. This creates an ethical concern because they may miss a potential health benefit."},{"text":"It may receive more treatment than the intervention group.","correct":false,"explanation":"A control group generally receives no intervention or standard care, not more treatment than the experimental group. The ethical concern is withholding a potentially beneficial intervention."},{"text":"It may prevent random allocation between conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Having a control group does not prevent random allocation; participants can be randomly assigned to control and intervention conditions. The ethical issue is withholding a potentially beneficial intervention."},{"text":"It may make the AUDIT questionnaire less reliable.","correct":false,"explanation":"A control group does not alter the standardisation or reliability of the AUDIT questionnaire. The ethical concern is that control participants may be denied a potentially beneficial intervention."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Contemporary study: Pengpid et al. (2012)","title":"Contemporary study: Pengpid et al. (2012) Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/psychology/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L39"}]}],"topicId":"4443d7bd-597c-5ea6-85db-c09b033063a7","walled":"$L3a"}],"$L3b","$L3c"]