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Flashcards","topicId":"1b60fd5c-952d-5b8b-bf84-4c33b79eefc4","topicSlug":"as-contemporary-study-ocd-pots-team-march-et-al","cards":[{"id":"b376d98c-90e9-4fa7-bab1-fdada7f12a48","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which OCD term means a persistent unwanted thought, image or urge causing anxiety?","back":"Obsession.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Obsession.","correct":true,"explanation":"Obsessions are recurrent, unwanted thoughts, images or urges that cause distress or anxiety, even though the person may recognise that they are irrational."},{"text":"Compulsion.","correct":false,"explanation":"A compulsion is a repetitive behaviour or mental act performed to reduce anxiety. The unwanted thought, image or urge that produces anxiety is an obsession."},{"text":"Phobia.","correct":false,"explanation":"A phobia is an excessive fear associated with a particular object or situation. In OCD, a persistent unwanted thought, image or urge is an obsession."},{"text":"Delusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"A delusion is a firmly held false belief, usually maintained despite contrary evidence. The OCD term for an unwanted anxiety-provoking thought, image or urge is obsession."}]},{"id":"188c220e-1fe8-42f7-ac98-c19c0b1c6223","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which OCD term means a repetitive behaviour or mental act used to reduce anxiety?","back":"Compulsion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Compulsion.","correct":true,"explanation":"Compulsions are repetitive behaviours or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform, often to reduce anxiety caused by an obsession."},{"text":"Obsession.","correct":false,"explanation":"An obsession is the unwanted thought, image or urge that produces anxiety. The repetitive behaviour or mental act intended to reduce that anxiety is a compulsion."},{"text":"Intrusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"An intrusion is an unwanted thought entering awareness, rather than the response used to relieve anxiety. That repetitive behavioural or mental response is a compulsion."},{"text":"Delusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"A delusion is a fixed false belief rather than an anxiety-reducing ritual. In OCD, a repetitive behaviour or mental act performed to reduce anxiety is a compulsion."}]},{"id":"b8c6e93d-7d1a-4a74-8511-bdee43242d23","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A compulsion may reduce anxiety briefly, but this relief can [ ] the behaviour.","back":"A compulsion may reduce anxiety briefly, but this relief can reinforce the behaviour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"reinforce","correct":true,"explanation":"Brief anxiety relief acts as negative reinforcement: removing an unpleasant feeling makes the person more likely to repeat the compulsive behaviour in future."},{"text":"extinguish","correct":false,"explanation":"Extinction would require the compulsive response to stop being reinforced. Immediate anxiety relief instead negatively reinforces the compulsion, making its future repetition more likely."},{"text":"punish","correct":false,"explanation":"Punishment makes a behaviour less likely by introducing an adverse consequence or removing a reward. Anxiety relief has the opposite effect and reinforces the compulsion."},{"text":"eliminate","correct":false,"explanation":"Temporary relief does not eliminate the compulsion or its underlying anxiety. Instead, it reinforces the behaviour because performing it removes an unpleasant emotional state."}]},{"id":"ca353f7d-55f9-4b30-87b5-e1827faa1fc3","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What did March et al. (2004) mainly aim to compare?","back":"

CBT alone
Sertraline alone
CBT plus sertraline
Pill placebo

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

CBT alone
Sertraline alone
CBT plus sertraline
Pill placebo

","correct":true,"explanation":"The POTS study compared CBT, sertraline, their combined treatment and a pill placebo to assess the relative and combined effectiveness of psychological and drug treatments."},{"text":"

CBT alone
Fluoxetine alone
CBT plus fluoxetine
Pill placebo

","correct":false,"explanation":"Fluoxetine is also an SSRI, making it a plausible confusion, but March et al. tested sertraline. The four conditions were CBT, sertraline, their combination and pill placebo."},{"text":"

CBT alone
Clomipramine alone
CBT plus clomipramine
Pill placebo

","correct":false,"explanation":"Clomipramine has been used to treat OCD, but it was not the drug tested in this study. March et al. compared CBT, sertraline, their combination and pill placebo."},{"text":"

