31:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/04dz0xqjvyj1r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/176p1wltq5_f6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1f95q9c4h-8pl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2u46tugibrk1v.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/03q735zs9dbpu.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/330aj5rw-3o2w.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/381o-754ev9ia.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2th820ily21xq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3kom3ps_bn2q6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1x_yxljsdq0vl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1xkpwfqqdrdio.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3dcuhw7_p-nlv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2a4uxh-kqx1wo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2-3hvjs177r4z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1l2yee13s4kff.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1pp_uf_jx5j9r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2b6r02yb2zswo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/422ba61wql3d7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2opkuzmjw8cxb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/34ux0fo6f-rm8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0rt2_go1it43r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v5zhouho0zlq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1gtlwpzgzi12z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2zwoemojbdlmi.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jzaxe43n3e1e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xz_lj7nwz2k-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2tgvlfspjb-j8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0pdzmybpnr872.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1zt4k83kx3bkw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/200x0be4hbjpj.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/35bn8r0ao86_s.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/120-bka6zq5lp.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181"],"Gingerbread"] 33:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/04dz0xqjvyj1r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/176p1wltq5_f6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1f95q9c4h-8pl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2u46tugibrk1v.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/03q735zs9dbpu.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/330aj5rw-3o2w.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/381o-754ev9ia.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2th820ily21xq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3kom3ps_bn2q6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1x_yxljsdq0vl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1xkpwfqqdrdio.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3dcuhw7_p-nlv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2a4uxh-kqx1wo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2-3hvjs177r4z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1l2yee13s4kff.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1pp_uf_jx5j9r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2b6r02yb2zswo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/422ba61wql3d7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2opkuzmjw8cxb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/34ux0fo6f-rm8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0rt2_go1it43r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v5zhouho0zlq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1gtlwpzgzi12z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2zwoemojbdlmi.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jzaxe43n3e1e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xz_lj7nwz2k-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2tgvlfspjb-j8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0pdzmybpnr872.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1zt4k83kx3bkw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/200x0be4hbjpj.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/35bn8r0ao86_s.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/120-bka6zq5lp.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181"],"RecordResourceResume"] 34:I[830476,["/_next/static/chunks/04dz0xqjvyj1r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/176p1wltq5_f6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1f95q9c4h-8pl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2u46tugibrk1v.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/03q735zs9dbpu.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/330aj5rw-3o2w.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/381o-754ev9ia.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2th820ily21xq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3kom3ps_bn2q6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1x_yxljsdq0vl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1xkpwfqqdrdio.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3dcuhw7_p-nlv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2a4uxh-kqx1wo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2-3hvjs177r4z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1l2yee13s4kff.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1pp_uf_jx5j9r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2b6r02yb2zswo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/422ba61wql3d7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2opkuzmjw8cxb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/34ux0fo6f-rm8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0rt2_go1it43r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v5zhouho0zlq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1gtlwpzgzi12z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2zwoemojbdlmi.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jzaxe43n3e1e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xz_lj7nwz2k-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2tgvlfspjb-j8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0pdzmybpnr872.