CBT alone
Sertraline alone
CBT plus sertraline
Wait-list control

","correct":false,"explanation":"The control condition is easily confused with a wait-list, but participants received a pill placebo. The other three conditions were CBT, sertraline and their combination."}]},{"id":"1cb4b99f-d95f-4d80-ba97-46c3ae48fdbf","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"March et al. used a [ ] lasting [ ].","back":"March et al. used a randomised controlled trial lasting 12 weeks.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"March et al. used a randomised controlled trial lasting 12 weeks.","correct":true,"explanation":"Participants were randomly assigned to treatment conditions in a controlled trial, allowing their outcomes to be compared over the study’s 12-week treatment period."},{"text":"March et al. used a non-randomised controlled trial lasting 12 weeks.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study was not non-randomised: participants were randomly allocated to the four conditions. It was therefore a randomised controlled trial lasting 12 weeks."},{"text":"March et al. used a randomised controlled trial lasting 16 weeks.","correct":false,"explanation":"The research design is correct, but the duration has been overestimated by four weeks. The randomised controlled trial’s treatment period lasted 12 weeks, not 16."},{"text":"March et al. used a longitudinal case study lasting 8 weeks.","correct":false,"explanation":"March et al. compared four allocated treatment conditions rather than examining individual cases longitudinally. The study was a randomised controlled trial lasting 12 weeks."}]},{"id":"ce4f196b-e666-4575-96b1-ff596286bb82","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In ERP, what happens to the usual compulsive response during exposure?","back":"It is prevented or delayed so anxiety can fall without it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is prevented or delayed so anxiety can fall without it.","correct":true,"explanation":"Response prevention stops or postpones the usual ritual while the person faces the anxiety-provoking stimulus, allowing anxiety to decline naturally without relying on the compulsion."},{"text":"It is performed immediately so anxiety can fall because of it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Performing the compulsion immediately produces short-term relief that reinforces the ritual. ERP instead prevents or delays it so anxiety can fall naturally without the compulsive response."},{"text":"It is replaced with reassurance so anxiety can be avoided during exposure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reassurance can operate like a compulsion and maintain dependence on anxiety-reducing responses. ERP prevents or delays the usual response so anxiety declines without it."},{"text":"It is practised repeatedly so the ritual becomes less distressing over time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repeating the ritual would reinforce the OCD cycle rather than provide response prevention. In ERP, the compulsion is prevented or delayed while anxiety falls naturally."}]},{"id":"7eca63b4-7bc2-4955-914b-a3ae3fa4d1d9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Sertraline belongs to which drug class?","back":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sertraline is an SSRI, a class of antidepressants that blocks serotonin reuptake and thereby increases serotonin availability within the synapse."},{"text":"Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors or SNRIs.","correct":false,"explanation":"SNRIs inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and noradrenaline, but sertraline is not classified in this group. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, or SSRI."},{"text":"Tricyclic antidepressants or TCAs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tricyclic antidepressants include clomipramine, another medication associated with OCD treatment. Sertraline belongs instead to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class, or SSRIs."},{"text":"Monoamine oxidase inhibitors or MAOIs.","correct":false,"explanation":"MAOIs increase monoamine availability by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase, but sertraline does not use this mechanism. It is an SSRI."}]},{"id":"4b761d65-c02c-4f5c-ae38-550906f3c868","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do SSRIs affect serotonin?","back":"They increase serotonin availability by reducing reabsorption into the presynaptic neuron.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They increase serotonin availability by reducing reabsorption into the presynaptic neuron.","correct":true,"explanation":"SSRIs inhibit the transporter that normally takes serotonin back into the presynaptic neuron, leaving more serotonin available to act in the synapse."},{"text":"They decrease serotonin availability by increasing reabsorption into the presynaptic neuron.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the actual reuptake mechanism. SSRIs reduce serotonin reabsorption into the presynaptic neuron, which increases rather than decreases its availability in the synapse."},{"text":"They increase dopamine availability by reducing reabsorption into the presynaptic neuron.","correct":false,"explanation":"SSRIs act selectively on serotonin reuptake rather than dopamine reuptake. They increase serotonin availability by reducing its reabsorption into the presynaptic neuron."},{"text":"They increase serotonin production by stimulating synthesis in the postsynaptic neuron.","correct":false,"explanation":"SSRIs do not primarily stimulate serotonin synthesis, and neurotransmitters are released by presynaptic rather than postsynaptic neurons. They increase availability by reducing presynaptic reabsorption."}]},{"id":"7c1af1c6-4b70-4b51-b523-95f47598162a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might combined CBT and sertraline be especially effective?","back":"