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1zt4k83kx3bkw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/200x0be4hbjpj.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/35bn8r0ao86_s.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/120-bka6zq5lp.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181"],"FlashcardAccessBranch"] 35:I[315438,["/_next/static/chunks/04dz0xqjvyj1r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/176p1wltq5_f6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1f95q9c4h-8pl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2u46tugibrk1v.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/03q735zs9dbpu.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/330aj5rw-3o2w.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/381o-754ev9ia.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2th820ily21xq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3kom3ps_bn2q6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1x_yxljsdq0vl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1xkpwfqqdrdio.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3dcuhw7_p-nlv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2a4uxh-kqx1wo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2-3hvjs177r4z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1l2yee13s4kff.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1pp_uf_jx5j9r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2b6r02yb2zswo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/422ba61wql3d7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2opkuzmjw8cxb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/34ux0fo6f-rm8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0rt2_go1it43r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v5zhouho0zlq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1gtlwpzgzi12z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2zwoemojbdlmi.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jzaxe43n3e1e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xz_lj7nwz2k-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2tgvlfspjb-j8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0pdzmybpnr872.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1zt4k83kx3bkw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/200x0be4hbjpj.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/35bn8r0ao86_s.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/120-bka6zq5lp.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181"],"TopicFlashcardRunner"] 22:[["$","$L31",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L32",["$","$L33",null,{"href":"/as-level/psychology/aqa/as-neurons-and-synaptic-transmission/flashcards","label":"Neurons and synaptic transmission","subjectCode":"as_level_psychology__aqa","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L34",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L35",null,{"decks":[{"id":"0d0535ea-a3b9-4817-8794-a84c5d72c80f","title":"Neurons and synaptic transmission Flashcards","topicId":"eb9d9b30-b656-5e70-9d2c-5f18ec4105e6","topicSlug":"as-neurons-and-synaptic-transmission","cards":[{"id":"8522a296-1b06-4dec-a03f-d3149cfa2d83","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A nerve impulse travels [ ] within a neuron and [ ] across a synapse.","back":"A nerve impulse travels electrically within a neuron and chemically across a synapse.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A nerve impulse travels electrically within a neuron and chemically across a synapse.","correct":true,"explanation":"Within a neuron, an action potential is transmitted electrically along the membrane. At a synapse, neurotransmitters carry the signal chemically across the synaptic cleft."},{"text":"A nerve impulse travels chemically within a neuron and electrically across a synapse.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two transmission mechanisms. An impulse travels electrically along a neuron, whereas neurotransmitter chemicals carry the signal across the gap at a synapse."},{"text":"A nerve impulse travels electrically within a neuron and electrically across a synapse.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrical transmission occurs along the neuron's membrane, but ordinary synapses contain a physical gap. Neurotransmitters cross this gap, so transmission across the synapse is chemical."},{"text":"A nerve impulse travels chemically within a neuron and chemically across a synapse.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neurotransmitters make synaptic transmission chemical, but they do not carry the impulse along the neuron itself. Within the neuron, changes in membrane potential transmit it electrically."}]},{"id":"84c49a2c-6e7d-47c3-bf5d-5d92788ba520","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which neuron structure receives incoming signals from other neurons or receptors?","back":"Dendrites.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Dendrites.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dendrites are branching extensions that receive signals from receptors or other neurons and conduct those signals towards the neuron's cell body."},{"text":"Axon terminals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Axon terminals mainly transmit signals to the next cell by releasing neurotransmitters. Dendrites are the structures specialised to receive incoming signals from receptors or neurons."},{"text":"Cell body.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cell body contains the nucleus and integrates incoming information, but dendrites are the specialised branches that receive signals from receptors or other neurons."},{"text":"Myelin sheath.","correct":false,"explanation":"The myelin sheath electrically insulates the axon and increases transmission speed. Dendrites, rather than myelin, receive incoming signals from receptors or other neurons."}]},{"id":"53d53a03-1477-4913-84e1-e13f2492e0ea","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What direction does the axon carry a nerve impulse?","back":"Away from the cell body.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Away from the cell body.","correct":true,"explanation":"The axon conducts an action potential away from the cell body towards its terminal branches, where the neuron can communicate with another neuron or an effector."