Sertraline reduces symptom intensity.
CBT teaches longer-term coping skills.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Sertraline reduces symptom intensity.
CBT teaches longer-term coping skills.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Sertraline can lessen the immediate severity of OCD symptoms, making it easier to engage with CBT, while CBT provides coping strategies that may remain useful after medication ends."},{"text":"

Sertraline teaches longer-term coping skills.
CBT reduces symptom intensity chemically.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The treatment roles have been reversed. Sertraline primarily reduces symptom intensity, whereas CBT teaches coping skills that can help patients manage OCD over the longer term."},{"text":"

Sertraline prevents compulsions being remembered.
CBT removes obsessive thoughts permanently.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither treatment simply prevents patients from remembering compulsions. Sertraline reduces symptom intensity, while CBT teaches longer-term skills for challenging obsessive thoughts and resisting compulsive behaviour."},{"text":"

Sertraline teaches physical relaxation techniques.
CBT increases serotonin levels directly.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Sertraline is not chiefly a relaxation treatment, and CBT does not chemically alter serotonin. Sertraline reduces symptom intensity, while CBT develops longer-term psychological coping skills."}]},{"id":"a2a0168e-f198-4311-b620-5df436fa269a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The sample included [ ] children and adolescents aged [ ] with primary OCD.","back":"The sample included 112 children and adolescents aged 7 to 17 with primary OCD.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The sample included 112 children and adolescents aged 7 to 17 with primary OCD.","correct":true,"explanation":"March et al. recruited 112 young participants aged 7 to 17, all of whom had a primary diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder."},{"text":"The sample included 112 children and adolescents aged 8 to 17 with primary OCD.","correct":false,"explanation":"This raises the lower age limit by one year. The POTS sample contained 112 children and adolescents whose ages ranged from 7 to 17."},{"text":"The sample included 120 children and adolescents aged 7 to 17 with primary OCD.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the sample size with a nearby rounded figure. The study included 112 participants, with ages ranging from 7 to 17."},{"text":"The sample included 112 children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 with primary OCD.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly extends the upper age limit into adulthood. The 112 participants were children and adolescents aged from 7 to 17 inclusive."}]},{"id":"c7f3fbea-7375-4433-8ce2-03514082244d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did the pill placebo help researchers judge?","back":"Whether improvement was due to active treatment rather than expectation or attention.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Whether improvement was due to active treatment rather than expectation or attention.","correct":true,"explanation":"A pill placebo controls for improvement caused by expecting treatment and receiving clinical attention, allowing researchers to isolate the effects of the active interventions."},{"text":"Whether improvement was due to simple instructions rather than difficult therapy sessions.","correct":false,"explanation":"A placebo does not establish whether CBT is easier to deliver. It controls for expectation and attention, helping researchers judge whether active treatment itself caused improvement."},{"text":"Whether improvement was due to participant age rather than expectation or attention.","correct":false,"explanation":"The placebo condition was not designed to compare children with adults, as the sample consisted of young people. It assessed active treatment effects beyond expectation or attention."},{"text":"Whether improvement was due to natural recovery rather than the passage of time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural recovery is better assessed through a no-treatment comparison over time. The pill placebo specifically controls expectations and clinical attention when evaluating active treatment."}]},{"id":"f8815176-dd4b-498f-a7d6-3130928765bd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which standard clinical scale measured OCD severity in the POTS study?","back":"The Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS).","correct":true,"explanation":"The CY-BOCS is a clinician-administered measure designed specifically to assess the severity of obsessive and compulsive symptoms in children and adolescents."},{"text":"The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).","correct":false,"explanation":"The Beck Depression Inventory measures depressive symptoms rather than OCD severity. March et al. used the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, known as the CY-BOCS."},{"text":"The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A).","correct":false,"explanation":"The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale assesses general anxiety, not the specific severity of obsessions and compulsions. OCD severity was measured using the Children's Yale-Brown scale."