},{"text":"Towards the cell body.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the axon's direction with that of dendrites, which carry incoming signals towards the cell body. The axon carries impulses away from the cell body."},{"text":"Away from the axon terminals.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the normal direction of transmission along the axon. An impulse travels from the cell body towards the axon terminals, so it moves away from the cell body."},{"text":"In both directions from the cell body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although an artificially stimulated axon may conduct in either direction, normal neuronal transmission is one-way: the axon carries the impulse away from the cell body."}]},{"id":"6efd1f01-3ac8-4e5e-914a-8fe8d3dec3bb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does the myelin sheath affect nerve transmission?","back":"It insulates the axon and speeds transmission.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It insulates the axon and speeds transmission.","correct":true,"explanation":"Myelin electrically insulates the axon, allowing depolarisation to occur mainly at the Nodes of Ranvier. This saltatory conduction makes nerve transmission much faster."},{"text":"It insulates the axon and slows transmission.","correct":false,"explanation":"The insulating function is correct, but its effect is reversed. Myelin enables saltatory conduction between Nodes of Ranvier, which speeds rather than slows transmission."},{"text":"It exposes the axon and speeds transmission.","correct":false,"explanation":"Faster transmission does occur, but myelin does not expose the axon. It insulates the axon and allows the impulse to jump between Nodes of Ranvier."},{"text":"It insulates the dendrites and speeds reception.","correct":false,"explanation":"This places myelin on the wrong neuronal structure. The myelin sheath surrounds and insulates the axon, increasing the speed at which the action potential is transmitted."}]},{"id":"3eb47893-91e9-4c2a-8d44-2cbc4367a9d9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The impulse effectively jumps between [ ], making transmission faster.","back":"The impulse effectively jumps between Nodes of Ranvier, making transmission faster.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Nodes of Ranvier","correct":true,"explanation":"Nodes of Ranvier are gaps between sections of myelin where depolarisation occurs. The action potential effectively jumps from node to node through saltatory conduction."},{"text":"synaptic clefts","correct":false,"explanation":"Synaptic clefts are gaps between different cells, not repeated gaps along a myelinated axon. The impulse effectively jumps between Nodes of Ranvier during saltatory conduction."},{"text":"axon terminals","correct":false,"explanation":"Axon terminals release neurotransmitters at the end of an axon; they are not points along it. Saltatory conduction occurs between Nodes of Ranvier."},{"text":"dendritic spines","correct":false,"explanation":"Dendritic spines receive synaptic inputs and are not gaps in the myelin sheath. A myelinated impulse effectively jumps between the Nodes of Ranvier."}]},{"id":"b3182592-6500-4aef-abd8-37fc052574fc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What electrical event travels along an axon after sufficient stimulation?","back":"An action potential.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An action potential.","correct":true,"explanation":"Once stimulation reaches the threshold, rapid depolarisation produces an action potential. This electrical event propagates along the axon without decreasing in strength."},{"text":"A resting potential.","correct":false,"explanation":"The resting potential is the neuron's stable negative charge when it is not firing, so it does not travel. Sufficient stimulation triggers a travelling action potential."},{"text":"A graded potential.","correct":false,"explanation":"Graded potentials are local changes that vary with stimulus strength and may fade over distance. Reaching threshold triggers an action potential that travels along the axon."},{"text":"A refractory period.","correct":false,"explanation":"The refractory period is the recovery interval following an action potential, not the travelling electrical event itself. Sufficient stimulation produces an action potential along the axon."}]},{"id":"dcd31258-d4c2-42fe-afff-905281a3e17f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] carries information from receptors towards the CNS.","back":"A sensory neuron carries information from receptors towards the CNS.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"sensory neuron","correct":true,"explanation":"A sensory neuron carries information from sensory receptors towards the central nervous system, where the information can be processed and an appropriate response coordinated."},{"text":"motor neuron","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the direction and role of the pathway. A sensory neuron carries information from receptors to the CNS, while a motor neuron carries commands to effectors."},{"text":"relay neuron","correct":false,"explanation":"Relay neurons connect sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system. A sensory neuron carries information from receptors towards the CNS."},{"text":"effector neuron","correct":false,"explanation":"Effectors are muscles or glands rather than the neurons carrying receptor information. The neuron transmitting information from receptors towards the CNS is a sensory neuron."}]},{"id":"c81a9a0e-de42-4c11-8d56-2e0ed9701c0f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a key structural feature of many sensory neurons?","back":"The cell body is part-way along or off to the side.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The cell body is part-way along or off to the side.","correct":true,"explanation":"Many sensory neurons have a cell body positioned part-way along the neuron or on a short side branch, rather than at one end."},{"text":"The cell body is located beside the axon terminals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Axon terminals occur at the output end of the neuron, while many sensory neurons have their cell body part-way along the fibre or off to the side."},{"text":"The cell body is always at the receptor end.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly assumes that the cell body must sit beside the receptor. In many sensory neurons, it lies part-way along the fibre or off to the side."},{"text":"The cell body is enclosed within the myelin sheath.","correct":false,"explanation":"Myelin wraps sections of the axon rather than enclosing the cell body. Many sensory neurons instead have a cell body part-way along or off to the side."}]},{"id":"73c0e632-9687-440d-9c26-ea2562967499","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which neuron connects sensory neurons to motor neurons within the CNS?","back":"A relay neuron.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A relay neuron.","correct":true,"explanation":"Relay neurons link incoming sensory pathways to outgoing motor pathways within the brain and spinal cord, allowing the CNS to coordinate an appropriate response."},{"text":"A sensory neuron.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sensory neurons carry impulses from receptors towards the CNS rather than connecting sensory and motor neurons. The connecting cell within the CNS is a relay neuron."},{"text":"A motor neuron.","correct":false,"explanation":"Motor neurons carry impulses away from the CNS to effectors, such as muscles or glands. A relay neuron provides the connection within the CNS."},{"text":"A bipolar neuron.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bipolar describes a structural arrangement found in certain specialised sensory neurons, not the functional link between sensory and motor pathways. That link is a relay neuron."}]},{"id":"278ccd3f-f0a2-4ec1-ab0c-07b486a51f0f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a key structural feature of relay neurons?","back":"They are short with many dendrites.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are short with many dendrites.","correct":true,"explanation":"Their short form suits communication over small distances within the CNS, while numerous dendrites allow them to receive signals from many other neurons."},{"text":"They are long with few dendrites.","correct":false,"explanation":"A long axon is characteristic of neurons transmitting impulses over substantial distances, particularly motor neurons. Relay neurons are short and possess many dendrites."},{"text":"They are short with no dendrites.","correct":false,"explanation":"Having no dendrites would severely limit input from other neurons. Relay neurons instead have many dendrites and are short because they connect neurons within the CNS."},{"text":"They are long with one dendron.","correct":false,"explanation":"A single long dendron is associated with the pathway from a receptor in a sensory neuron. Relay neurons are short and have many dendrites."}]},{"id":"eeae92e0-86ad-4dad-ab5d-ce9f4afefb4d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] carries messages from the CNS to effectors.","back":"A motor neuron carries messages from the CNS to effectors.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"motor neuron","correct":true,"explanation":"Signals travelling away from the CNS towards muscles or glands use motor neurons, enabling effectors to produce the body’s response."},{"text":"sensory neuron","correct":false,"explanation":"Sensory neurons transmit impulses in the opposite direction, carrying information from receptors towards the CNS. Messages from the CNS to effectors travel through a motor neuron."},{"text":"relay neuron","correct":false,"explanation":"Relay neurons connect neurons within the brain or spinal cord rather than carrying commands out to effectors. That outward pathway uses a motor neuron."},{"text":"receptor cell","correct":false,"explanation":"A receptor detects a stimulus and initiates an electrical impulse; it does not carry CNS commands to effectors. This is the function of a motor neuron."}]},{"id":"eb960067-6801-4fc7-b9c0-64a29843b399","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is a key structural feature of motor neurons?","back":"Cell body at one end with a long axon to the effector.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cell body at one end with a long axon to the effector.","correct":true,"explanation":"The cell body is positioned near the CNS end, while the long axon conducts action potentials over the distance to a muscle or gland."},{"text":"Cell body in the middle with a short axon to the CNS.","correct":false,"explanation":"A central cell body is characteristic of a sensory neuron’s arrangement, while motor neurons have the cell body at one end and a long axon to an effector."},{"text":"Cell body at one end with a short axon to a receptor.","correct":false,"explanation":"Receptors send information towards the CNS rather than receiving motor commands. A motor neuron has a long axon extending from its end-positioned cell body to an effector."},{"text":"Cell body in the middle with a long dendron from the receptor.","correct":false,"explanation":"A long dendron from a receptor is a sensory-neuron feature. Motor neurons instead have an end-positioned cell body and a long axon leading to the effector."}]},{"id":"932ef5b2-134a-43d2-895a-06d4ee9d137a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Sensory neurons are [ ]; motor neurons are [ ].","back":"Sensory neurons are afferent; motor neurons are efferent.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sensory neurons are afferent; motor neurons are efferent.","correct":true,"explanation":"Afferent pathways carry sensory information towards the CNS, whereas efferent pathways carry motor commands away from the CNS towards effectors."},{"text":"Sensory neurons are efferent; motor neurons are afferent.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the directional terminology. Sensory neurons are afferent because they approach the CNS, while motor neurons are efferent because they carry signals away."},{"text":"Sensory neurons are afferent; motor neurons are afferent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Only sensory neurons are afferent, carrying impulses towards the CNS. Motor neurons carry impulses away from the CNS and are therefore efferent."