},{"text":"The Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS).","correct":false,"explanation":"The Children's Global Assessment Scale evaluates overall functioning rather than OCD symptom severity specifically. The POTS study used the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale."}]},{"id":"8b0ed94e-192e-4e02-9fa3-9042de787c51","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why were masked assessors used in March et al.?","back":"To reduce observer bias when judging improvement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To reduce observer bias when judging improvement.","correct":true,"explanation":"Assessors who did not know each participant's treatment condition were less likely to let expectations influence their ratings of symptom improvement."},{"text":"To reduce participant bias when reporting improvement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Masked assessment does not prevent participants from guessing their treatment, especially during psychotherapy. Its purpose was to reduce observer bias in ratings of improvement."},{"text":"To improve procedure standardisation when delivering treatment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Masked assessors improve objectivity rather than making conditions identical. Standardisation concerns consistent procedures, whereas masking reduces observer bias when outcomes are judged."},{"text":"To prevent allocation bias when assigning treatment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Masking outcome assessors does not determine how participants are allocated to conditions. Random allocation addresses allocation bias, while masking reduces observer bias during assessment."}]},{"id":"c224109d-28cf-4b27-813d-a2a613682b3e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"All three active treatments improved OCD symptoms more than [ ]; the best outcome was [ ].","back":"All three active treatments improved OCD symptoms more than placebo; the best outcome was CBT plus sertraline.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"All three active treatments improved OCD symptoms more than placebo; the best outcome was CBT plus sertraline.","correct":true,"explanation":"CBT, sertraline and their combination each outperformed the placebo condition. Combined CBT and sertraline produced the strongest overall outcome."},{"text":"All three active treatments improved OCD symptoms more than placebo; the best outcome was CBT alone.","correct":false,"explanation":"CBT alone was effective, but it did not produce the best outcome. The strongest result came from combining CBT with sertraline, and all active treatments exceeded placebo."},{"text":"All three active treatments improved OCD symptoms more than sertraline; the best outcome was CBT plus sertraline.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study compared all active treatments with placebo, not with sertraline. The active treatments outperformed placebo, and combined CBT plus sertraline gave the best result."},{"text":"All three active treatments improved OCD symptoms more than placebo; the best outcome was sertraline alone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sertraline alone improved symptoms but was not the most effective condition. All three active treatments surpassed placebo, with combined CBT and sertraline producing the best outcome."}]},{"id":"ea765f42-6ddd-4e48-80ee-4cdf6910d0fc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Clinical remission was about [ ] for combined treatment and [ ] for placebo.","back":"Clinical remission was about 53.6% for combined treatment and 3.6% for placebo.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Clinical remission was about 53.6% for combined treatment and 3.6% for placebo.","correct":true,"explanation":"The combined condition had the highest remission rate, at approximately 53.6%, whereas only about 3.6% of participants receiving placebo achieved clinical remission."},{"text":"Clinical remission was about 53.6% for combined treatment and 21.4% for placebo.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 21.4% figure belongs to sertraline alone, not placebo. Combined treatment achieved about 53.6% remission, while placebo achieved only about 3.6%."},{"text":"Clinical remission was about 39.3% for combined treatment and 3.6% for placebo.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 39.3% rate applies to CBT alone rather than combined treatment. Combination therapy produced about 53.6% remission, compared with approximately 3.6% for placebo."},{"text":"Clinical remission was about 21.4% for combined treatment and 39.3% for placebo.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are the remission rates for sertraline alone and CBT alone, not combination therapy and placebo. The relevant rates were approximately 53.6% and 3.6%."}]},{"id":"09d3020d-04a5-4ab2-9e1a-930d52e71e9c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Clinical remission was about [ ] for CBT alone and [ ] for sertraline alone.","back":"Clinical remission was about 39.3% for CBT alone and 21.4% for sertraline alone.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Clinical remission was about 39.3% for CBT alone and 21.4% for sertraline alone.","correct":true,"explanation":"CBT alone produced clinical remission in approximately 39.3% of participants, while sertraline alone had a lower remission rate of about 21.4%."},{"text":"Clinical remission was about 53.6% for CBT alone and 21.4% for sertraline alone.