},{"text":"Sensory neurons are efferent; motor neurons are efferent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Only motor neurons are efferent, carrying commands away from the CNS. Sensory neurons carry incoming information towards the CNS and are therefore afferent."}]},{"id":"896d0a8c-848e-4a8a-a46f-08148c077e2b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which neuron releases neurotransmitters at a synapse?","back":"The presynaptic neuron.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The presynaptic neuron.","correct":true,"explanation":"At a chemical synapse, the sending cell stores neurotransmitters in vesicles and releases them from its terminal button into the synaptic cleft."},{"text":"The postsynaptic neuron.","correct":false,"explanation":"The postsynaptic neuron receives the chemical signal through receptor sites on its membrane. Neurotransmitters are released into the cleft by the presynaptic neuron."},{"text":"The sensory neuron.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sensory describes the direction and function of a neuron, not its role at a particular synapse. The neuron releasing neurotransmitter there is termed presynaptic."},{"text":"The motor neuron.","correct":false,"explanation":"Motor describes a neuron carrying commands towards an effector, but does not identify the releasing side of every synapse. The releasing cell is the presynaptic neuron."}]},{"id":"2691cd28-de88-4795-badb-92ebd9267500","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What triggers synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters?","back":"An action potential reaches the terminal button.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An action potential reaches the terminal button.","correct":true,"explanation":"Arrival of an action potential depolarises the presynaptic terminal, initiating events that cause synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitter."},{"text":"A resting potential reaches the terminal button.","correct":false,"explanation":"A resting potential is the neuron’s unexcited membrane state and does not initiate transmitter release. Release begins when an action potential arrives at the terminal button."},{"text":"A neurotransmitter binds to the terminal button.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neurotransmitter binding occurs after release and mainly affects the postsynaptic membrane, so this reverses the sequence. Release starts when an action potential reaches the terminal button."},{"text":"An action potential reaches the neuron’s dendrites.","correct":false,"explanation":"An impulse reaching dendrites contributes to signalling within the neuron but does not directly trigger vesicle release. The action potential must reach the terminal button."}]},{"id":"ad9d6c59-2e18-468b-b18a-2553d012b3c1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"After release, how do neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft?","back":"They diffuse across the gap.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They diffuse across the gap.","correct":true,"explanation":"Once released, neurotransmitter molecules move passively from their high concentration near the presynaptic membrane across the narrow cleft towards postsynaptic receptors."},{"text":"They actively transport across the gap.","correct":false,"explanation":"Active transport requires carrier proteins and metabolic energy, neither of which moves neurotransmitters through the cleft. They cross the gap by passive diffusion."},{"text":"They travel in vesicles across the gap.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their contents, but they do not cross the synaptic cleft. The released neurotransmitters diffuse across it."},{"text":"They conduct electrically across the gap.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical synapses do not send neurotransmitters across as electrical impulses. The molecules themselves diffuse through the fluid-filled cleft before binding to postsynaptic receptors."}]},{"id":"fa7c303c-3ff2-4710-a5ac-0c73e74c1502","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why do neurotransmitters bind only to certain receptor sites?","back":"They need the right shape for that receptor.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They need the right shape for that receptor.","correct":true,"explanation":"Neurotransmitters bind according to a lock-and-key principle. Only a neurotransmitter with a complementary molecular shape can fit and bind to a particular receptor site."},{"text":"They need the highest concentration for that receptor.","correct":false,"explanation":"Concentration affects how frequently binding may occur, but it does not determine receptor specificity. The right answer is the neurotransmitter must have the right complementary shape."},{"text":"They need the strongest impulse for that receptor.","correct":false,"explanation":"Action potential strength does not make a neurotransmitter fit a receptor. Selective binding occurs because the neurotransmitter has the right molecular shape for that receptor."},{"text":"They need the fastest movement for that receptor.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion speed may affect how quickly neurotransmitters reach receptors, but not which receptors they bind to. Binding requires the right complementary molecular shape."}]},{"id":"0ef5536e-6032-4fe4-8b66-b495949b4f63","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Synaptic transmission is usually [ ] because neurotransmitters are released presynaptically and receptors are postsynaptic.","back":"Synaptic transmission is usually one-way because neurotransmitters are released presynaptically and receptors are postsynaptic.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"one-way","correct":true,"explanation":"Neurotransmitters are released only from the presynaptic terminal and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, so transmission normally proceeds in one direction."},{"text":"two-way","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the normal directionality of a synapse. Because release occurs presynaptically and receptors are postsynaptic, synaptic transmission is usually one-way."},{"text":"simultaneous","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses direction with timing. Synaptic transmission is usually one-way because neurotransmitters travel from the presynaptic neuron to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron."},{"text":"electrical","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses ordinary chemical synapses with electrical synapses. Neurotransmitter release and receptor binding make transmission chemical and usually one-way across the synapse."}]},{"id":"4494ec72-b752-47e9-bbc8-cee5d0d89e3e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does excitation do to the postsynaptic neuron?","back":"Makes it more likely to fire an action potential.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Makes it more likely to fire an action potential.","correct":true,"explanation":"Excitation depolarises the postsynaptic membrane, moving its potential closer to threshold. This increases the likelihood that the neuron will produce an action potential."},{"text":"Makes it less likely to fire an action potential.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes inhibition rather than excitation. Excitatory input depolarises the postsynaptic neuron, making it more likely to reach threshold and fire an action potential."},{"text":"Makes it unable to fire an action potential.","correct":false,"explanation":"Excitation does not prevent neuronal firing. It shifts the postsynaptic membrane closer to threshold, making an action potential more likely rather than impossible."},{"text":"Makes it release fewer neurotransmitters during an action potential.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses a postsynaptic effect with presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Excitation makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to reach threshold and fire an action potential."}]},{"id":"16a829b6-4691-4602-adb9-61addad55891","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does inhibition do to the postsynaptic neuron?","back":"Makes it less likely to fire an action potential.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Makes it less likely to fire an action potential.","correct":true,"explanation":"Inhibition typically hyperpolarises the postsynaptic membrane, moving it farther from threshold. This decreases the likelihood that the neuron will produce an action potential."},{"text":"Makes it more likely to fire an action potential.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes excitation rather than inhibition. Inhibitory input moves the postsynaptic neuron farther from threshold, making it less likely to fire an action potential."},{"text":"Makes it certain to fire an action potential.","correct":false,"explanation":"Inhibition does not guarantee neuronal firing; it has the opposite effect. It reduces the chance that the postsynaptic membrane will reach threshold."},{"text":"Makes it release more neurotransmitters during an action potential.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses postsynaptic inhibition with presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Inhibition makes the postsynaptic neuron less likely to reach threshold and fire an action potential."}]},{"id":"13f7cbf8-92e5-439d-b0a4-e9fd7ebd44fd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does a postsynaptic neuron decide whether to fire when signals combine?","back":"Through summation; it fires if the overall effect reaches threshold.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Through summation; it fires if the overall effect reaches threshold.","correct":true,"explanation":"Summation combines excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials across space and time. The neuron fires only when their overall effect depolarises the membrane to threshold."},{"text":"Through reuptake; it fires if the overall effect reaches resting potential.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reuptake clears neurotransmitter rather than combining signals, and resting potential is not the firing point. Summation determines whether the overall effect reaches threshold."},{"text":"Through diffusion; it fires if the overall effect reaches equilibrium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion moves neurotransmitters across the cleft but does not integrate postsynaptic signals. The neuron uses summation and fires when the combined effect reaches threshold."},{"text":"Through inhibition; it fires if the overall effect reaches hyperpolarisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Inhibition generally moves the membrane away from firing, while hyperpolarisation is not the trigger point. Signals combine through summation, and firing occurs at threshold."}]},{"id":"fe1981d5-b0e5-4e86-ba41-e482b692fca9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How does reuptake remove neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft?","back":"It is taken back into the presynaptic neuron.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is taken back into the presynaptic neuron.","correct":true,"explanation":"Transporter proteins move neurotransmitter molecules from the synaptic cleft back into the presynaptic neuron, where they may be repackaged or broken down."},{"text":"It is broken down by postsynaptic receptors.","correct":false,"explanation":"Receptors bind neurotransmitters but do not perform reuptake or normally break them down. Reuptake means transporter proteins take neurotransmitter back into the presynaptic neuron."},{"text":"It is taken into the postsynaptic neuron.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the destination involved in reuptake. Neurotransmitter is transported from the cleft back into the presynaptic neuron, not into the postsynaptic neuron."},{"text":"It is released again by the presynaptic neuron.","correct":false,"explanation":"Release adds neurotransmitter to the cleft rather than removing it. During reuptake, neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic neuron by transporter proteins."