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 53.6% figure is the remission rate for combined CBT and sertraline, not CBT alone. CBT alone achieved about 39.3%, while sertraline achieved 21.4%."},{"text":"Clinical remission was about 39.3% for CBT alone and 3.6% for sertraline alone.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 3.6% figure belongs to the placebo group, not sertraline alone. Remission was approximately 39.3% for CBT alone and 21.4% for sertraline alone."},{"text":"Clinical remission was about 21.4% for CBT alone and 39.3% for sertraline alone.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two monotherapy rates. CBT alone had the higher remission rate of about 39.3%, while sertraline alone produced approximately 21.4%."}]},{"id":"464bd500-b287-4041-8a4f-36919de8e3de","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Which overall approach to OCD treatment did the POTS findings support?","back":"A biopsychological approach - psychological learning plus biological intervention.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A biopsychological approach - psychological learning plus biological intervention.","correct":true,"explanation":"The combined CBT and sertraline condition produced the strongest improvement, supporting treatment that integrates psychological learning principles with a biological intervention."},{"text":"A biological approach - medication without psychological learning.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks the effectiveness of CBT, particularly when combined with sertraline. The findings support a biopsychological approach because both psychological learning and biological intervention contributed to treatment."},{"text":"A behavioural approach - psychological learning without biological intervention.","correct":false,"explanation":"Focusing solely on psychological learning ignores the contribution of sertraline. The strongest outcome came from combining CBT with medication, supporting a biopsychological approach."},{"text":"A psychodynamic approach - unconscious conflict plus early-life intervention.","correct":false,"explanation":"The treatments did not target unconscious conflicts or early childhood experiences. The findings supported a biopsychological approach combining CBT-based psychological learning with biological medication."}]},{"id":"fcd9b732-10c7-4820-a961-4ecadb3e7d47","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did random allocation strengthen March et al.'s RCT?","back":"It reduced participant-selection bias between treatment groups.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It reduced participant-selection bias between treatment groups.","correct":true,"explanation":"Random allocation made systematic pre-existing differences between groups less likely, reducing participant-selection bias and strengthening the conclusion that treatment caused differences in outcomes."},{"text":"It reduced researcher-observation bias between treatment groups.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random allocation balances participant characteristics; it does not prevent researchers interpreting observations differently. It strengthened the RCT by reducing participant-selection bias between treatment groups."},{"text":"It reduced participant-attrition bias between treatment groups.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random allocation determines initial group membership but cannot prevent participants dropping out later. Its main benefit was reducing participant-selection bias between the treatment groups."},{"text":"It reduced repeated-measures order effects between treatment groups.","correct":false,"explanation":"March et al. used separate treatment groups rather than exposing every participant to treatments in sequence. Random allocation reduced participant-selection bias, not repeated-measures order effects."}]},{"id":"3e60a174-1094-4102-8625-0d85e849fc4c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did using CY-BOCS improve reliability?","back":"It gave a standardised, consistent measure of OCD severity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It gave a standardised, consistent measure of OCD severity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Using the same established scale and scoring procedure for participants made measurements more consistent and replicable, thereby improving the reliability of OCD severity assessment."},{"text":"It gave an unstructured, flexible measure of OCD severity.","correct":false,"explanation":"An unstructured measure would allow administration and scoring to vary, reducing consistency. CY-BOCS improved reliability because it provided a standardised measure of OCD severity."},{"text":"It gave an idiographic, individual measure of OCD severity.","correct":false,"explanation":"An idiographic assessment emphasises unique personal details and can be difficult to replicate consistently. CY-BOCS improved reliability by providing a standardised measure across participants."},{"text":"It gave a projective, interpretive measure of OCD severity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Projective measures depend heavily on subjective interpretation and would weaken consistency. CY-BOCS improved reliability through standardised administration and scoring of OCD severity."}]},{"id":"91a3fd35-1de9-40f3-be52-bbc9c191607d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why may March et al. have limited generalisability?","back":"