}]},{"id":"8d63047e-2bd7-49fb-8025-717a5754ec2d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens if a drug blocks neurotransmitter reuptake?","back":"More neurotransmitter remains in the synaptic cleft for longer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"More neurotransmitter remains in the synaptic cleft for longer.","correct":true,"explanation":"Blocking reuptake prevents transporter proteins from returning neurotransmitter to the presynaptic neuron. Its concentration in the cleft stays higher, prolonging receptor stimulation."},{"text":"Less neurotransmitter remains in the synaptic cleft for longer.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the effect of blocking reuptake. Preventing removal causes more neurotransmitter to remain in the synaptic cleft, prolonging its action on receptors."},{"text":"More neurotransmitter returns to the presynaptic neuron for longer.","correct":false,"explanation":"A reuptake blocker reduces, rather than increases, transport back into the presynaptic neuron. More neurotransmitter therefore remains in the synaptic cleft for longer."},{"text":"All neurotransmitter disappears from the synaptic cleft immediately.","correct":false,"explanation":"Blocking reuptake slows one mechanism of neurotransmitter removal rather than accelerating it. More neurotransmitter remains in the cleft and can continue stimulating receptors."}]},{"id":"9006617b-6a06-47fa-ae5d-a052fe9ced00","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might the same neurotransmitter not always have the same effect?","back":"It depends on the receptor type and synapse location.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It depends on the receptor type and synapse location.","correct":true,"explanation":"Different receptor subtypes can trigger different excitatory or inhibitory responses, and a synapse’s location affects how strongly its signal influences the postsynaptic neuron."},{"text":"It depends on the axon length and impulse speed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Axon length and conduction speed affect signal timing, not the neurotransmitter’s postsynaptic effect. The effect depends on receptor type and synapse location."},{"text":"It depends on the neuron size and myelin thickness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neuron size and myelination influence electrical conduction rather than determining a neurotransmitter’s receptor action. Receptor type and synapse location determine the effect."},{"text":"It depends on the vesicle number and cleft width.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vesicle number and cleft width may influence transmission strength or speed, but not whether the same neurotransmitter has different effects. Receptor type and synapse location do."}]},{"id":"086499ba-1bf5-409f-9d44-a3f51a72f8bb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is neural communication a scientific, objective explanation of behaviour?","back":"It is based on observable biological processes studied under controlled methods.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is based on observable biological processes studied under controlled methods.","correct":true,"explanation":"Observable biological events, such as neuronal firing and neurotransmitter release, can be measured using controlled and replicable procedures, making the explanation scientific and objective."},{"text":"It is based on personal accounts of experiences collected through informal interviews.","correct":false,"explanation":"Personal accounts are subjective and may be affected by bias or inaccurate recall. Neural communication is objective because it concerns observable biological processes investigated under controlled methods."},{"text":"It is based on unconscious wishes and conflicts interpreted through case studies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unconscious wishes are inferred rather than directly observed, reflecting a psychodynamic rather than biological approach. Neural communication examines observable biological processes using controlled scientific methods."},{"text":"It is based on cultural values and meanings interpreted by individual researchers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural values vary between researchers and societies, so interpreting them is not inherently objective. Neural communication is scientific because measurable biological processes can be studied under controlled conditions."}]},{"id":"0534b4ed-21f0-4300-b759-3bfcee72eaf3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is reducing behaviour to synapses a limitation?","back":"It ignores thoughts, learning, social context and culture.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It ignores thoughts, learning, social context and culture.","correct":true,"explanation":"Explaining behaviour only through synaptic activity is biologically reductionist because it overlooks interacting cognitive, environmental and cultural influences that may also shape behaviour."},{"text":"It combines too many explanations, theories, methods and perspectives.","correct":false,"explanation":"Synaptic reductionism does not combine too many explanatory levels; it does the opposite by narrowing behaviour to a low biological level. It therefore ignores thoughts, learning, social context and culture."},{"text":"It ignores neurons, neurotransmitters, receptors and brain structure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reducing behaviour to synapses emphasises biological mechanisms rather than excluding them. Its limitation is that this narrow focus ignores thoughts, learning, social context and culture."},{"text":"It relies on controlled research, measurement, replication and objectivity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Controlled investigation is usually a scientific strength, not the central weakness of reductionism. The limitation is overlooking thoughts, learning, social context and culture when explaining complex behaviour."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Neurons and synaptic transmission","title":"Neurons and synaptic transmission Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/psychology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"eb9d9b30-b656-5e70-9d2c-5f18ec4105e6","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]