Child/adolescent sample, not adults or very young children.
Specialist settings, not less specialist services.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Child/adolescent sample, not adults or very young children.
Specialist settings, not less specialist services.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The restricted age range and specialist clinical sites mean the findings may not apply equally to adults, very young children, or patients treated in ordinary services."},{"text":"

Adult-only sample, not children or adolescents.
Community settings, not specialist clinical services.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The sample actually consisted of children and adolescents, and treatment occurred in specialist settings. These real features limit generalisation to other ages and less specialist services."},{"text":"

Very young child sample, not school-age participants.
Home-based settings, not specialist treatment centres.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Participants were school-age children and adolescents rather than only very young children, and the research used specialist centres. Those actual characteristics restrict generalisability."},{"text":"

Nationally representative sample, not a restricted age group.
Non-specialist settings, not expert treatment services.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The sample was not nationally representative and covered only children and adolescents, while treatment occurred in specialist settings. These restrictions, rather than broad representation, limit generalisability."}]},{"id":"2c6c35d7-c584-4650-8319-dcb092b67848","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How could CBT not being fully blinded affect validity?","back":"Expectancy effects could influence motivation or symptom reporting.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Expectancy effects could influence motivation or symptom reporting.","correct":true,"explanation":"Knowing that CBT was being received could alter participants’ expectations, effort, or reports of improvement, making measured outcomes partly reflect expectancy rather than treatment alone."},{"text":"Order effects could influence motivation or symptom reporting.","correct":false,"explanation":"Order effects arise when the same participants experience conditions sequentially, which was not the relevant issue in this parallel-group RCT. Incomplete blinding instead creates expectancy effects."},{"text":"Observer drift could influence motivation or symptom reporting.","correct":false,"explanation":"Observer drift means assessors gradually change how they apply scoring criteria; it does not explain participant motivation. Lack of full blinding could instead produce expectancy effects."},{"text":"Regression effects could influence motivation or symptom reporting.","correct":false,"explanation":"Regression to the mean concerns unusually extreme scores moving closer to average, not participants knowing their treatment. Incomplete blinding could affect motivation or reporting through expectancy effects."}]},{"id":"97507f73-ba9a-4ab1-bfb3-fa32edb5662c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why was the 12-week treatment period a limitation?","back":"It mainly measured short-term response, not relapse or maintenance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It mainly measured short-term response, not relapse or maintenance.","correct":true,"explanation":"Twelve weeks was sufficient to assess initial symptom change but not whether improvements persisted or symptoms returned, so long-term maintenance and relapse remained uncertain."},{"text":"It mainly measured long-term maintenance, not initial treatment response.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the timescale: twelve weeks primarily captures initial response and is too brief to establish long-term maintenance or patterns of relapse."},{"text":"It mainly measured lifetime prevalence, not changes in symptom severity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lifetime prevalence is measured by epidemiological research, not a treatment trial’s duration. The 12-week trial measured short-term symptom response but could not establish relapse or maintenance."},{"text":"It mainly measured treatment allocation, not changes in symptom severity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Allocation occurred at the start and was not what the 12-week duration measured. The limited period captured short-term response without adequately assessing relapse or maintenance."}]},{"id":"13eae54d-b9fa-40a8-a03a-c87d713a5952","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"For child participants, what consent safeguard was needed?","back":"

Parent/guardian informed consent.
Young person assent where possible.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Parent/guardian informed consent.
Young person assent where possible.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Because children generally cannot provide full legal consent, a parent or guardian must consent, while the young person should also willingly assent whenever capable."},{"text":"

Young person informed consent.
Parent/guardian assent where possible.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the ethical roles. A parent or guardian provides informed consent for a child, while the young person gives assent where their understanding allows."},{"text":"

Teacher informed consent.
Researcher assent where possible.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Teachers and researchers cannot replace the family’s consent process. Parent or guardian informed consent is required, alongside the young participant’s assent where possible."},{"text":"

Parent/guardian informed consent.
No young person assent where possible.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Parental consent alone does not remove the child’s ethical involvement in the decision. Researchers should also seek the young person’s assent whenever they can understand the study."}]},{"id":"0f667a01-8f6c-49df-b98e-4d39c731ea29","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For POTS-style symptom scores comparing CBT with placebo, which non-parametric test fits?","back":"Mann-Whitney U.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mann-Whitney U.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mann-Whitney U compares scores from two independent groups when data are ordinal or do not meet parametric assumptions, fitting CBT versus placebo symptom scores."},{"text":"Wilcoxon signed-rank.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wilcoxon signed-rank is used for related or matched scores, such as before-and-after measurements from the same participants. Independent CBT and placebo groups require Mann-Whitney U."},{"text":"Spearman’s rho.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spearman’s rho tests for an association between two co-variables rather than a difference between independent groups. CBT and placebo scores should be compared using Mann-Whitney U."},{"text":"Chi-square.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chi-square tests associations or differences involving categorical frequency data, not ranked symptom scores from two independent groups. The suitable non-parametric test is Mann-Whitney U."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Contemporary study (OCD): POTS team / March et al.","title":"Contemporary study (OCD): POTS team / March et al. Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/psychology/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L39"}]}],"topicId":"1b60fd5c-952d-5b8b-bf84-4c33b79eefc4","walled":"$L3a"}],"$L3b","$L3c"]